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For the broad category of anarchism sometimes referred to as "collectivist anarchism", see social anarchism.

Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two anarchist schools of thought; the first school is socialist anarchism to which Mikhail Bakunin is associated, while the second school is communist anarchism to which Peter Kropotkin is associated.

Socialist Anarchism is a revolutionary doctrine spearheaded by Mikhail Bakunin that advocated the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production, with the means of production instead being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. The collectivization of the means of production was proposed to be initiated by a small cohesive group through acts of violence which would inspire the workers to revolt and forcibly collectivize the means of production; The International Social Democratic Alliance was founded in 1868 for this purpose. Once collectivization took place, workers salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based of the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market.

This contrasts with anarcho-communism or communist anarchism where wages would be abolished, and where individuals would take freely from a storehouse of goods "to each according to his need."

Thus, Bakunin's "Collectivist Anarchism," notwithstanding the title, is seen as a blend of individualism and collectivism. Social or collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement. The Anarchist FAQ compares and contrasts collectivist or Socialist anarchism with communist anarchism this way:

The major difference between collectivists and communists is over the question of "money" after a revolution. Anarcho-communists consider the abolition of money to be essential, while anarcho-collectivists consider the end of private ownership of the means of production to be the key. As Kropotkin noted, "[collectivist anarchism] express[es] a state of things in which all necessaries for production are owned in common by the labour groups and the free communes, while the ways of retribution [i.e. distribution] of labour, communist or otherwise, would be settled by each group for itself." Thus, while communism and collectivism both organise production in common via producers' associations, they differ in how the goods produced will be distributed. Communism is based on free consumption of all while collectivism is more likely to be based on the distribution of goods according to the labour contributed. However, most anarcho-collectivists think that, over time, as productivity increases and the sense of community becomes stronger, money will disappear.

The collectivist or socialist anarchists at first used the term "collectivism" to distinguish themselves from the mutualism of the followers of Proudhon and the State socialists associated with Karl Marx. In the name of liberty, Bakunin wrote, "we shall always protest against anything that may in any way resemble communism or state socialism," which Bakunin regarded as fundamentally authoritarian ("Federalism, Socialism, and Anti-Theologism," 1867).[1]

The First International

The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International proclaimed at the St. Imier Congress (1872) that "the aspirations of the proletariat can have no purpose other than the establishment of an absolutely free economic organization and federation, founded upon the labour and equality of all and absolutely independent of all political government," in which each worker will have the "right to the enjoyment of the gross product of his labours and thereby the means of developing his full intellectual, material and moral powers in a collective setting." This revolutionary transformation could "only be the outcome of the spontaneous action of the proletariat itself, its trades bodies and the autonomous communes."[2] A similar position was adopted by the Workers' Federation of the Spanish Region in 1882, as articulated by an anarchist veteran of the First International, Jose Llunas Pujols, in his essay, "Collectivism."[3]

By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the "collectivist" label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism. The anarchist communist, Peter Kropotkin, attacked this position in his essay, "The Collectivist Wages System", which was reprinted in his book The Conquest of Bread in 1892.

Theory

The difference between Socialist Anarchism - here frequently called 'Collectivist Anarchism' - and Anarcho-Communism or Communist Anarchism is that under anarchist collectivism, the means of production were to be socialized, but a wage system was retained based on the amount of labor performed. Anarchist communism also called for the socialization of production but also of the distribution of goods. Instead of 'to each according to his labor', in anarcho-communism the community would supply the subsistence requirements to each member free of charge according to the maxim 'to each according to his needs'.

The difference between Collectivist Anarchism and Anarcho-Communism is that collectivist anarchism stresses collective ownership of productive, subsistence and distributary property, while communist anarchism negates the concept of ownership in favor of usage or possession with productive means being a possession not owned by any individual or particular group. Communist Anarchists believe that subsistence, productive and distributive property should be common or social possessions while personal property should be private possessions. Collectivist anarchists agree with this, however, disagree on the subject of remuneration; some collectivist anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin, believe in the remuneration of labor, while communist-anarchists, such as Peter Kropotkin, believe that such remuneration would lead to the recreation of currency and that this would need a State. Thus, it could be said that collectivist anarchists believe in freedom through collective ownership of production and a communal market of sorts to distribute goods and services and compensate workers in the form of remuneration. Thus, collectivist anarchism could be seen as a combination of communism and mutualism.

Collectivist Anarchists are not necessarily opposed to the use of currency, but some while opposing currency propose a different type of payment (such as Participatory Economists). Originally many collectivist anarchists saw their philosophy as a carryover to communist anarchism, but many today see their system and the use of currency as permanent rather than a transition. Collectivist anarchist James Guillaume argued that such a society would "guarantee the mutual use of the tools of production which are the property of each of these groups and which will by a reciprocal contract become the collective property of the whole . . . federation. In this way, the federation of groups will be able to . . . regulate the rate of production to meet the fluctuating needs of society." They argue for workplace autonomy and self-management "the workers in the various factories have not the slightest intention of handing over their hard-won control of the tools of production to a superior power calling itself the 'corporation.'".

Performance

In real life application of the collectivist projects were quite successful, sources during the Spanish Revolution noted that in the Catalon region,

"In distribution the collectives' co-operatives eliminated middlemen, small merchants, wholesalers, and profiteers, thus greatly reducing consumer prices. The collectives eliminated most of the parasitic elements from rural life, and would have wiped them out altogether if they were not protected by corrupt officials and by the political parties. Non-collectivised areas benefited indirectly from the lower prices as well as from free services often rendered by the collectives (laundries, cinemas, schools, barber and beauty parlours, etc.)"

According to Augustin Souchy, "All the shops simply joined the union. At a general meeting they decided to shut down all the unprofitable shops. The 1,100 shop were reduced to 235 establishments, a saving of 135,000 pesetas per month in rent, lighting, etc. The remaining 235 shops were modernized and elegantly outfitted. From the money saved wages were increased by 40%. Everybody had the right to work and everybody received the same wages. The former owners were not adversely affected by socialization. They were employed at a steady income. All worked together under equal conditions ad equal pay. The distinction between employers and employees was obliterated and they were transformed into a working community of equals - socialism from the bottom up."

People

• Michael Albert
• Mikhail Bakunin
• Robin Hahnel
• Sam Dolgoff
• Luce Fabbri
• Luigi Fabbri
• Mick Farren
• Frank Fernández
• James Guillaume
• Ricardo Flores Magón

See also

• Direct democracy
• Pantocracy
• Workers' self-management
• Workers' council
• Participatory Economics
• Anarchism in Spain
• Anarchism in Argentina
• CNT

External links

• "The Collectivist Wages System." entry at the Anarchy Archives – Anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin's criticism of collectivist anarchism, from The Conquest of Bread