Christian views on slavery and Pen name: Difference between pages

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A '''pen name''', '''nom de plume''', or '''literary double''', is a [[pseudonym]] adopted by an [[author]] or their publishers to conceal their identity. A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write in fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name [[Lewis Carroll]]. Some female authors use male pen names, particularly in the 19th century, when writing was a male-dominated profession. A pseudonym may also be used to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of [[Exposé (journalism)|exposé]] books about [[espionage]] or [[crime]], or explicit erotic fiction.
{{portal|Christianity}}
{{slavery}}
'''Christianity''' does not have a clear position regarding '''slavery''', in favour or against. As a religion, it neither promotes [[slavery]] nor condemns it. In the [[Early Christianity|early years of Christianity]], slavery was a normal feature of the economy and society in the [[Roman Empire]] and well into the [[Middle Ages]] and beyond. Well into the modern era, groups who advocated [[abolition of slavery]] invoked Christian teachings in support of their positions, and those opposed to abolition invoked their own interpretation of Christian teachings in support of their positions.


==Western literature==
== Early attitudes ==
{{Seealso|Slavery in ancient Rome|Slavery in ancient Greece|The Bible and slavery}}


Authors who regularly write in several genres use different pen names for each genre. [[romance novel|Romance]] writer [[Nora Roberts]] writes erotic thrillers under the pen name J.D. Robb, and [[Mark Twain|Samuel Langhorne Clemens]] used the aliases "Mark Twain" and "Sieur Louis de Conte" for different works. Similarly, an author who writes both fiction and non-fiction (such as the mathematician and fantasy writer Charles Dodgson, who wrote as [[Lewis Carroll]], or the American television commentator [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], who wrote a thriller under a pen name) may use a pseudonym for fiction writing.
The early Christian perspectives of slavery were formed in the contexts of [[Christianity]]'s roots in [[Judaism]], and as part of the wider culture of the [[Roman Empire]].


Occasionally a pen name is employed to avoid overexposure. Prolific authors for [[pulp magazine]]s often had two and sometimes three short stories appearing in one issue of a magazine; the editor would create several fictitious author names to hide this from readers. [[Robert A. Heinlein]] wrote stories under pseudonyms so that more of his works in could be published in a single magazine. Sometimes a pen name is used because an author believes that their name does not suit the genre they are writing in.
Both the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s recognise the institution of slavery. The earliest surviving teachings about slavery are from [[Paul the Apostle]], who frequently referred to himself as a "Slave of Christ." Paul did not renounce the institution of slavery; conversely, he taught that Christian slaves ought to serve their masters wholeheartedly ([[Ephesians]] 6:5-8). At the same time, he taught slave owners to treat their slaves fairly. The entire epistle of [[Philemon]] is devoted to [[Onesimus]], a runaway slave and convert whom Paul returns to his master, to be seen as "not just a slave, but much more than a slave; he is a dear brother in Christ."(verse 16)


Western novelist Pearl Gray dropped his first name and changed the spelling of his last name to become [[Zane Grey]], because he believed that his real name did not suit the Western genre. An even more obvious example romance novelist [[Angela Knight (author)|Angela Knight]] who writes under that name instead of her actual name (Julie Woodcock) because she felt that her real name was a little too fitting for the genre. [[Stephen King]] wrote four novels under the name of [[Richard Bachman]], because he feared that his books were being sold for his name rather than his actual writing. Eventually, after critics found a large number of similarities between their styles, publishers revealed Bachman's true identity.
Within the church itself, Paul called for a desegregation of the congregations in verses such as [[Galatians]] 3:28, ("there is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female; for ye are all one in Christ Jesus"). Perhaps Paul's strongest language appears in a letter to his [[protégé]] in [[1 Timothy]] 1:8-11, which places the [[slave trade]] in a list among other cruel and inhuman sins. <ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Paul's letters formed a large part of the [[Biblical canon|Christian canon]], although Christians would disagree over the issue of slavery for centuries.


[[C. S. Lewis]] used two different pseudonyms for different reasons. Before his conversion to [[Christianity]], he published a collection of poems (''Spirits in Bondage'') and a narrative poem (''Dymer'') under the pen name "Clive Hamilton", to avoid harming his reputation as a [[University don|don]] at [[Oxford University]]. His book entitled ''A Grief Observed'', which describes his experience of bereavement, was originally released under the pseudonym "N.W. Clerk".
In Christian cemeteries, when slaves were buried, the grave seldom included any indication that the person buried had been a slave.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Christianity recognised marriage of sorts among slaves.<ref>[http://www.dinsdoc.com/goodell-1-1-7.htm Goodell, The American Slave Code. Pt. I Ch. VII<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Freeing slaves was regarded as an act of charity.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}


===Female authors===
Christianity rarely criticised the actual "institution" of slavery. Slaves who fled from their masters were, at some times and places in history, condemned with anathema and refused Eucharistic communion.<ref>Luis M. Bermejo, S.J., ''Infallibility on Trial'', 1992, Christian Classics, Inc., ISBN 0-87061-190-9, p. 313.</ref>
Some female authors have used male pen names to ensure that their works were accepted by publishers or taken seriously by the public. Mary Ann Evans wrote under the pen name [[George Eliot]], and [[Charlotte Brontë]] published under the name Currer Bell. [[Karen Blixen]] wrote the very successful "[[Out of Africa]]" under the pen name "Isak Dinesen". More recently, women who write in genres normally written by men may choose to use a neutral pen name, such as [[D.C. Fontana]], [[J.K. Rowling]], [[K. A. Applegate]] and [[S. E. Hinton]]. Along the same lines, author [[Robin Hobb]] chose that androgynous pen name when she set out to write a fantasy trilogy featuring a male leading character.


==="House" names===
== Serfdom replaces slavery ==
In some forms of fiction, the pen name adopted is the name of the lead character, to suggest to the reader that the book is a fictional autobiography. [[Daniel Handler]] used the pseudonym [[Lemony Snicket]] to make his books appear to be records of the lives of the Baudelaires. Some series fiction is published under one pen name even though more than one author may have contributed to the series. In some cases the first books in the series were written by one writer, but subsequent books were written by [[ghost writer]]s. For instance, many of the later books in the [[Simon Templar|The Saint]] adventure series were not written by [[Leslie Charteris]], the originator of the series. Similarly, [[Nancy Drew]] mystery books are published as though they were written by "Carolyn Keene", although many authors have been involved.


Collaborative authors may choose to have their works published under a single pen name. [[Frederic Dannay]] and [[Manfred B. Lee]] published their mystery novels and stories under the pen name [[Ellery Queen]] (and, also under the Ellery Queen name, published the work of other authors who had been hired to ghost-write novels). The writers who wrote [[Atlanta Nights]], a deliberately badly-written book meant to expose the publishing firm [[PublishAmerica]], used the pen name [[Travis Tea]]. Sometimes multiple authors will write related books under the same pseudonym; examples include [[Nicolas Bourbaki]] in non-fiction and [[T. H. Lain]] in fiction. [[Edward Gorey]] had dozens of pseudonyms, each one an [[anagram]] of his real name.
The [[barbarian invasions]] in the early [[Middle Ages]] vastly increased the number of slaves, both through capture and through people accepting a servile state in return for protection.<ref>http://artsweb.uwaterloo.ca/~dhutter/clas103/9.htm.</ref> As Europe emerged from the early Middle Ages, slavery was transformed into the institution of [[serfdom]]<ref>http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/het/ingram/ingram03.htm</ref>, which, instead of bonding a serf to a particular owner, bonded them to the land. While slaves could be bought and sold by themselves, serfs could not be forced to leave their land, although if the landlord sold the land, the serfs would be sold with it.


===Pseudepigraphy===
== Christianity's changing view ==
Pseudepigraphy is a particular form of pseudonym or pen name in which authors adopt the name of well-known figures as the publicly ascribed author to attain greater interest or credibility for the work. In some cases the pseudepigraphy is the result of pious tradition. It was traditionally employed in the [[Western world]] from [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic times]] all the way up to the [[Middle Ages]], particularly in [[theology]] and [[scripture]]. Examples include [[Pseudo-Dionysius]] or, according to some academic scholars, the ascribed [[Solomon]]ic authorship of the [[Song of Songs]].


===Concealment of identity===
Since the Middle Ages, the [[Christian]] understanding of [[slavery]] has seen significant internal conflict and endured dramatic change. Nearly all Christian leaders before the late 17th century recorded slavery, within specific Biblical limitations, as consistent with Christian [[theology]]. But today, nearly all modern [[Christian]]s are united in the condemnation of [[slavery]] as wrong and contrary to [[God]]'s will.
A pseudonym may also be used to protect the writer for exposé books about espionage or crime. [[Andy McNab]], a former SAS soldier used a pseudonym for his book about a failed [[Special Air Service|SAS]] mission titled ''[[Bravo Two Zero]]''. [[Ibn Warraq]] has been used by dissident Muslim authors. Author [[Brian O'Nolan]] was forced to use the pen names "Flann O'Brien" and "Myles na gCopaleen" because at the time Irish [[civil servant]]s were not allowed to publish works under their own names.


The ''[[Story of O|Histoire d'O]]'' (''The [[Story of O]]''), an [[erotic]] novel of [[sadomasochism]] and [[sexual slavery]], was written by an editorial secretary with a reputation of near-prudery who used the pseudonym [[Pauline Réage]].
===Christian advocacy of slavery===
Throughout history, passages in the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Bible]] have been used as justification of the keeping of slaves, and for guidance in how it should be done.


Alice Bradley Sheldon had a multiplicty of reasons to write under the nom de plume of [[James Tiptree, Jr.]]: she was a woman writing in the heavily male-dominated genre of [[science fiction]]; she was a lesbian who may have wanted to avoid the inherent biases of her readers; and she was a career intelligence officer, first in the [[Army Air Corps]] and then in the early years of the [[CIA]], for whom concealment was a way of life.
Therefore, when abolition was proposed, many Christians spoke vociferously against it, citing the Bible's apparent acceptance of slavery as 'proof' that it was part of the normal condition.


==Non-western cultures==
In both [[Europe]] and the [[United States]], many Christians went further, and argued that slavery was actually justified by the words and doctrines of the Bible.
===Persian and Urdu poetry===
:''Note: [[List of Urdu language poets]] provides pen names for a range of [[Urdu]] poets.''
A ''shâ'er'' (a [[poet]] who writes ''[[Sher (poem)|she'r]]s'' in [[Urdu]] or [[Persian language|Persian]]) almost always has a [[takhallus]], a pen name, traditionally placed at the end of the name when referring to the poet by his full name. For example [[Hafez (poet)|Hafez]] is a pen-name for ''Shams al-Din'', and thus the usual way to refer to him would be ''Shams al-Din Hafez'' or just ''Hafez''. ''Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan'' (his official name and title) is referred to as ''Mirza Asadullah Khan [[Mirza Ghalib|Ghalib]]'', or just ''[[Mirza Ghalib]]''.


=== India===
:"[Slavery] was established by decree of Almighty God...it is sanctioned in the Bible, in both Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation...it has existed in all ages, has been found among the people of the highest civilization, and in nations of the highest proficiency in the arts." [[Jefferson Davis]], President, [[Confederate States of America]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}{{When|date=January 2008}}


In Indian Languages, writers put it at the end of their names, like [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'|Ramdhari Singh]] 'Dinkar'. Sometimes they also write under their pen name without their actual name like [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]].
:"Every hope of the existence of church and state, and of civilization itself, hangs upon our arduous effort to defeat the doctrine of Negro suffrage." Robert Dabney, a prominent 19th century [[Southern United States|Southern]] [[Presbyterian]] [[pastor]]


In early Indian literature, we find authors shying away from using any name considering it to be egotistical. Due to this notion, even today it is hard to trace the authorship of many earlier literary works from India. Later, we find that the writers adopted the practice of using the name of their deity of worship or Guru's name as their pen name. In this case, typically the pen name would be included at the end of the prose or poetry.
And some members of fringe Christian groups like the [[Christian Reconstructionists]], the [[Christian Identity]] movement, and the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (an organization dedicated to the "empowerment of the white race"), still argue that slavery is justified by Christian doctrine today.


For instance, the famous Lady Saint of India, Meerabai used 'Giridhar' a name of her beloved Lord Krishna. Great Saint and Social reformer Basavanna used the pen name 'Kudalasangamadeva' addressing the Supreme Lord in the memory of the place where he attained his divine communion. It is interesting to see how these authors twain the name of the God in their works.
===Enslaving of non-Christians by Christians===
{{weasel}}
Christians regularly kept non-Christian slaves up until the abolition of slavery in general. Views on slavery of non-Christians, however, varied from place to place and person to person. [[Saint Patrick]] (415-493), himself a former slave, argued for the abolition of slavery. [[St. Thomas Aquinas]] (1225-1274) believed that slavery was "morally justifiable". It is said the [[Teutonic Order]] opposed strongly the conversion of [[Lithuania]] into Christianity in the 14th century, since it meant the end of lucrative slave trading of captured Lithuanians to [[Tatars]].


===Japan===
[[Pope Eugenius IV]] forbade to take indigenous inhabitants of the [[Canary Islands]] to slavery.
Japanese poets who write [[haiku]] often use a ''haiga'' or penname. The famous haiku poet [[Matsuo Bashō]] had used fifteen different haiga before he became fond of a banana plant (''bashō'') that had been given to him by a disciple and started using it as his penname at the age of 38.


Similar to a pen name, [[Japan]]ese [[artists]] usually have a ''gō'' or [[art-name]], which might change a number of times during their career. In some cases, artists adopted different ''gō'' at different stages of their career, usually to mark significant changes in their life. One of the most extreme examples of this is [[Hokusai]], who in the period [[1798]] to [[1806]] alone used no fewer than six. [[Mangaka|Manga artist]] Ogure Ito uses the pen name 'OH! great' because his real name Ogure Ito is roughly how the Japanese pronounce "oh great."
In 1452 [[Pope Nicholas V]], in his [[Dum Diversas]], instituted the hereditary enslavement of "nonbelievers".


==Etymology==
In 1488, [[Pope Innocent VIII]] accepted the gift of 100 slaves from [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], and distributed those slaves to his cardinals and the Roman nobility;<ref>Luis M. Bermejo, S.J., ''Infallibility on Trial'', 1992, Christian Classics, Inc., ISBN 0-87061-190-9, p. 315.</ref>
Despite the use of French words in the name ''Nom de plume'', the term did not originate in France. [[H. W. Fowler]] and F. G. Fowler, in ''[[The King's English]]'' <ref> Ch. 1, p. 43 (Foreign Words, #5),</ref> state that the term ''nom de plume'' "evolved" in Britain, where people wanting a "literary" phrase, failed to understand the term ''nom de guerre'', which already existed in French. Since ''guerre'' means ''war'' in French, ''nom de guerre'' did not make sense to the British, who did not understand the French metaphor. The term was later exported to France (H. W. Fowler's ''[[Modern English Usage]]''). See [[French phrases used by English speakers|French-language expression]], although amongst [[French language|French]] speakers ''pseudonyme'' is much more common.


==See also==
In 1639 [[Pope Urban VIII]] forbade the slavery of the Indians of [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], and the [[West Indies]], yet he purchased non-Indian slaves for himself from the [[Knights of Malta]];<ref>Luis M. Bermejo, S.J., ''Infallibility on Trial'', 1992, Christian Classics, Inc., ISBN 0-87061-190-9, p. 316.</ref>


*[[Stage name]] - the equivalent concept among performers.
===Enslaving of Christians===
*[[Chinese courtesy name]]
The nearly universal consensus throughout the ages has been that Christians must not keep other Christians as slaves{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<!--this is a recent idea-->.
*[[List of pseudonyms]]
Paul's [[epistle to Philemon]] urges [[Philemon]] to take [[Onesimus]], a stealing slave who fled from Philemon but who was converted by Paul, as a brother, not as a slave.
*[[Art-name]]

*[[Pseudepigraphy]]
{{worldview}}
*[[Ghostwriter]]
The Christianization of Europe in the [[Dark Ages]] saw the traditional slavery disappearing in Europe and being replaced with [[feudalism]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<!--true only in the north-->. But this consensus was broken in the slave states of the United States<!-- What about Iberoamerica? -->, where the justification switched from religion ('the slaves are heathens') to race ('Africans are the descendants of [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]'). The opposition to the U.S. Civil Rights movement in the 20th century was founded in part on the same religious ideas that had been used to justify slavery in the 19th century.
*[[List of notable pen names]]

===Christian abolitionism===
Throughout Europe and the United States, Christians from 'un-institutional' movements, not directly connected with state or church power, were to be found at the forefront of the abolitionist movements.

Many of the early campaigners for the abolition of slavery were driven by a Christian faith, and a desire to see the theoretical Christian view, that all people are equal, made a practical reality. Prominent among these was [[William Wilberforce]]. In Britain and America [[Quakers]] were active in abolitionist movements.

Disagreements between the newer way of thinking and the old often created schisms within denominations at the time.

===Catholic opposition to slavery===
In 1435 [[Pope Eugene IV]] condemned slavery, of other Christians, in [[Sicut Dudum]] [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Eugene04/eugene04sicut.htm].

In 1462 [[Pope Pius II]] declared slavery to be a "great crime" (''magnum scelus'');<ref name=Catholic>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Allard | first = Paul | title = Slavery and Christianity | encyclopedia = Catholic Enycyclopedia | volume = XIV | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | location = New York |date=1912 | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14036a.htm | accessdate = 2006-02-04 }}</ref>.

In 1537 [[Pope Paul III]] condemned it in [[Sublimus Dei]] [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Paul03/p3subli.htm];

In 1741 [[Pope Benedict XIV]] condemned slavery generally;
in 1815 [[Pope Pius VII]] demanded of the Congress of Vienna the suppression of the slave trade;
in the Bull of Canonization of the [[Jesuit]] [[Peter Claver]], one of the most illustrious adversaries of slavery, [[Pope Pius IX]] branded the "supreme villainy" (''summum nefas'') of the slave traders;<ref name=Catholic/>
in 1839 [[Pope Gregory XVI]] condemned slavery in [[In Supremo Apostolatus]] [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Greg16/g16sup.htm];
and in 1888 [[Pope Leo XIII]] in [[In Plurimis]] [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13abl.htm].

See also [http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_slav2.htm The Final Abolition of Slavery in Christian Lands] for a full time line.

==History==
===In the Roman Empire===

Present-day Christians argue that Paul and Peter were not defending or condoning slavery, but simply they recognized it as [[Roman slavery|a fact of life in the Roman Empire]]. Paul was not a [[social reform]]er, but an apostle who was more concerned with the spiritual condition of men and women than he was with their physical circumstances.

Paul, while in prison, himself addressed the spiritual attitudes of believers, in order so that people would ultimately find slavery repugnant, by virtue of their relationship with Christ. In the Epistle to Philemon Paul appeals to [[Philemon]]'s commitment to Christ: "If thou count me therefore a partner, receive him ([[Onesimus]]) as myself"<ref>{{bibleverse||Philemon|1:17}}</ref> and "even though I do not say to you how you yourself owe me your own self besides <ref>{{bibleverse||Philemon|1:19}}</ref>. Of course, the letter is accompanying a runaway slave being returned to his master; and the letter to the Ephesians contains the famous admonition: "Slaves! be obedient to them that are your masters, according to the flesh, in fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ" <ref>{{bibleverse||Ephesians|6:5}}</ref> which specifically compares that relationship with the relationship between a believer and a deity, and indeed, "endorses" slavery<ref> [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Bernard Lewis]</ref>.

===Curse of Ham===
''See [[Curse of Ham]]''

The [[Judeo-Christian]] narrative from Genesis 9:20-27, provided one of the "moral pretext" upon which the [[Atlantic slave trade]] grew and flourished. According to [[Jewish]] [[Talmud]] scholars, and then later other religious groups, [[Ham, son of Noah|Ham]] was the progenitor of the African race and subsequent translations were stirred to reflect the biases and prejudice of the era. The most profound manifestation occurred in imagery, which constantly portrayed white as God, and black as the Devil.

Many pre-modern Christian scholars and sources provide a wealth of data on the subject of the connection between the curse of Ham, race and slavery:

[[Origen]] (circa 185-c. 254): “For the Egyptians are prone to a degenerate life and quickly sink to every slavery of the vices. Look at the origin of the race and you will discover that their father Cham, who had laughed at his father’s nakedness, deserved a judgment of this kind, that his son Chanaan should be a servant to his brothers, in which case the condition of bondage would prove the wickedness of his conduct. Not without merit, therefore, does the discolored posterity imitate the ignobility of the race [Non ergo immerito ignobilitatem decolor posteritas imitatur].” Homilies on Genesis 16.1

“Mar [[Ephrem the Syrian]] said: When [[Noah]] awoke and was told what [[Canaan]] did. . .Noah said, ‘Cursed be Canaan and may God make his face black,’ and immediately the face of Canaan changed; so did of his father Ham, and their white faces became black and dark and their color changed.” Paul de Lagarde, Materialien zur Kritik und Geschichte des Pentateuchs (Leipzig, 1867), part II

[[St. Jerome]]: “Chus in Hebrew means Ethiopian, that is, black and dark, one who has a soul as black as his body.” (The Homilies of Saint Jerome, vol. 1, trans. Marie Liguori Ewald, Homily 3, 28).

[[St. Paulinus of Nola]] (354-431): “The peoples of Ethiopia...are black with vice, sin giving them the color of night.” Carmina 28.249-51

The Eastern Christian work, the [[Cave of Treasures]] (4th century), explicitly connects slavery with dark-skinned people: “When Noah awoke. . .he cursed him and said: ‘Cursed be Ham and may he be slave to his brothers’. . .and he became a slave, he and his lineage, namely the Egyptians, the Abyssinians, and the Indians. Indeed, Ham lost all sense of shame and he became black and was called shameless all the days of his life, forever.” La caverne des trésors: version Géorgienne, ed. Ciala Kourcikidzé, trans. Jean-Pierre Mahé, Corpus scriptorium Christianorum orientalium 526-27, Scriptores Iberici 23-24 (Louvain, 1992-93), ch. 21, 38-39 (translation).

[[John Philoponus]], Greek Christian philosopher (6th century): “The Scythians and Ethiopians are distinguished from each other by black and white color, or by long and snubbed nose, or by slave and master, by ruler and ruled,” and again, “The Ethiopian and Scythian. . .one is black, the other white; similarly slave and master.” A. Sanda, Oposcula Monophysitica Johannes Philoponi (Beirut, 1930), pp. 66,96 (Sanda’s Latin translation).
Ishodad of Merv (Syrian Christian bishop of Hedhatha, 9th century): When Noah cursed Canaan, “instantly, by the force of the curse. . .his face and entire body became black [ukmotha]. This is the black color which has persisted in his descendents.” C. Van Den Eynde, Corpus scriptorium Christianorum orientalium 156, Scriptores Syri 75 (Louvain, 1955), p. 139.

Eutychius, Alexandrian Melkite patriarch (d. 940): “Cursed be Ham and may he be a servant to his brothers… He himself and his descendants, who are the Egyptians, the Negroes, the Ethiopians and (it is said) the Barbari.” Patrologiae cursus completes…series Graeca, ed. J.P. Migne (Paris, 1857-66), Pococke’s (1658-59) translation of the Annales, 111.917B (sec. 41-43)

Ibn al-Tayyib (Arabic Christian scholar, Baghdad, d. 1043): “The curse of Noah affected the posterity of Canaan who were killed by Joshua son of Nun. At the moment of the curse, Canaan’s body became black and the blackness spread out among them.” Joannes C.J. Sanders, Commentaire sur la Genèse, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 274-275, Scriptores Arabici 24-25 (Louvain, 1967), 1:56 (text), 2:52-55 (translation).

[[Bar Hebraeus]] (Syrian Christian scholar, 1226-86): “‘And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father and showed [it] to his two brothers.’ That is…that Canaan was cursed and not Ham, and with the very curse he became black and the blackness was transmitted to his descendents…. And he said, ‘Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.’” Sprengling and Graham, Barhebraeus’ Scholia on the Old Testament, pp. 40-41, to Gen 9:22.

==Slavery in the Americas==
In introduction of Catholic Spanish colonies to the Americas brought forced conversions and slavery to the indigenous peoples living there. Some priests, such as Father [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] worked to protect Americans from slavery, although Casas' works may have helped to inspire the [[African slave trade]].

Although many abolitionists opposed slavery on purely philosophical reasons, anti-slavery movements attracted strong religious elements. Notable Christian abolitionists include [[William Wilberforce]] in England, and [[Henry Ward Beecher]] in the United States. A more radical abolitionist, [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], was considered to have been either a [[martyr]] or a [[wikt:zealot|zealot]], depending on one's point of view.

=== Christianity and Indigenous African Religions ===

Slavery witnessed the lack of synchronization of Christian belief with Folk religion of African origin . African-American slaves did not have any organized spirituality other than what they were taught. Slavery in the United States devastated traditional culture and religion among Africans. Slaves in the eighteenth century came from various African societies, cultures and nations, such as the [[Ibo]], [[Ashanti]] and [[Yoruba]] on the West African Coast. Consequently, slaves from differing ethnic groups displayed little commonalities. Africans were black, but did not experience a homogenous existence they shared little of their traditional cultures and religions.
Slaveholders and whites feared individual and group consciousness. Traditional African beliefs, cultures, and religions, were suppressed to prohibit cultural unity among slaves. It was the practice of ‘Divide and Rule’. Ibo, Yoruba, and Ashanti religions did not survive the [[Middle Passage]]. The Institution of slavery, and the influx of forced Christian conversions, eliminated traditional African religions in the United States. No Ibo, Ashanti, or Yoruba traditional culture and religion survived.

===United States===

Opposition to slavery in the United States predates the nation's independence. As early as 1688, congregations of the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) actively protested slavery. The Quaker [[Testimony of Equality]] would have an influence on [[History of slavery in Pennsylvania|slavery in Pennsylvania]].

The rise of [[abolitionism]] in nineteenth century politics was mirrored in religious debate; slavery among Christians was generally dependent on the attitudes of the community the lived in. This was true in Protestant and Catholic churches.<ref>Nevins, V.2 p.145</ref> Religious integrity affected the white slave-holding Christian population. The Bible was manipulated to support the institution of slavery and its inhumane practices. Crimes such as murder were justifiable if it was inflicted upon African-Americans. Christianity was used to suppress and conform a people. Slaveholders, priests, and those tied to the Church undermined the beliefs of the millions of African-American converts.

The issue of slavery in the United States came to a conclusion with the [[American Civil War]]. Although the war began as a political struggle over the preservation of the nation, it took on religious overtones as southern preachers called for a defense of their homeland and northern abolitionists preached the good news of liberation for slaves. Gerrit Smith and William Lloyd Garrison abandoned pacifism, and Garrison changed the motto of ''[[The Liberator]]'' to Leviticus 25:10, "Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land, and to all the inhabitants thereof." The [[YMCA]] joined with other societies to found the ''United States Christian Commission,'' with the goal of supporting Union soldiers, and churches collected $6 million for their cause.<ref>Lossing, Chapter 26</ref>

[[Harriet Tubman]], considered by many to be a prophet due to her success as a liberator with the [[Underground Railroad]], warned "God won't let master Lincoln beat the South till he does the ''right thing''" by emancipating slaves. Popular songs such as [[John Brown's Body]] (later [[The Battle Hymn of the Republic]]) contained verses which painted the northern war effort as a religious struggle to end slavery. Even [[Abraham Lincoln]] appealed to religious sentiments, suggesting in various speeches that God had brought on the war as punishment for slavery,<ref>Several examples appear in [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln Wikiquote], such as </ref> while acknowledging in his [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Second_Inaugural_Address|second Inaugural Address] that both sides "read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against the other."

With the Union victory in the war and a [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional ban on slavery]], abolitionist Christians also declared a religious victory over their slave-holding brethren in the South. Southern religious leaders who had preached a message of divine protection were now left to reconsider their theology.

==== Baptists ====
By the 1830s, tension had began to mount between Northern and Southern Baptist churches. The support of Baptists in the South for slavery can be ascribed to economic and social reasons. However, Baptists in the North claimed that [[God]] would not "condone treating one race as superior to another". Southerners, on the other hand, held that God intended the races to be separate. Finally, around 1835, Southern states began complaining that they were being slighted in the allocation of funds for missionary work.

The break was triggered in 1844, when the [[Home Mission Society]] announced that a person could not be a missionary and still keep his slaves as property. Faced with this challenge, the Baptists in the south assembled in May 1845 in [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and organized the [[Southern Baptist Convention]].

==== Methodism ====
Methodists believed that the institution of slavery contradicted their strict morality and abolitionist principles. Methodists were long at the forefront of slavery opposition movements. The Christian denomination attempted to help slaves and subsequently freed blacks through philanthropic agencies such as the American Colonization Society and the Mission to the Slaves. It was during the 1780s that American Methodist preachers and religious leaders formally denounced African-American Slavery. The founder of Methodism, the Anglican priest [[John Wesley]], believed that “slavery was one of the greatest evils that a Christian should fight”. Eighteenth and early nineteenth century Methodists had anti-slavery sentiments, as well as the moral responsibility to bring an end to African-American Slavery.

Following Emancipation, African-Americans believed that true freedom was to be found through the communal and nurturing aspects of the Church. The Methodist Church was at the forefront of freed-slave agency in the South. Denominations into the southern states included the [[African Methodist Episcopal]] (AME) and [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion]] (AMEZ) churches. These institutions were led by blacks that explicitly resisted white charity, believing it would have displayed white supremacy to the black congregations. The AME, AMEZ, and African-American churches throughout the South provided social services such as ordained marriages, baptisms, funerals, communal support, and educational services. Education was highly regarded. Methodists taught former slaves how to read and write, consequently enriching a literate African-American society. Blacks were instructed through Biblical stories and passages. Church buildings became schoolhouses, and funds were raised for teachers and students.

==== Mormonism ====
{{Further|[[Blacks and the Latter Day Saint movement]]}}
[[Standard Works|Mormon scripture]] condemns slavery, teaching "it is not right that any man should be in bondage one to another."({{lds|D&C|dc|101|80}}) The [[Book of Mormon]] heralds righteous kings who did not allow slavery, ({{lds|Mosiah|mosiah|29|40}}) and righteous men who fought against slavery.({{lds|Alma|alma|48|11}}) The Book of Mormon also describes an ideal society instituted by [[Jesus Christ]], in which the people "had all things common among them; therefore there were not rich and poor, bond and free, but they were all made free, and partakers of the heavenly gift."({{lds|4 Nephi|4_ne|1|3}})

[[Joseph Smith]], the founder of Mormonism, issued a number of statements stating the church's position regarding slavery and the [[abolitionist movement]]. Concerning American slavery, Smith said "it makes my blood boil within me to reflect upon the injustice, cruelty, and oppression of the rulers of the people,"<ref>Joseph Smith ([[B. H. Roberts]] ed.), ''[[History of the Church]]'' [http://www.blacklds.org/mormon/quotes.html#boil '''4''':544]</ref> but preached the importance of upholding the law of the land,<ref name="aof12">{{lds|Articles of Faith|a_of_f|1|12}}</ref> which included the institution of slavery. Instead, he proposed a gradual end to slavery by the year 1850 by buying slaves from their slave holders. He argued that blacks should then be given equal employment opportunities as whites.<ref name=platform>Joseph Smith [http://www.blacklds.org/mormon/platform.html Views of U.S. Government] February 7, 1844</ref> He believed that given equal chances as whites, blacks would be like whites.<ref>[http://www.blacklds.org/mormon/quotes.html#smith43 ''History of the Church'', '''5''':217–218]</ref> In his personal journal, he wrote that the slaves owned by [[Mormon]]s should be brought "into a free country and set ... free—Educate them and give them equal rights."<ref>Compilation on the Negro in Mormonism, p.40</ref> Later in his life, living in [[Illinois]] and running for the [[presidency of the United States]], Smith wrote a [[political platform]] containing a plan to abolish slavery.<ref name=platform />

Mormons also believed that slavery would eventually lead to Civil War about 30 years before the actual war started. In 1832 Joseph Smith supposedly received the following revelation from the Lord, "Verily, thus saith the Lord concerning the awars that will bshortly come to pass, beginning at the rebellion of South Carolina, which will eventually terminate in the death and misery of many souls; 2 And the time will come that bwar will be poured out upon all nations, beginning at this place. 3 For behold, the Southern States shall be divided against the Northern States, and the Southern States will call on other nations, even the nation of Great Britain, as it is called, and they shall also call upon other nations, in order to defend themselves against other nations; and then awar shall be poured out upon all nations. 4 And it shall come to pass, after many days, slaves shall rise up against their masters, who shall be marshaled and disciplined for war." ({{lds|D&C|dc|87|1}}). The Civil War started in 1861.

==Biblical references==
===Old Testament===

{{main|The Bible and slavery}}

The [[Hebrew Bible]] is neutral on the institution of slavery: it does not promote slavery, but it only condemns it in the case of racial slavery, such as when the Hebrews were slaves in Egypt.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/slavery_1.shtml Slavery and the Torah] - bbc.co.uk</ref> A Jew was obligated to free a Jewish slave after six years of servitude ({{bibleverse||Exodus|21:2-6|NIV}}), while non-Jewish slaves could be slaves for life ({{bibleverse||Leviticus|25:44-46|NIV}}). Biblical figures who kept slaves included the [[patriarch]]s [[Abraham]] and [[Isaac]], [[Boaz]] (from the [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]] story) and King [[Solomon]]. Other figures mentioned in the [[New Testament]] include [[Cornelius]] and [[Philemon of Colossae|Philemon]]. Slaves mentioned in the Bible include [[Hagar (Bible)|Hagar]], Sarah's hand-maid who was used by her as a surrogate mother, and Eliezer of Damascus, who was in charge of Abraham's household and charged with finding a bride for [[Isaac]]. Also, [[Bilhah]] is described as [[Rachael]]'s handmaid and [[Zilpah]] as [[Leah]]'s handmaid, both of whom are given to [[Jacob]] (also known as Israel) as concubines and whose children with him rank equally with those of Rachael and Leah.

There is also the story of the sale of [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]] by his brothers for twenty pieces of silver ({{bibleverse||Genesis|37:25-28|NIV}}) and the enslavement of the [[Israelites|Hebrews]] in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and their liberation by the hand of God in [[the Exodus]], led by [[Moses]], who was himself born a Hebrew slave.

===New Testament===
====Christian slaves enjoined to obedience====

:"Slaves, submit yourselves to your masters with all respect, not only to those who are good and considerate, but also to those who are harsh." ([[1 Peter]] 2:18)

:"Bondservants, be obedient to those who are your masters according to the flesh, with [[fear]] and trembling, in sincerity of heart, as to [[Christ]]; not with eyeservice, as men-pleasers, but as bondservants of Christ, doing the will of [[God]] from the heart, with goodwill doing service, as to the [[Lord]], and not to men, knowing that whatever good anyone does, he will receive the same from the Lord, whether he is a slave or free. And you, masters, do the same things to them, giving up threatening, knowing that your own Master also is in heaven, and there is no partiality with Him" ([[Ephesians]] 6:5-9)

:"Teach slaves to be subject to their masters in everything, to try to please them, not to talk back to them, and not to [[theft|steal]] from them, but to show that they can be fully trusted, so that in every way they will make the teaching about [[God]] our [[Savior]] attractive." ([[Epistle to Titus|Titus]] 2:9-10)

:"Slaves, obey your earthly masters in everything; and do it, not only when their eye is on you and to win their favor, but with sincerity of heart and reverence for the [[Lord]]. Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men, since you know that you will receive an inheritance from the [[Lord]] as a reward. It is the Lord Christ you are serving. Anyone who does wrong will be repaid for his wrong, and there is no favoritism." ([[Colossians]] 3:22-25)

:"Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honour, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed." ([[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Timothy]] 6:1)

===Spiritual slavery===

Christian writers from Biblical times onwards have used the image of the slave to represent the Christian spiritual view. In many Christian views all people are 'slaves to sin'; they are unable to free themselves from a way of life where they do evil. However God 'redeems' those whom He calls; they are "bought with a price", removing them from the control of sin and become God's "slaves", who then loves and protects them.

[[God the Father]]:

:"Masters, provide your slaves with what is right and fair, because you know that you also have a Master in heaven." ([[Colossians]] 4:1)

:"Live as free people, but do not use your freedom as a cover-up for evil; live as God's slaves."([[1 Peter]] 2:16)
[[Others translations of 1 Peter 2:16]]:
:'Live as free men, but do not use your freedom as a cover-up for evil; live as servants of God.'(NIV)
:'Act as free men, and do not use your freedom as a covering for evil, but use it as bondslaves of God.'(New American Standard Bible)

The [[Holy Spirit]]:

: "Do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your body." ([[1 Corinthians]] 6:19-20)

[[Jesus]]:

:"For he who was a slave when he was called by the Lord is the Lord's freedman; similarly, he who was a free man when he was called is Christ's slave." ([[1 Corinthians]] 7:22) "Paul, a slave of Jesus Christ" ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 1:1).

:"Blessed is that slave whom his master finds so doing when he comes. Truly I say to you that he will put him in charge of all his possessions. But if that slave says in his heart, 'My master will be a long time in coming,' and begins to beat the slaves, both men and women, and to eat and drink and get drunk; the master of that slave will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he does not know, and will cut him in pieces, and assign him a place with the unbelievers... And that slave who knew his master's will and did not get ready or act in accord with his will, will receive many lashes, but the one who did not know it, and committed deeds worthy of a flogging, will receive but few. From everyone who has been given much, much will be required; and to whom they entrusted much, of him they will ask all the more. ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 12:43-48, [[NASB]])

==Against the keeping of slaves==
===Old Testament===
Against forced Hebrew enslavement:
:"Anyone who kidnaps another and either sells him or still has him when he is caught must be put to death." ([[Exodus]] 21:16)
Against returning escaped slaves:
:"You shall not give back to his master the slave who has escaped from his master to you. He may dwell with you in your midst, in the place which he chooses within one of your gates, where it seems best to him; you shall not [[oppression|oppress]] him." ([[Deuteronomy]] 23:15-16)
Against a specific incident by foreigners enslaving and selling Hebrews:
:"This is what the LORD says: For three sins of Gaza, even for four, I will not turn back my wrath. Because she took captive whole communities and sold them to Edom, I will send fire upon the walls of Gaza that will consume her fortresses." ([[Amos]] 1:6-7)

===Apostle Paul on slavery in the Roman Empire===
Slaves should "not care" for their slavery, but seek freedom if lawfully possible:
:"Were you a slave when you were called? Don't let it trouble you — although if you can gain your freedom, do so. For those who were slaves when called to faith in the Lord are the Lord's freed people; similarly, those who were free when called are Christ's slaves. You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of human beings." ([[I Corinthians]] 7:21-23, NIV)
Christianity makes no distinctions in the worthiness of all Christians, including slaves:
:"There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus." ([[Galatians]] 3:28)
:"...there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcised nor uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave nor free, but Christ is all and in all." ([[Colossians]] 3:11)

{{Christianityfooter}}


==References==
==References==
<references />
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
*Lossing, Benson J., LL.D. ''Matthew Brady's Illustrated History of the Civil War 1861-65 and the Causes That Led Up To the Great Conflict.'' Random House. ISBN 0-517-20974-8.
{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
*[http://www.ivanhoffman.com/pennames.html Pen Names]
*[http://www.jh-author.com/pename.htm How to Choose a Pen Name]
*[http://www.bartelby.com/116/ The King's English, H. W. Fowler & F. G. Fowler]


[[Category:Pseudonyms| Pen name]]
* Lewis, Bernard (1992). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505326-5.

* Nevins, Allan. ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War 1859-1861.'' ©1950, Charles Scribner's Sons. SBN 684-10416-4.

==External links==
* [http://www.inu.net/skeptic/slavery.html Louis W. Cable - SLAVERY and the BIBLE]
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net African Holocaust]
* [http://www.africawithin.com/maafa/christian_slavery.htm Christianity and Slavery]
*''[[DeBow's Review]]'' (September 1850): [http://fair-use.org/debows-review/1850/09/slavery-and-the-bible "Slavery and the Bible"]
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/sla_bibl.htm Passages from the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) and from the Christian Scriptures (New Testament)]
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_slav1.htm Christianity and slavery] on ReligiousTolerance.org
* [http://www.txbc.org/2000Journals/July2000/July00southernbaptistsnot.htm Texas Baptists Committed]


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Revision as of 11:29, 13 October 2008

A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a pseudonym adopted by an author or their publishers to conceal their identity. A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write in fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll. Some female authors use male pen names, particularly in the 19th century, when writing was a male-dominated profession. A pseudonym may also be used to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of exposé books about espionage or crime, or explicit erotic fiction.

Western literature

Authors who regularly write in several genres use different pen names for each genre. Romance writer Nora Roberts writes erotic thrillers under the pen name J.D. Robb, and Samuel Langhorne Clemens used the aliases "Mark Twain" and "Sieur Louis de Conte" for different works. Similarly, an author who writes both fiction and non-fiction (such as the mathematician and fantasy writer Charles Dodgson, who wrote as Lewis Carroll, or the American television commentator Bill O'Reilly, who wrote a thriller under a pen name) may use a pseudonym for fiction writing.

Occasionally a pen name is employed to avoid overexposure. Prolific authors for pulp magazines often had two and sometimes three short stories appearing in one issue of a magazine; the editor would create several fictitious author names to hide this from readers. Robert A. Heinlein wrote stories under pseudonyms so that more of his works in could be published in a single magazine. Sometimes a pen name is used because an author believes that their name does not suit the genre they are writing in.

Western novelist Pearl Gray dropped his first name and changed the spelling of his last name to become Zane Grey, because he believed that his real name did not suit the Western genre. An even more obvious example romance novelist Angela Knight who writes under that name instead of her actual name (Julie Woodcock) because she felt that her real name was a little too fitting for the genre. Stephen King wrote four novels under the name of Richard Bachman, because he feared that his books were being sold for his name rather than his actual writing. Eventually, after critics found a large number of similarities between their styles, publishers revealed Bachman's true identity.

C. S. Lewis used two different pseudonyms for different reasons. Before his conversion to Christianity, he published a collection of poems (Spirits in Bondage) and a narrative poem (Dymer) under the pen name "Clive Hamilton", to avoid harming his reputation as a don at Oxford University. His book entitled A Grief Observed, which describes his experience of bereavement, was originally released under the pseudonym "N.W. Clerk".

Female authors

Some female authors have used male pen names to ensure that their works were accepted by publishers or taken seriously by the public. Mary Ann Evans wrote under the pen name George Eliot, and Charlotte Brontë published under the name Currer Bell. Karen Blixen wrote the very successful "Out of Africa" under the pen name "Isak Dinesen". More recently, women who write in genres normally written by men may choose to use a neutral pen name, such as D.C. Fontana, J.K. Rowling, K. A. Applegate and S. E. Hinton. Along the same lines, author Robin Hobb chose that androgynous pen name when she set out to write a fantasy trilogy featuring a male leading character.

"House" names

In some forms of fiction, the pen name adopted is the name of the lead character, to suggest to the reader that the book is a fictional autobiography. Daniel Handler used the pseudonym Lemony Snicket to make his books appear to be records of the lives of the Baudelaires. Some series fiction is published under one pen name even though more than one author may have contributed to the series. In some cases the first books in the series were written by one writer, but subsequent books were written by ghost writers. For instance, many of the later books in the The Saint adventure series were not written by Leslie Charteris, the originator of the series. Similarly, Nancy Drew mystery books are published as though they were written by "Carolyn Keene", although many authors have been involved.

Collaborative authors may choose to have their works published under a single pen name. Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee published their mystery novels and stories under the pen name Ellery Queen (and, also under the Ellery Queen name, published the work of other authors who had been hired to ghost-write novels). The writers who wrote Atlanta Nights, a deliberately badly-written book meant to expose the publishing firm PublishAmerica, used the pen name Travis Tea. Sometimes multiple authors will write related books under the same pseudonym; examples include Nicolas Bourbaki in non-fiction and T. H. Lain in fiction. Edward Gorey had dozens of pseudonyms, each one an anagram of his real name.

Pseudepigraphy

Pseudepigraphy is a particular form of pseudonym or pen name in which authors adopt the name of well-known figures as the publicly ascribed author to attain greater interest or credibility for the work. In some cases the pseudepigraphy is the result of pious tradition. It was traditionally employed in the Western world from Hellenistic times all the way up to the Middle Ages, particularly in theology and scripture. Examples include Pseudo-Dionysius or, according to some academic scholars, the ascribed Solomonic authorship of the Song of Songs.

Concealment of identity

A pseudonym may also be used to protect the writer for exposé books about espionage or crime. Andy McNab, a former SAS soldier used a pseudonym for his book about a failed SAS mission titled Bravo Two Zero. Ibn Warraq has been used by dissident Muslim authors. Author Brian O'Nolan was forced to use the pen names "Flann O'Brien" and "Myles na gCopaleen" because at the time Irish civil servants were not allowed to publish works under their own names.

The Histoire d'O (The Story of O), an erotic novel of sadomasochism and sexual slavery, was written by an editorial secretary with a reputation of near-prudery who used the pseudonym Pauline Réage.

Alice Bradley Sheldon had a multiplicty of reasons to write under the nom de plume of James Tiptree, Jr.: she was a woman writing in the heavily male-dominated genre of science fiction; she was a lesbian who may have wanted to avoid the inherent biases of her readers; and she was a career intelligence officer, first in the Army Air Corps and then in the early years of the CIA, for whom concealment was a way of life.

Non-western cultures

Persian and Urdu poetry

Note: List of Urdu language poets provides pen names for a range of Urdu poets.

A shâ'er (a poet who writes she'rs in Urdu or Persian) almost always has a takhallus, a pen name, traditionally placed at the end of the name when referring to the poet by his full name. For example Hafez is a pen-name for Shams al-Din, and thus the usual way to refer to him would be Shams al-Din Hafez or just Hafez. Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan (his official name and title) is referred to as Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, or just Mirza Ghalib.

India

In Indian Languages, writers put it at the end of their names, like Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'. Sometimes they also write under their pen name without their actual name like Firaq Gorakhpuri.

In early Indian literature, we find authors shying away from using any name considering it to be egotistical. Due to this notion, even today it is hard to trace the authorship of many earlier literary works from India. Later, we find that the writers adopted the practice of using the name of their deity of worship or Guru's name as their pen name. In this case, typically the pen name would be included at the end of the prose or poetry.

For instance, the famous Lady Saint of India, Meerabai used 'Giridhar' a name of her beloved Lord Krishna. Great Saint and Social reformer Basavanna used the pen name 'Kudalasangamadeva' addressing the Supreme Lord in the memory of the place where he attained his divine communion. It is interesting to see how these authors twain the name of the God in their works.

Japan

Japanese poets who write haiku often use a haiga or penname. The famous haiku poet Matsuo Bashō had used fifteen different haiga before he became fond of a banana plant (bashō) that had been given to him by a disciple and started using it as his penname at the age of 38.

Similar to a pen name, Japanese artists usually have a gō or art-name, which might change a number of times during their career. In some cases, artists adopted different gō at different stages of their career, usually to mark significant changes in their life. One of the most extreme examples of this is Hokusai, who in the period 1798 to 1806 alone used no fewer than six. Manga artist Ogure Ito uses the pen name 'OH! great' because his real name Ogure Ito is roughly how the Japanese pronounce "oh great."

Etymology

Despite the use of French words in the name Nom de plume, the term did not originate in France. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler, in The King's English [1] state that the term nom de plume "evolved" in Britain, where people wanting a "literary" phrase, failed to understand the term nom de guerre, which already existed in French. Since guerre means war in French, nom de guerre did not make sense to the British, who did not understand the French metaphor. The term was later exported to France (H. W. Fowler's Modern English Usage). See French-language expression, although amongst French speakers pseudonyme is much more common.

See also

References

  1. ^ Ch. 1, p. 43 (Foreign Words, #5),

External links

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