Zagreb and Collectivist anarchism: Difference between pages

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{{for|the broad category of anarchism sometimes referred to as "collectivist anarchism"|social anarchism}}
{{for|the historic administrative county|Zagreb (former county)}}
{{Anarchism sidebar}}
<!-- Infobox begins -->
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|leader_name = [[Milan Bandić]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]])
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|title=CITY OF ZAGREB 2006
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'''Collectivist anarchism''' (also known as '''anarcho-collectivism''') is an umbrella term embracing two [[anarchist]] schools of thought; the first school is [[socialist anarchism]] to which [[Mikhail Bakunin]] is associated, while the second school is [[communist anarchism]] to which [[Peter Kropotkin]] is associated.
'''Zagreb''' ({{pronEng|ˈzɑːgrɛb}}) is the [[capital]] and the largest city of [[Croatia]]. Zagreb is the cultural, scientific, economic and governmental center of the [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]]. The city's population in 2006 was 784,900<ref name=zg_census/> (approx. 1.1 million in the [[metropolitan area]]). It is situated between the southern slopes of the [[Medvednica]] mountain and both northern and southern bank of the [[Sava River|Sava]] river at an elevation of approximately 122 m above sea level.


Socialist Anarchism is a revolutionary<ref>Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54</ref> doctrine spearheaded by [[Mikhail Bakunin]] that advocated the abolition of the [[state]] and [[private property|private ownership]] of the [[means of production]], with the means of production instead being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. The collectivization of the means of production was proposed to be initiated by a small cohesive group through acts of violence which would inspire the workers to revolt and forcibly collectivize the means of production; The International Social Democratic Alliance was founded in 1868 for this purpose.<ref>Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54</ref> Once collectivization took place, [[worker]]s salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based of the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market.<ref>Bakunin Mikail. Bakunin on Anarchism. Black Rose Books. 1980. p. 369</ref>
Its favorable geographic position in the southwestern part of the [[Pannonian plain|Pannonian Basin]], which extends to the [[Alps|Alpine]], [[Dinaric Alps|Dinaric]], [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] and [[Pannonian plain|Pannonic]] regions, provides an excellent connection for traffic between [[Central Europe]] and the [[Adriatic Sea]].


This contrasts with [[anarcho-communism]] or [[communist anarchism]] where wages would be abolished, and where individuals would take freely from a storehouse of goods "to each according to his need."
The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in [[Croatia]].
Zagreb is the seat of the central government, [[public administration|administrative bodies]] and almost all [[Croatian Government|government ministries]].


Thus, Bakunin's "Collectivist Anarchism," notwithstanding the title, is seen as a blend of [[individualism]] and [[collectivism]].<ref>Morriss, Brian. Bakukunin: The Philosophy of Freedom. Black Rose Books Ltd., 1993. p. 115</ref> Socialist or collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/guillaume/works/bakunin.htm Mikhail Bakunin], the anti-authoritarian sections of the [[First International]], and the early [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist movement]]. The Anarchist FAQ compares and contrasts collectivist or Socialist anarchism with communist anarchism this way:
== Demographics ==


{{cquote|The major difference between collectivists and communists is over the question of "money" after a revolution. Anarcho-communists consider the abolition of money to be essential, while anarcho-collectivists consider the end of private ownership of the means of production to be the key. As Kropotkin noted, ''"[collectivist anarchism] express[es] a state of things in which all necessaries for production are owned in common by the labour groups and the free communes, while the ways of retribution [i.e. distribution] of labour, communist or otherwise, would be settled by each group for itself."''<ref>[Anarchism, p. 295]</ref> Thus, while communism and collectivism both organise production in common via producers' associations, they differ in how the goods produced will be distributed. Communism is based on free consumption of all while collectivism is more likely to be based on the distribution of goods according to the labour contributed. However, most anarcho-collectivists think that, over time, as productivity increases and the sense of community becomes stronger, money will disappear.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secA3.html#seca32 A.3 What types of anarchism are there?<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>}}
[[Image:Panorama view of Zagreb.jpg|left|thumb|275px|Zagreb - night view of the city lights]]
{{seealso|Demographics of Zagreb}}
Zagreb is the largest city in [[Croatia]], and is the only Croatian city whose metropolitan population exceeds one million people. Most people live in the city proper. There are 1,088,841 people in the Zagreb metropolitan area, which includes the smaller cities of [[Samobor]], [[Velika Gorica]] and [[Zaprešić]]. The official 2001 census counted 779,145 residents, although by 2006 that number had grown to 784,900, according to government estimates.<ref name=zg_census>{{hr_icon}}{{Citation
|last=
|first=
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
|title=Vital Statistics in 2006
|journal=First Release
|volume=
|issue=
|publisher=City of Zagreb, City Institute for Urban Planning, Statistics Department
|pages=
|date=2007-10-26
|year=
|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/UserDocsImages/Vitalna%20statistika%20u%202006..doc
| issn =
|accessdate=2008-08-29
|doi=
|id=}}</ref> The majority of its citizens are [[Croats]] making up 91.94% of the city's population (2001 census). The same census records 40,066 residents belonging to [[ethnic minorities]]. Such ethnic minorities comprise: 18,811 [[Serbs]] (2.41%), 6,204 [[Bosniaks]] (0.80%), 4,030 [[Muslims by nationality]] (0.52%), 3,389 [[Albanians]] (0.43%), 3,225 [[Slovenes]] (0.41%), 1,946 [[Roma People|Roma]] (0.25%), 1,131 [[Montenegrins]] (0.17%), 1,315 [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] (0.17%), together with other smaller minor ethnic communities.<ref name=zageb_ethnic>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02_zup22.html
|title=Zagreb ethnic minorities (Census 2001)
|accessdate=2007-01-20}}</ref>
<!-- [[Image:Zagreb at night.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Zagreb at night]] -->


The collectivist or socialist anarchists at first used the term "collectivism" to distinguish themselves from the [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] of the followers of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] and the State socialists associated with [[Karl Marx]]. In the name of liberty, Bakunin wrote, "we shall always protest against anything that may in any way resemble communism or state socialism," which Bakunin regarded as fundamentally authoritarian ("Federalism, Socialism, and Anti-Theologism," 1867).[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/various/reasons-of-state.htm]
== Climate ==


==The First International==
The climate of Zagreb is [[Continental climate|continental]], with four separate [[seasons]]. Summers are hot and dry, and winters are cold. The average temperature in winter is {{convert|1|°C|lk=on}} and the average temperature in summer is {{convert|20|°C}}. Particularly, the end of May gets very warm with temperatures rising above {{convert|30|°C}}. Snowfall is common in the winter months, from December to March, and rain and fog are common in fall (October to December).<ref name=zagreb_climate>{{cite web
The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International proclaimed at the St. Imier Congress (1872) that "the aspirations of the proletariat can have no purpose other than the establishment of an absolutely free economic organization and federation, founded upon the labour and equality of all and absolutely independent of all political government," in which each worker will have the "right to the enjoyment of the gross product of his labours and thereby the means of developing his full intellectual, material and moral powers in a collective setting." This revolutionary transformation could "only be the outcome of the spontaneous action of the proletariat itself, its trades bodies and the autonomous communes."[http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm] A similar position was adopted by the Workers' Federation of the Spanish Region in 1882, as articulated by an anarchist veteran of the First International, Jose Llunas Pujols, in his essay, "Collectivism."[http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm]
|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Croatia/Zagreb/Climate
|title=Zagreb Climate Data
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref> Highest recorded temeprature ever was 41°C in July 2007 and August 1983, and lowest was -27°C in January 1985.{{fact|date=August 2008}}


By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the "collectivist" label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full [[communism]]. The anarchist communist, [[Peter Kropotkin]], attacked this position in his essay, "The Collectivist Wages System", which was reprinted in his book ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'' in 1892.
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==Theory==
== Origin of name ==
The difference between Socialist Anarchism - here frequently called 'Collectivist Anarchism' - and Anarcho-Communism or Communist Anarchism is that under anarchist collectivism, the means of production were to be socialized, but a wage system was retained based on the amount of labor performed. Anarchist communism also called for the socialization of production but also of the distribution of goods. Instead of 'to each according to his labor', in anarcho-communism the community would supply the subsistence requirements to each member free of charge according to the maxim 'to each according to his needs'.<ref>This paragraph sourced by Shatz, Marshall; Guess, Raymond; Skinner, Quentin. The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. xvi</ref>


The difference between Collectivist Anarchism and Anarcho-Communism is that collectivist anarchism stresses collective ownership of productive, subsistence and distributary property, while communist anarchism negates the concept of ownership in favor of usage or possession with productive means being a possession not owned by any individual or particular group.<ref>Proudhon. ''What is Property'', '''pp. 395-6'''</ref><ref>Berkman, Alexander. ''The ABC of Anarchism'', '''p. 68'''</ref> Communist Anarchists believe that subsistence, productive and distributive property should be common or social possessions while personal property should be private possessions.<ref>What is Anarchism?, p. 217</ref> Collectivist anarchists agree with this, however, disagree on the subject of remuneration; some collectivist anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin, believe in the remuneration of labor, while communist-anarchists, such as [[Peter Kropotkin]], believe that such remuneration would lead to the recreation of currency and that this would need a State.<ref>Kropotkin. ''Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets'', '''p. 162'''</ref> Thus, it could be said that collectivist anarchists believe in freedom through collective ownership of production and a communal market of sorts to distribute goods and services and compensate workers in the form of remuneration. Thus, collectivist anarchism could be seen as a combination of communism and mutualism.
[[Image:Zagrebacka Manda.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Manda of Zagreb, pencil drawing]]


Collectivist Anarchists are not necessarily opposed to the use of currency, but some while opposing currency propose a different type of payment (such as [[Participatory Economics|Participatory Economists]]). Originally many collectivist anarchists saw their philosophy as a carryover to communist anarchism, but many today see their system and the use of currency as permanent rather than a transition. Collectivist anarchist James Guillaume argued that such a society would ''"guarantee the mutual use of the tools of production which are the property of each of these groups and which will by a reciprocal contract become the collective property of the whole . . . federation. In this way, the federation of groups will be able to . . . regulate the rate of production to meet the fluctuating needs of society."''<ref>James Guillaume, Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 376</ref> They argue for workplace autonomy and self-management "the workers in the various factories have not the slightest intention of handing over their hard-won control of the tools of production to a superior power calling itself the 'corporation.'"<ref>Guillaume, Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 364</ref>.
{{see also|Names of European cities in different languages}}


==Performance==
The modern name ''Zagreb'' likely comes from the common [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word "zagrabiti" ({{lang-en|to scoop}}). There are several legends about the origins of the name of Zagreb. According to one, a lady was thirsty and she took water from Lake Manduševac (nowadays a fountain). While she was taking the water, other people shouted, "Zagrebi Mando, zagrebi!" which means, "Scoop it, Manda, scoop it!".{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Another legend says that a [[History of Croatia|Croatian]] [[Ban (title)|ban]] was moving with his army through a deserted region and the soldiers were struck by thirst. In his anger, the ban thrust his sabre into the ground, at which point water began to pour out, and he ordered the soldiers to scrape the soil ({{lang-hr|zagrebati zemlju}}) in order to get to the water.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
In real life application of the collectivist projects were quite successful, sources during the [[Spanish Revolution]] noted that in the Catalon region,


{{cquote|''"In distribution the collectives' co-operatives eliminated middlemen, small merchants, wholesalers, and profiteers, thus greatly reducing consumer prices. The collectives eliminated most of the parasitic elements from rural life, and would have wiped them out altogether if they were not protected by corrupt officials and by the political parties. Non-collectivised areas benefited indirectly from the lower prices as well as from free services often rendered by the collectives (laundries, cinemas, schools, barber and beauty parlours, etc.)"''<ref>The Anarchist Collectives, p. 114</ref>}}
The verb ''zagrebati'' in the sense of digging is also believed to have something to do with the name of the city as the city lay behind a water-filled hole (''graba''). This theory is supported by some scientists.{{Who|date=April 2008}}


According to Augustin Souchy, ''"All the shops simply joined the union. At a general meeting they decided to shut down all the unprofitable shops. The 1,100 shop were reduced to 235 establishments, a saving of 135,000 pesetas per month in rent, lighting, etc. The remaining 235 shops were modernized and elegantly outfitted. From the money saved wages were increased by 40%. Everybody had the right to work and everybody received the same wages. The former owners were not adversely affected by socialization. They were employed at a steady income. All worked together under equal conditions ad equal pay. The distinction between employers and employees was obliterated and they were transformed into a working community of equals - socialism from the bottom up."'' <ref>[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/coll_catalonia_dolgoff.html Collectivization in Catalonia]</ref>
There is also an interesting theory that Zagreb may mean a place behind a hill ("za bregom"), i.e. behind the [[Sava]] river's bank, and then the name just changed into Zagreb. This theory is supported by the fact that [[Sava]] had once flowed nearer to the center of the city. At today's [[Ban Jelačić Square|Ban Jelačić square]] in the very center of Zagreb, pieces of what was once a wooden boat have been unearthed.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}


==References==
Some scientists believe that the name Zagreb is not of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin, just as the name [[Croat]] ({{lang-hr|Hrvat}}) is believed not to be of that origin.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} However, if the name does derive from a Slavic language, then possibly the most acceptable explanation is the city ''za grebom'', i.e. "behind the tomb". The tomb could be the one in [[Marin Držić Avenue]] or one of many other still undiscovered tombs near Grič or [[Kaptol, Zagreb|Kaptol]].{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>


==People==
The Austrian name for Zagreb was ''Agram''. This name has fallen out of regular use in Austria since the fall of [[Austro-Hungarian empire]]. While Hungary still uses ''Zágráb'', Germany and Switzerland stick to ''Zagreb''.
*[[Michael Albert]]

*[[Mikhail Bakunin]]
== History ==
*[[Robin Hahnel]]

*[[Sam Dolgoff]]
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Zgplan12.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Map of [[Gradec]] and [[Kaptol]] in 12th century]] -->
*[[Luce Fabbri]]
[[Image:staritrgburze.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Burza square in 1930s]]
*[[Luigi Fabbri]]

*[[Mick Farren]]
{{main|History of Zagreb}}
*[[Frank Fernández]]
{{see also|History of Croatia}}
*[[James Guillaume]]

*[[Ricardo Flores Magón]]
=== Early Zagreb ===

The history of Zagreb dates as far back as 1094 when the Hungarian [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|King Ladislaus]] founded a diocese. Alongside the bishop's see the canonical settlement [[Kaptol, Zagreb|Kaptol]] developed north of the [[Zagreb Cathedral|Cathedral]], as did the fortified settlement [[Gradec, Zagreb|Gradec]] on the neighbouring hill. Today the latter is Zagreb's Upper Town ([[Gornji Grad - Medveščak|Gornji Grad]]) and is one of the best preserved urban nuclei in [[Croatia]]. Both settlements came under [[Tatar]] attack in 1242. As a sign of gratitude for offering him a safe haven from the [[Tatar]] the Croatian and Hungarian [[Béla IV of Hungary|King Bela IV]] bestowed [[Gradec, Zagreb|Gradec]] with a [[Golden Bull]], which offered its citizens exemption from county rule and autonomy, as well as its own judicial system. According to legend, Bela left [[Gradec, Zagreb|Gradec]] a cannon, under the condition that it be fired every day so that it did not rust. Since 1 January 1877 the cannon is fired from the Lotrščak Tower on Grič to mark midday.

The main square of the [[Gornji Grad - Medveščak|Gornji Grad]] is dominated by the [[Gothic Architecture|Gothic]] [[St. Mark's Church, Zagreb|church of St. Mark]]. It was built at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century and a late [[Baroque]] bell tower was added later.

Fighting ensued between the Zagreb diocese and the free sovereign town of [[Gradec, Zagreb|Gradec]] for land and mills, sometimes also for political reasons. The term Zagreb was used for these two separate boroughs in the 16th century. Zagreb was then seen as the political center and the capital of [[Croatia]] and [[Slavonia]]. In 1850 the town was united under its first [[mayor]] - [[Janko Kamauf]].<ref name=zageb_early>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/hrvati_u_svijetu/upoznajte_hrvatsku/03_glavni_grad_hrvatske/zagreb_eng.html
|title=Early Zagreb history
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

=== 17th and 18th century ===

[[Image:Trg1880.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Ban Jelačić Square]] in 1880.]]

It was not until the 17th century and Nikola Frankopan that Zagreb was chosen as the seat of the [[History of Croatia|Croatian viceroys]] in 1621. At the invitation of the [[Croatian Parliament]] the [[Jesuits]] came to Zagreb and built the first grammar school, the St. Catherine's Church and monastery. In 1669 they founded an [[Zagreb University|academy]] where philosophy, theology and law were taught.

During the 17th and 18th centuries Zagreb was badly devastated by fire and the plague. In 1776 the royal council (government) moved from [[Varaždin]] to Zagreb and during the reign of [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] Zagreb became the headquarters of the [[Varaždin]] and [[Karlovac]] general command.<ref name=zageb_17th>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/hrvati_u_svijetu/upoznajte_hrvatsku/03_glavni_grad_hrvatske/zagreb_eng.html
|title=Zagreb 17th and 18th century history
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

=== 19th to early 20th century ===

[[Image:Zagreb Cathedral.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Zagreb Cathedral]]]]

In the 19th century Zagreb was the center of the [[Illyrian movement|Croatian National Revival]] and saw the erection of important cultural and historic institutions.

The first [[railway]] line to connect Zagreb with [[Zidani Most]] and [[Sisak]] was opened in 1862 and in 1863 Zagreb received a [[gasworks]]. The Zagreb [[waterworks]] was opened in 1878 and the first horse-drawn [[tram]]car was used in 1891. The construction of the [[railway]] lines enabled the old suburbs to merge gradually into [[Donji Grad]], characterized by a regular block pattern that prevails in [[Central European]] cities. This bustling core hosts many imposing buildings, monuments, and parks as well as a multitude of museums, theaters and cinemas. An [[Power station|electric power plant]] was erected in 1907 and development flourished 1880–1914 after the earthquake in Zagreb when the town received the characteristic layout it has today.

The first half of the 20th century saw a large expansion of Zagreb. Before the World War I, the city expanded and neighborhoods like [[Stara Peščenica]] in the east and [[Črnomerec]] in the west were created. After the war, working-class quarters emerged between the railway and the [[Sava]], whereas the construction of residential quarters on the hills of the southern slopes of [[Medvednica]] was completed between the two [[World Wars]].

In the 1920s the population of Zagreb went up by 70 percent — the largest demographic boom in the history of Zagreb. In 1926 the first [[radio station]] in the region began broadcasting out of Zagreb, and in 1947 the Zagreb Fair was opened.<ref name=zageb_19to20>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/hrvati_u_svijetu/upoznajte_hrvatsku/03_glavni_grad_hrvatske/zagreb_eng.html
|title=Zagreb 19th to 20th century history
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

=== Modern Zagreb ===

The area between the railway and the [[Sava]] river witnessed a new construction boom after [[World War II]]. After the mid-1950s, construction of new residential areas south of the [[Sava]] river began, resulting in [[Novi Zagreb]] (New Zagreb). The city also expanded westward and eastward, incorporating [[Dubrava, Zagreb|Dubrava]], Podsused, [[Jarun]], Blato, and other settlements.

The cargo railway hub and the international airport [[Pleso]] were built south of the [[Sava (river)|Sava]] river. The largest [[industrial zone]] (Žitnjak) in the southeast represents an extension of the industrial zones on the eastern outskirts of the city, between the river [[Sava]] and Prigorje region.

In 1987 Zagreb hosted the [[Universiade]].<ref name=zageb_mod>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/hrvati_u_svijetu/upoznajte_hrvatsku/03_glavni_grad_hrvatske/zagreb_eng.html
|title=Zagreb modern history
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

In 1991, it became the capital of the country following secession from [[Second Yugoslavia]]. During the 1991-1995 [[Croatian War of Independence]], it was a scene of some sporadic fighting surrounding its [[JNA]] [[army barracks]], but escaped major damage. In May 1995, it was targeted by Serb rocket artillery in the [[Zagreb rocket attack]] that killed seven civilians.

Urbanized lines of settlements connect Zagreb with their centers in its surroundings: [[Sesvete]], [[Zaprešić]], [[Samobor]], [[Dugo Selo]] and [[Velika Gorica]]. [[Sesvete]] is the closest one to become a part of the [[agglomeration]] and is in fact already included in the City of Zagreb.

=== Area and population development ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! width="70" | Year
! width="70" | Area <br>(km²)
! width="120" | Population <br>(inside city limits at that time)
! width="120" | Population <br>(inside today's city limits)
! width="160" | Notes
|-
| align="center" |1368
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 2,810
| align="right" |
| from the household census
|-
| align="center" |1742
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 5,600
| align="right" |
| from the household census
|-
| align="center" |1805
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 7,706
| align="right" |
| population census without [[clergy]] and [[nobility]]
|-
| align="center" |1850
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 16,036
| align="right" |
|
|-
| align="center" |1857
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 16,657
| align="right" | 48,266
|
|-
| align="center" |1869
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 19,857
| align="right" | 54,761
|
|-
| align="center" |1880
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 30,830
| align="right" | 67,188
|
|-
| align="center" |1890
| align="right" | 3.33
| align="right" | 40,268
| align="right" | 82,848
|
|-
| align="center" |1900
| align="right" | 64.37
| align="right" | 61,002
| align="right" | 111,565
|
|-
| align="center" |1910
| align="right" | 64.37
| align="right" | 79,038
| align="right" | 136,351
|
|-
| align="center" |1921
| align="right" | 64.37
| align="right" | 108,674
| align="right" | 167,765
|
|-
| align="center" |1931
| align="right" | 64.37
| align="right" | 185,581
| align="right" | 258,024
|
|-
| align="center" |1948
| align="right" | 74.99
| align="right" | 279,623
| align="right" | 356,529
|
|-
| align="center" |1953
| align="right" | 235.74
| align="right" | 350,829
| align="right" | 393,919
|
|-
| align="center" |1961
| align="right" | 495.60
| align="right" | 430,802
| align="right" | 478,076
|
|-
| align="center" |1971
| align="right" | 497.95
| align="right" | 602,205
| align="right" | 629,896
|
|-
| align="center" |1981
| align="right" | 1,261.54
| align="right" | 768,700
| align="right" | 723,065
|
|-
| align="center" |1991
| align="right" | 1,715.55
| align="right" | 933,914
| align="right" | 777,826
|
|-
| align="center" |2001
| align="right" | 641.36
| align="right" | 779,145
| align="right" | 779,145
|
|-
| colspan=5 |<small>The data in column 3 refers to the administrative arrangement valid at time of census. The data in column 4 is broken down to the territory now defined as 'The City of Zagreb' (as from regulative published in NN No.10, from 10th of January 1997). If not stated else the data is from population cesuses, carried out according to regulations valid at that time. <ref>[http://www.zagreb.hr/zgstat/documents/Ljetopis%202007/058-080.pdf Population statistics of the city of Zagreb]</ref></small>
|}

{{Panorama simple
|image = Image:Zagreb panorama2.jpg
|fullwidth = 16830
|fullheight = 1210
|caption = 360-degree [[Panorama|panoramic]] picture of Zagreb.
|height = 200
}}

== Economy ==

[[Image:Cibona5.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[HOTO Tower]] and [[Cibona Tower]] on Savska street]]

<!--[[Image:Eurotower 3.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Eurotower, a recently built skyscraper]]-->

Most important branches of industry are: production of electric machines and devices, [[Chemical industry|chemical]], [[pharmaceutical]], [[Textile industry|textile]], [[Food industry|food and drink]] processing. Zagreb is international trade and business center, and the transport crossroad of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[East Europe]].<ref name=zageb_economy>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/Dokument.nsf/AboutZagreb?OpenPage
|title=About Zagreb Economy
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

The city of Zagreb has the highest nominal [[GDP]] per capita in Croatia ([[USD|$]] 14,480, compared to the 2004 Croatian average of [[USD|$]] 8,024).<ref name=zagreb_stat>
{{Citation
|title=Gross Domestic Product for Republic of Croatia and Counties, 2004
|journal=First Release
|issue=12.1.2.
|publisher=Croatian Bureau of Statistics
|date=2007-02-22
|year=XLIV
|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/Publication/2007/12-1-2_1e2007.htm
| issn = 1334-0565
|accessdate=2008-01-25
}}</ref>

[[July 2008|As of July 2008]], the average monthly net salary in Zagreb was 6,228 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]], about [[USD|$]]1,356 (Croatian average is 5,234 kuna, about [[USD|$]]1,140).<ref name=placa_travanj08>{{hr icon}} {{cite web
|url=http://www.suvremena.hr/8584.aspx
|title=Prosječna zagrebačka neto plaća za srpanj 6.228 kuna
|accessdate=2008-10-09
|date=2008-09-26
|work=Suvremena.hr
|language=Croatian
}}</ref> In 2006 the average [[unemployment]] rate in Zagreb was around 8.6%.<ref name=census/>

34% of companies in Croatia have headquarters in Zagreb, and 38.4% of Croatian workforce works in Zagreb, including almost all banks, utility and public transport companies.

Companies in Zagreb create 52% of total turnover and 60% of total profit of Croatia in 2006 as well as 37% of Croatian export.<ref>{{hr icon}} {{cite web
|url=http://www.zg.hgk.hr/pg006.html
|title=Economic Profile of Zagreb Chamber of Commerce
|publisher=Croatian Chamber of Commerce, Zagreb Chamber of Commerce
|accessdate=2008-01-25
}}</ref>

== Cityscape ==

[[Image:Zrtava fasizma.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Trg Žrtava Fašizma (Victims of Fascism Square)]]

The most important historical [[high-rise]] constructions are [[Neboder]] on [[Ban Jelačić Square]], [[Cibona Tower]] (1987) and [[Zagrepčanka]] (1976) on [[Savska Street]], [[Mamutica]] in [[Travno]] ([[Novi Zagreb - istok]] district, built in 1974) and [[Zagreb TV Tower]] on [[Sljeme]] (built in 1973).

There have been many recent constructions in Zagreb, such as the [[Almeria Tower]], [[Eurotower]], [[HOTO Tower]] and [[Zagrebtower]]. Several new skyscrapers, such as [[Center Črnomerec]], [[Sky Office Tower]] and the [[Tower 123]] are planned for construction in 2008, along with proposed business districts in Kajzerica and Buzin, both in [[Novi Zagreb]]. There has recently been an announcement of development along the [[Jadranska Avenue]], near [[Blato]] and [[Lanište]], where the [[Zagreb Arena]] is being built.<ref name=blato_lanište>{{cite web
| url = http://www.novi-zagreb.hr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1174
| title = Blato i Lanište postaju najsuvremeniji dio Zagreba?
| work = novi-zagreb.hr
| date = 2008-03-28
| accessdate = 2008-07-27
| language = Croatian
}}</ref>

Due to a long-standing restriction that forbade construction of 10-story or higher buildings most of Zagreb's skyscrapers date from 70s and 80s and new [[apartment buildings]] on the outskirts of the city are usually 4-8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of skyscrapers in [[Lanište]] or [[Kajzerica]].<ref name=javno>{{cite web
| url = http://www.javno.com/hr/zagreb/clanak.php?id=55540
| title = Na Laništu gradnja iznad 9 katova
| accessdate = 2009-09-21
| date = 2007-06-21
| work = Javno.hr
| language = Croatian
}}</ref>


== Metropolitan administration ==

[[Image:HNB2.jpg|right|thumb|270px|Croatian National Bank ([[Croatian National Bank|HNB]])]]
According to the [[Constitution of Croatia|Constitution]], the city of Zagreb, as the capital of [[Croatia]], has special status. As such, Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of both city and [[Zagreb County|county]]. The city administration bodies are the [[Deliberative assembly|city assembly]] as the representative body and [[mayor]] and the [[city government]] as the executive body. The members of the city assembly are elected at direct elections. They elect the mayor and members of the city government by majority vote. The city government has 11 members elected on mayor’s proposal by the city assembly by majority vote. The mayor is the head of city government and has two deputies. The city administrative bodies are composed of 12 city offices, 3 city bureaus and 3 city services. They are responsible to the mayor and the city government. Local government is organized in 17 [[city district]]s represented by City District Councils. Residents of districts elect members of councils.<ref name=zageb_administration>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/Dokument.nsf/AboutZagreb?OpenPage
|title=About Zagreb Administration
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

=== City districts ===

The city districts ({{lang-hr|gradska četvrt}}) are:<ref name=zageb_districts>{{cite web |url=http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |title=Zagreb population by city districts (Census 2001) |accessdate=2006-07-02 }}</ref>
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 10px 0 10px 25px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: left;" class="sortable"
|-
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | No.
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | District
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Area (km²)
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Population (2001)
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Population density
|-
| 1. || [[Donji Grad]] || 3.01 || 45,108 || 14,956.2
|-
| 2. || [[Gornji Grad - Medveščak]] || 10.12 || 36,384 || 3,593.5
|-
| 3. || [[Trnje]] || 7.37 || 45,267 || 6,146.2
|-
| 4. || [[Maksimir]] || 14.35 || 49,750 || 3,467.1
|-
| 5. || [[Peščenica - Žitnjak]] || 35.30 || 58,283 || 1,651.3
|-
| 6. || [[Novi Zagreb - istok]] || 16.54 || 65,301 || 3,947.1
|-
| 7. || [[Novi Zagreb - zapad]] || 62.59 || 48,981 || 782.5
|-
| 8. || [[Trešnjevka - sjever]] || 5.83 || 55,358 || 9,498.6
|-
| 9. || [[Trešnjevka - jug]] || 9.84 || 67,162 || 6,828.1
|-
| 10. || [[Črnomerec]] || 24.33 || 38,762 || 1,593.4
|-
| 11. || [[Gornja Dubrava]] || 40.28 || 61,388 || 1,524.1
|-
| 12. || [[Donja Dubrava, Zagreb|Donja Dubrava]] || 10.82 || 35,944 || 3,321.1
|-
| 13. || [[Stenjevec]] || 12.18 || 41,257 || 3,387.3
|-
| 14. || [[Podsused - Vrapče]] || 36.05 || 42,360 || 1,175.1
|-
| 15. || [[Podsljeme]] || 60.11 || 17,744 || 295.2
|-
| 16. || [[Sesvete]] || 165.26 || 59,212 || 358.3
|-
| 17. || [[Brezovica, Zagreb|Brezovica]] || 127.45 || 10,884 || 85.4
|-class="sortbottom"
<!--| || TOTAL || 641.43 || 779,145 || 1,214.9 -->
! style="background: #efefef; border-top: 2px solid gray;" |
! style="background: #efefef; border-top: 2px solid gray;" | TOTAL
! align=left style="background: #efefef; border-top: 2px solid gray;" | 641.43
! align=left style="background: #efefef; border-top: 2px solid gray;" | 779,145
! align=left style="background: #efefef; border-top: 2px solid gray;" | 1,214.9
|-
|}
<br clear="all"/>

=== City government ===

{{seealso|List of mayors of Zagreb}}
The current [[mayor]] of Zagreb is [[Milan Bandić]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]]).

The city [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] is composed of 51 representatives, presided by Tatjana Holjevac (ind. rep.), coming from the following political parties:
* [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]] (SDP) 19
* [[Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ) 7
* [[Croatian Party of Rights]] (HSP) 6
* [[Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats]] (HNS) 4
* [[Croatian Party of Pensioners]] (HSU) 3
* [[Croatian Peasant Party]] (HSS) 3
* [[Croatian Social Liberal Party]] (HSLS) 1
* [[Democratic Centre]] (DC) 1
* Independent 7

Based on the results of elections held in 2005.<ref name=zageb_elections>{{hr icon}} {{cite web
|url=http://www.izbori.hr/index2.html
|title=Zagreb elections in 2005
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

== Transport ==

<!-- There are three main transit corridors:

* The western, towards [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]] and on to [[Western Europe]]

* The eastern, towards [[Slavonia]] and on to [[Southeastern Europe]] and the [[Near East]]

* The southern, towards [[Rijeka]], Croatia's biggest port in the [[Kvarner bay]] and [[Split]] in [[Dalmatia]], the second largest Croatian city and also an important port. -->

=== Highways ===

{{seealso|Highways in Croatia}}
Zagreb is the hub of five major Croatian highways. Until a few years ago all Croatian highways either started or ended in Zagreb.

The highways [[A1 (Croatia)|A1]] and [[A6 (Croatia)|A6]] start at [[Lučko]] interchange and [[Concurrency (road)|concur]] until the [[Bosiljevo]] interchange. The former leads to [[Rijeka]] and forms a part of the [[Corridor Vb]] while the latter connects Zagreb and [[Split]] ([[September 2007|as of September 2007]] [[Šestanovac]]). Further extension of [[A1 (Croatia)|A1]] up to [[Dubrovnik]] is in construction. Both highways are tolled.

Highway [[A3 (Croatia)|A3]] (formerly named [[Bratstvo i jedinstvo]]) was the showpiece of Croatia in the [[SFRY]]. It is the oldest Croatian highway. A3 forms a part of the [[Pan-European Corridor X]]. The highway starts at the [[Bregana]] [[border crossing]], bypasses Zagreb forming a big part of the [[Zagreb bypass]] and ends at Lipovac near the [[Bajakovo]] border crossing. It continues in [[Southeast Europe]] in the direction of [[Near East]]. This highway is tolled except for a stretch between Bobovica and [[Ivanja Reka]] interchanges.

Highway [[A2 (Croatia)|A2]] is a part of the [[Corridor Xa]]. It connects Zagreb and the frequently congested [[Macelj]] border crossing forming a continuous highway-level link between Zagreb and [[Western Europe]] except for the [[Slovenia]]n part, which is still just a [[primary route]].

Forming a part of the [[Corridor Vb]], highway [[A4 (Croatia)|A4]] starts in Zagreb forming the northeastern wing of the [[Zagreb bypass]] and leads to Hungary until the [[Goričan]] broder crossing. It is the least used highway around Zagreb.

<!-- Currently in dispute: A highway tunnel going through the [[Medvednica]] Mountains is in the planning stages and could become Zagreb's main northern transit connection. This project has generated controversy among locals who oppose it.

A northern branch of the [[Zagreb bypass]] (''Sjeverna tangenta'') going through the [[Medvednica]] Mountain in the northern parts of Zagreb is in planning stages. Due to steep hills, if constructed, this route would make many overpasses and tunnels a necessity thus being very costly. Because of its high controversy and very strong local [[NIMBY]] opposition the success of the project is doubtful.
-->
The railway running along the [[Sutla]] river and the [[A2 (Croatia)|A2]] highway (Zagreb-[[Macelj]]) running through [[Zagorje]], as well as traffic connections with the Pannonian region and [[Hungary]] (the [[Hrvatsko Zagorje|Zagorje]] railroad, the roads and railway to [[Varaždin]] - [[Čakovec]] and [[Koprivnica]]) are linked with truck routes.

The southern railway connection to [[Split]] operates on a line via the [[Lika]] region (renovated in 2004 to allow for a five-hour journey); a faster line along the [[Una River|Una]] river valley is currently in use only up to the border between [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].

The railway and the highway [[A3 (Croatia)|A3]] along the [[Sava]] river that extend to [[Slavonia]] (towards [[Slavonski Brod]], [[Vinkovci]], [[Osijek]] and [[Vukovar]]) are some of the busiest traffic corridors in the country.<ref name=zageb_tran> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-life.com/travel/travel.php
|title=Zagreb Transportation
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

=== Roads ===

[[Image:Zagrebacka Avenija, Zagreb.JPG|right|thumb|270px|Zagrebačka Avenue]]
The city has an [[avenue]] network with several main arteries up to ten lanes wide and [[Zagreb bypass]], a congested four-lane [[highway]] encircling most of the city. There is much [[congestion]] in the city center during the [[rush hour]] and a daytime parking problem. Finding a parking space is supposed to be made somewhat easier by the construction of new underground multi-story parking lots (Importanne Center, Importanne Gallery, Lang Square, Tuškanac, Kvaternik Square, Klaić Street, etc.). The busiest roads are the main east-west artery, former [[Highway "Brotherhood and Unity"]], consisting of [[Ljubljanska Avenue]], [[Zagrebačka Avenue]] and [[Slavonska Avenue]]; and the [[Vukovarska Avenue]], the closest bypass of the city center. The avenues were supposed to alleviate traffic problem, but most of them are today gridlocked at rush hour and others, like [[Branimirova Avenue]] are gridlocked during the whole day.

====Bridges====

[[2007|As of 2007]], Zagreb has seven road traffic bridges across the [[Sava|river Sava]]. In downstream order, these are:
* '''Podsused bridge''' (''Podsusedski most'') (1982): a not widely known two-lane bridge connecting Zagreb to its close [[exurb]]s by old road to [[Samobor]], the fastest route to [[Bestovje]] and [[Strmec]]. It carries Franjo Tuđman Street. It is also designed to carry Zagreb-Samobor commuter train [[Samoborček]] (not yet constructed).
* '''Jankomir bridge''' (''Jankomirski most'') (1958, 2006): a modern, recently upgraded four-lane bridge connecting [[Ljubljanska Avenue]] to the [[Jankomir]] interchange and [[Zagreb bypass]]. It carries Ljubljanska Avenue.
* '''Adriatic bridge''' (''Jadranski most'') (1981): being the most widely known bridge in Zagreb, it's a six-lane bridge connecting parts of Western Zagreb north and south of [[Sava]]. The bridge spans from Savska Street in the north to the [[Western Rotary]] in the south. It also carries [[streetcar|tram]] tracks.
* '''Sava bridge''' (''Savski most'') (1938): Anecdotically, the official name at the time of building was ''New'' Sava bridge, but it is the oldest existing bridge over [[Sava]]; closed for motor vehicles upon construction of Adriatic bridge. Known among experts due to some construction details.<ref name=Crnobrnja>{{hr icon}} {{cite web
|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=toc&id_broj=903
|title=Bridges across the Sava River in Zagreb
|accessdate=2007-08-28
}}</ref>
* '''Freedom bridge''' (''Most slobode'') (1959): a four-lane bridge. It carries [[Većeslav Holjevac Avenue]]. It used to hold a pair of [[bus lane]]s, but due to the increasing traffic and decreased use of buses because of improved tram connections, those were converted to normal lanes.
* '''Youth bridge''' (''Most mladosti'') (1974): a six-lane bridge with [[streetcar|tram]] tracks, connects eastern [[Novi Zagreb]] to the districts [[Trnje]], [[Peščenica]], [[Donja Dubrava]] and [[Maksimir]]. It carries [[Marin Držić Avenue]].
* '''[[Homeland bridge]]''' (''Domovinski most''): built in [[2007|spring 2007]], this bridge is the last bridge built on Sava to date; it links [[Peščenica]] to the [[Zagreb bypass]] (road completed) and [[Zagreb Airport]] at [[Pleso]] and [[Velika Gorica]] (under construction). It is four-lane bridge with two bicycle and two pedestrian lanes and still unused space in the middle left for tram or light rail tracks. It carries [[Radnička Road]] and [[D38 (Croatia)|state route D38]] spanning from the intersection with Petruševec Quay to the [[Kosnica]] highway interchange. Implementation of tracks is in the planning stage, and reconstruction and widening of Radnička Road into a six-lane road with room for tram tracks on the median is underway.

There are also two rail traffic bridges across Sava, one near Sava bridge and one near Mičevec.

Two additional bridges across the river [[Sava]] are proposed: Jarun Bridge and Bundek Bridge.
<!-- NEXT PARAGRAPH COMMENTED OUT BECAUSE THESE ARE NO REAL PROJECTS AT THIS MOMENT (reintroduced a sentence on new bridge proposals)
Two additional bridges across the river [[Sava]] are planned in 2008: Jarun Bridge and Bundek Bridge (which will most likely be named in honor of [[John Paul II]]).<ref name=zageb_most>{{hr icon}} {{cite web
|url=http://www.poslovni.hr/23823.aspx
|title=Two new bridges in Zagreb
|work=Poslovni dnevnik
|accessdate=2006-10-06
}}</ref>
--><!-- NEXT PARAGRAPH COMMENTED OUT BECAUSE THESE ARE NO REAL PROJECTS AT THIS MOMENT

==== Tunnels ====

A recent traffic study of the Zagreb downtown proposes building seven tunnels underneath the city center. The number of cars in the downtown is rising by 4% every year and current traffic levels require widening of the road infrastructure. A particular problem is [[Ilica]] Street, which has high amounts of both car, streetcar and pedestrian traffic. Any widening of this street would take some space from the pedestrians. The tunnels would triple the downtown road capacity and allow the cars to travel at {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[peak hour]]. The seven tunnels would also help solve the problem of the unfinished [[Sljeme tunnel]], which has been a citywide nuisance for a long time.

The proposed tunnels would have an underground interchange near Jabukovac street in the hills north of downtown. Three tunnels (one of which would have two tubes) would connect the future Jabukovac interchange with downtown. Another tunnel would connect Jabukovac to [[Gupčeva zvijezda]], one would go to Zelengaj north of Britanski square and the third one would go to Vončinina Street, about 1&nbsp;km east of Jabukovac. There would also be a tunnel connecting Draškovićeva Street to [[Ribnjak, Zagreb|]], eliminating the current long and often congesting bypass by smaller streets near [[Žrtava Fašizma Square]].

Should the proposal be accepted, it would take three years to build the tunnels.<ref name=tuneli>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sutra.hr/gradski-ritam/tunelima-kroz-centar-zagreba
|title=Tunelima kroz centar Zagreba
|accessdate=2007-11-27
|last=Šimunović
|first=Damjan
|date=2007-11-24
|work=Sutra.hr
|language=Croatian
}}</ref>
-->

=== Public transportation ===

{{main|ZET}}

[[Image:Crotram3.jpg|thumb|left|[[ZET]] [[TMK 2200]] on Line 17|170px]]

[[Public transportation]] in the city is organized in two layers: the inner parts of the city are mostly covered by [[tram]]s and the outer suburbs are linked with [[bus]]es. The public transportation company, [[ZET]] (''Zagrebački električni tramvaj'', Zagreb Electric Tram), operating trams, all inner bus lines, and the most of the suburban lines, is subsidized by the city council.

The [[funicular]] (''uspinjača'') in the historic part of the city is a tourist attraction. [[Taxicab|Taxis]] are readily available with the prices somewhat higher than in other cities of the region.

As of 1992, the state rail operator HŽ (''Hrvatske željeznice'', Croatian Railways) has been developing a network of suburban trains in metropolitan Zagreb area.


==== Tram network ====

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Zg tram1.jpg|right|thumb|270px|[[ZET]] low floor tram on line 6]] -->
Zagreb has an extensive [[streetcar|tram]] network with 15 day and 4 night lines covering much of the inner- and middle-suburbs of the city. Trams commenced on September 5, 1891 and have been in continual service since. Trams usually travel at speeds of 25-50 km/h (15-30 mph), but slow considerably during [[rush hour]]. The network is unique as it operates mostly at the [[curb]].

<!-- NEXT PARAGRAPH COMMENTED OUT BECAUSE THESE ARE NO REAL PROJECTS AT THIS MOMENT -->
<!-- Trams connect almost all parts of the city, and a number of new lines have been recently proposed, including to "[[Zagreb Arena|Arena]]", handball stadium in construction, to Vrapce, and [[Zagreb Airport]], the main airport in Zagreb located in the suburb of [[Pleso]]. -->
An ambitious program is currently underway to replace old trams with the new and modern ones built mostly in Zagreb by companies [[Končar|Končar elektroindustrija]] and, to a lesser extent, by [[TŽV Gredelj]]. Dubbed "[[TMK 2200]]", 70 trams have been delivered in 2005–2007 period, and delivery of additional 70 trams is contracted and already started.<ref name=new_series>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zet.hr/vijesti/novosti/predstavljen-71-niskopodni-tramvaj.aspx
|title=Predstavljen 71. niskopodni tramvaj
|accessdate=2008-01-08
|date=2007-12-27
|work=ZET
|language=Croatian
}}</ref>
<!-- NEXT PARAGRAPH COMMENTED OUT BECAUSE THESE ARE NO REAL PROJECTS AT THIS MOMENT -->
<!--A second [[light-rail]] or [[metro]] system was proposed in January 2007. The system was envisioned with five lines; three running west-east, and two running north-south converging on the city center. All lines were planned to go underground in the city center. It is currently unknown whether it will be built or not.-->

==== Suburban rail network ====

{{seealso|Croatian Railways|Samoborček}}
In 2005, suburban rail services were increased to a 15-minute frequency serving the middle and outer suburbs of Zagreb, primarily in the east-west direction and to the southern districts. This has enhanced commuting opportunity.{{fact|date=July 2008}}

A new link to the nearby town of [[Samobor]] has been announced and is due to start construction in 2009. This link will be [[standard-gauge]] and tie in with normal Croatian Railways operations (the previous [[narrow-gauge]] line to Samobor was closed in the 1970s).<ref name=samoborček>{{cite journal
| url = http://193.198.60.202/komunalni/arhiva/362/str11.pdf
| title = Uskoro Samoborček i novi prigradski vlakovi
| language = Croatian
| date = 2007-11-28
| accessdate = 2008-07-31
| journal = Zagrebački komunalni vjesnik
| issue = &#x2116; 362
| format = PDF, 134 KB
| pages = p. 11
| issn = 1845-4968
}}</ref>

=== Air traffic ===

{{main article|Zagreb Airport}}
Zagreb Airport {{airport codes|ZAG|LDZA}}, known as 'Pleso Airport' is the main Croatian international airport, a 20 km drive southeast of Zagreb in the suburb of [[Pleso]]. The airport is also the main Croatian airbase featuring helicopters, as well as military and freight transport aircraft. New [[airport terminal|terminal]] is planned for 2011 to replace the current inadequate building, with construction commencing in 2008.<ref name=zageb_pleso> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-life.com/travel/travel.php
|title=Zagreb International Airport terminal
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

Zagreb also has a second, smaller airport, [[Lučko]] {{airport codes|2=LDZL}}. It is home to sports airplanes and a Croatian special police unit, as well as being a military helicopter airbase. Lučko used to be the main airport of Zagreb from 1947 to 1959.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.zagreb-airport.hr/hr/poslovne_1_3/index.aspx
| title = Zagreb Airport - History
| accessdate = 2008-10-02
| language = Croatian
}}</ref>

A third, small grass airfield, [[Buševec]], is located just outside [[Velika Gorica]]. It is primarily used for sports purposes.<ref name=buševec>{{cite web
| url = http://www.vjesnik.com/Html/1999/10/10/Clanak.asp?r=zag&c=2
| title = Usprkos teškoćama leti se dalje
| date = 1999-10-10
| accessdate = 2008-07-31
| last = Kosović
| first = Vedran
| work = [[Vjesnik]]
| language = Croatian
}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[Image:Zagreb University.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Zagreb University]].]]
There are 136 [[primary education|primary]] schools and 100 [[secondary education|secondary]] schools including 30 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]].<ref name=mzos_prim_ed> {{cite web
|url=http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2236
|title=Primary schools
|publisher=Republic of Croatia, Ministry of science, education and sports
|accessdate=2007-09-27
}}</ref><ref name=mzos_sec_ed> {{cite web
|url=http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2252
|title=Secondary schools
|publisher=Republic of Croatia, Ministry of science, education and sports
|accessdate=2007-09-27
}}</ref>
There are 5 public higher education institution and 9 private professional higher education schools.<ref name=mzos_higher_ed> {{cite web
|url=http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2511
|title=Higher education institutions
|publisher=Republic of Croatia, Ministry of science, education and sports
|accessdate=2007-09-03
}}</ref>

===Zagreb Classical Gymnasium===
{{main|Classical Gymnasium in Zagreb}}
Zagreb is the home of the oldest [[secondary school]] in Croatia and the southeastern part of Europe - the Zagreb Classical Gymnasium (Klasična gimnazija). It was founded by the [[Society of Jesus]] in 1607 and has operated continuously ever since.

The school was bombed on May 2, 1995 during the bombing of Zagreb in the [[Croatian war of independence]].

===University===
{{main|University of Zagreb}}
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Zg sveuciliste.jpg|thumb|right|170px|University of Zagreb ([[rector]]ate and [[law school]] building)]] -->


The University of Zagreb (founded in 1669) is the oldest and one of the largest <!-- it's not the largest: University of Belgrade, Aristhotel University in Thessaloniki, University of Athens are larger-->universities in southeastern Europe. Ever since its foundation, the university has been continually growing and developing and now consists of 29 faculties, three art academies and the Croatian Studies Center.

==Cultural sites==
===Museums===
Zagreb's numerous [[museum]]s reflect the history, art and culture not only of Zagreb and Croatia, but also of Europe and the world. Around thirty collections in museums and galleries comprise more than 3.6 million various exhibits, excluding church and private collections.

'''Archeological Museum'''

The [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] Museum (19 Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square) collections, today consisting of nearly 400,000 varied artifacts and monuments, have been gathered over the years from many different sources. These holdings include evidence of Croatian presence in the area.<ref name=zageb_archeo> {{cite web
|url=http://www.amz.hr/eng/page.asp?id=muzej&sub=2&url=povijest
|title=The History and Activities of the Archeological Museum
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref> The most famous are the Egyptian collection, the [[Zagreb mummy]] and bandages with the oldest [[Old Italic alphabet|Etruscan]] inscription in the world (''[[Liber Linteus]] Zagrabiensis''), as well as the [[coin collecting|numismatic]] collection.

'''Croatian Natural History Museum'''

The Croatian Natural History Museum (1 Demetrova Street) holds one of the world's most important collection of [[Neanderthal]] remains found at one site. <ref name=zageb_nat> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/?id=94&l=e&nav=nav5&solo=270
|title=Croatian Natural History Museum
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref> These are the remains, stone weapons and tools of prehistoric ''[[Krapina]] man''. The holdings of the Croatian Natural History Museum comprise more than 250,000 specimens distributed among various different collections.

'''Museum of Technology '''

The Museum of Technology (18 Savska Street) was founded in 1954 and it maintains the oldest preserved machine in the area, dating from 1830, which is still operational. The museum exhibits numerous historic aircraft, cars, machinery and equipment. There are some distinct sections in the museum: the Planetarium, the Apisarium, the Mine (model of mines for coal, iron and non-ferrous metals, about 300 m long), and the [[Nikola Tesla]] study.<ref name=zageb_tech> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/?id=94&l=e&nav=nav5&solo=291
|title=Tehnical Museum
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

'''Museum of the City of Zagreb'''

The Museum of the City of Zagreb (20 Opatička Street) was established in 1907 by the Association of the Braća Hrvatskog Zmaja. It is located in a restored monumental complex (Popov toranj, the Observatory, Zakmardi Granary) of the former Convent of the Poor Clares, of 1650.<ref name=zageb_citymus> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/?id=94&l=e&nav=nav5&solo=272
|title=Museum of the City of Zagreb
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref> The Museum deals with topics from the cultural, artistic, economic and political history of the city spanning from Roman finds to the modern period. The holdings comprise 75,000 items arranged systematically into collections of artistic and mundane objects characteristic of the city and its history.

'''Arts and Crafts Museum'''

The Arts and Crafts Museum (10 Marshal Tito Square) was founded in 1880 with the intention of preserving the works of art and craft against the new predominance of industrial products. With its 160,000 exhibits, the Arts and Crafts Museum is a national-level museum for artistic production and the history of material culture in Croatia.<ref name=zageb_artsandcrafts> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/?id=94&l=e&nav=nav5&solo=278
|title=Arts and Crafts Museum
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

'''Ethnographic Museum'''

The [[Ethnography|Ethnographic]] Museum (14 Ivan Mažuranić Square) was founded in 1919. It lies in the fine Secession building of the one-time Trades Hall of 1903. The ample holdings of about 80,000 items cover the ethnographic heritage of Croatia, classified in the three cultural zones: the Pannonian, Dinaric and Adriatic.<ref name=zageb_ethnographic> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/?id=94&l=e&nav=nav5&solo=263
|title=Ethnographic Museum
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>

'''Mimara Museum'''

[[Image:Mimara2.jpg|right|thumb|270px|[[Mimara Museum]] at night]]
{{main|Mimara Museum}}
The museum called the "Art Collection of Ante and Wiltrud Topić Mimara" or, for short, the [[Mimara]] Museum (5 Roosevelt Square), was founded with a donation from Ante "Mimara" Topić and opened to the public in 1987. It is located in a late 19th century neo-Renaissance palace.<ref name=zageb_mim> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/?id=94&l=e&nav=nav5&solo=275
|title=Mimara Museum
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>
The holdings comprise 3,750 works of art of various techniques and materials, and different cultures and civilisations.

'''Croatian Naïve Art Museum'''

The Croatian Naïve Art Museum (works by Croatian primitivists at 3 Ćirilometodska Street) is considered to be the first museum of naïve art in the world. {{Fact|date=February 2008}} The museum keeps works of Croatian naïve expression of the 20th century. It is located in the 18th century Raffay Palace in the [[Gornji Grad - Medveščak|Gornji Grad]].
The museum holdings consist of 1500 works of art - paintings, sculptures, drawings and prints, mainly by Croatians but also by other well-known world artists.<ref name=zagreb_naïve> {{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/?id=94&l=e&nav=nav5&solo=267
|title=Croatian Naïve Art Museum
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref> From time to time, the museum organizes topics and retrospective exhibitions by naïve artists, expert meetings and educational workshops and playrooms.

'''Museum of Contemporary Art'''

The Museum of Contemporary Art was founded in 1954 and a rich collection of Croatian and foreign contemporary visual art has been collected throughout the decades. The Museum (2 St. Catherine's Square) is located in a space within the Kulmer Palace in the [[Gornji Grad - Medveščak|Gornji Grad]]. A new Museum building in Novi Zagreb has been under construction since 2003.<ref name=zagreb_contemporary> {{cite web
|url=http://www.msu.hr/msuinfo_e.htm
|title=The Museum of Contemporary Art Zagreb
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref> The Museum's permanent art collection will be presented to the public when it moves into its new building planned for 2007.

'''Other museums and galleries'''

Valuable historical collections are also found in the Croatian [[School]] Museum, the Croatian [[Hunting]] Museum, the Croatian [[Sports]] Museum, the Croatian Post and [[Telecommunications]] Museum, the HAZU ([[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]) Glyptotheque (collection of monuments), and the HAZU Graphics Cabinet.

The [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer|Strossmayer's]] Old Masters Gallery (11 Zrinski Square) offers permanent holdings presenting European paintings from the 14th to 19th centuries,<ref name=zageb_stross> {{cite web
|url=http://www.mdc.hr/strossmayer/eng/povijest.html
|title=About Strossmayer's Old Masters Gallery
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref> and the [[Ivan Mestrovic|Ivan Meštrović]] Studio, (8 Mletačka Street) with sculptures, drawings, lithography portfolios and other items, was a donation of this great artist to his homeland The Museum and Gallery Center (4 Jesuit Square) introduces on various occasions the Croatian and foreign cultural and artistic heritage. The [[Art Pavilion]] (22 King Tomislav Square) by Viennese architects Hellmer and Fellmer who were the most famous designers of theaters in Central Europe is a neo-classical exhibition complex and one of the landmarks of the downtown. The exhibitions are also held in the impressive [[Ivan Mestrovic|Meštrović]] building on Zrtava Fašizma Square &mdash; the Home of Croatian [[Fine Art]]ists. The World Center "Wonder of Croatian Naïve Art" (12 [[Ban Jelačić Square]]) exhibits masterpieces of Croatian naïve art as well as the works of a new generation of artists. The Modern Gallery (1 Hebrangova Street) comprises all relevant fine artists of the 19th and 20th centuries.

=== Other cultural sites and events ===

[[Image:National Theatre in Zagreb.jpg|right|thumb|270px|[[Croatian National Theater]] (HNK)]]
[[Image:Koncertna dvorana Vatroslav Lisinski.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall]] ]]
There are about 20 permanent or seasonal theaters and stages. The [[Croatian National Theater in Zagreb]] was built in 1895 and opened by emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]. The most renowned [[concert hall]] is named "[[Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall|Vatroslav Lisinski]]", after the composer of the first Croatian opera was built in 1973.

''[[Animafest]]'', the World Festival of [[Animated Film]]s, takes place every even-numbered year, and the ''[[Music Bienniale]]'', the international festival of [[avant-garde music]], every odd-numbered year. It also hosts the annual ''[[ZagrebDox]]'' [[documentary film]] festival. The ''Festival of the Zagreb [[orchestra|Philharmonic]]'' and the flowers exhibition ''[[Floraart]]'' (end of May or beginning of June), the ''[[vintage car|Old-timer]] [[rallying|Rally]]'' annual events. In the summer, theater performances and concerts, mostly in the Upper Town, are organized either indoors or outdoors. The stage on Opatovina hosts the ''[[Zagreb Histrionic Summer]]'' theater events.

Zagreb is also the host of ''[[Zagrebfest]]'', the oldest Croatian [[pop music|pop-music]] [[music festival|festival]], as well as of several traditional international sports events and tournaments. The ''Day of the City of Zagreb'' on the November 16 is celebrated every year with special festivities, especially on the [[Jarun]] lake near the southwestern part of the city.

== Religious organizations ==

The [[Archdiocese of Zagreb]] is a [[metropolitan see]] of the [[Catholic Church in Croatia]], serving as its religious center. The current Archbishop is [[Josip Bozanić|Josip Cardinal Bozanić]].

Zagreb is also the [[Episcopal see]] of the Metropolitan of Zagreb, Ljubljana and all of Italy of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]. The current Metropolitan is Jovan.

[[Islam in Croatia|Islamic religious organization of Croatia]] has the see in Zagreb. Current president is Mufti Ševko Omerbašić. A mosque used to be located at the [[Žrtava Fašizma Square]], but it was relocated to the neighborhood of [[Borovje]] in [[Peščenica]].

== Surroundings ==

The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since the prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the Veternica cave from the [[Paleolithic]] and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of [[Ščitarjevo]].

The picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, [[Šestine]], [[Gračani]] and [[Remete]], maintain their rich [[tradition]]s, including folk costumes, Šestine [[umbrella]]s, and [[gingerbread]] products.

The [[Medvednica]] Mountain (''Zagrebačka gora''), with its highest peak [[Sljeme]] (1,033 m), provides a panoramic view of metropolitan Zagreb, the Sava and the [[Kupa]] valleys, and the region of [[Hrvatsko Zagorje]]. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first World Ski Championship tournament.

From the summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as [[Velebit]] Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering [[Julian Alps]] in neighbouring [[Slovenia]]. There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts and a chairlift.

Old [[Medvedgrad]], the recently restored medieval [[burg]] built in the 13th century, represents a special attraction of Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also has the ''Shrine of the Homeland'', a memorial with an eternal flame, where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for [[homeland]] in its history, customarily on national holidays. Travel agencies organize guided excursions to the surroundings as well as sightseeing in Zagreb itself.

== Tourism ==

[[Image:Esplanade25.jpg|right|thumb|270px|Hotel Esplanade/Regent]]
Zagreb is an important tourist center, not only in terms of passengers travelling from Western and Central Europe to the Adriatic Sea, but also as a travel destination itself. Since the end of the [[History of modern Croatia|war]], it has attracted around half a million visitors annually, mainly from [[Austria]], [[Germany]] and [[Italy]]. However, the city has even greater potential as many tourists that visit Croatia skip Zagreb in order to visit the beaches along the Croatian [[Adriatic]] coast and old historic [[Renaissance]] cities such as [[Dubrovnik]], [[Split]], and [[Zadar]].

The historical part of the city to the north of [[Ban Jelačić Square]] is composed of the [[Gradec, Zagreb|Gornji Grad]] and [[Kaptol, Zagreb|Kaptol]], a medieval urban complex of churches, palaces, museums, galleries and government buildings that are popular with tourists on sightseeing tours. The historic district can be reached on foot, starting from Jelačić Square, the center of Zagreb, or by a [[funicular]] on nearby Tomićeva Street.

=== Souvenirs and gastronomy ===

Numerous shops, boutiques, store houses and shopping centers offer a variety of quality clothing. Zagreb's offerings include [[crystal]], [[china]] and [[Pottery|ceramics]], [[wickerwork|wicker]] or [[straw]] baskets, and top-quality Croatian [[wine]]s and [[gastronomy|gastronomic]] products.

Notable Zagreb souvenirs are the [[necktie|tie]] or ''cravat'', an accessory named after Croats who wore characteristic scarves around their necks in the [[Thirty Years' War]] in the 17th century and the [[ball-point pen]], a tool developed from the inventions by [[Slavoljub Eduard Penkala]], an inventor and a citizen of Zagreb.

Many Zagreb restaurants offer various specialities of national and international cuisine. Domestic products which deserve to be tasted include turkey, [[duck]] or [[goose]] with ''[[mlinci]]'' (a kind of [[pasta]]), ''štrukli'' (cottage cheese [[strudel]]), ''sir i vrhnje'' ([[cottage cheese]] with cream), ''kremšnite'' ([[custard]] slices in flaky pastry), and ''orehnjača'' (traditional [[walnut#Nuts|walnut]] roll).

== Recreation and sports ==
=== Sport centers ===

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Zrinjevac112.JPG|right|thumb|270px|A look at the Zrinjevac park in the [[Donji Grad|downtown]]]] -->
There are several sports and recreational centers in Zagreb. Recreational Sports Center Jarun, situated on [[Jarun Lake]] in the southwest of the city, has fine shingle beaches, a world-class [[regatta]] course, a [[jogging]] lane around the lake, several restaurants, many night clubs and a [[discotheque]]. Its sports and recreation opportunities include swimming, sunbathing, waterskiing, angling and other water sports, but also [[beach volleyball]], football, basketball, handball, table tennis, and [[minigolf]].

[[Dom Sportova]], a sport center in northern [[Trešnjevka]] features six halls. The largest two can accommodate 12,000 and 4,000 people, respectively. This center is used for basketball, handball, volleyball, hockey, gymnastics, tennis, and many others. It is also used for concerts.

[[Zagreb Arena]] is going to be finished by the end of 2008. The construction started in July 2007. It will have 16,300 seats and it will be used for many sports and events.

The [[Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall]] seats 5,400 people. Alongside the hall is the {{convert|94|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} high glass [[Cibona Tower]].

[[Mladost (sports society)|Sports Park Mladost]], situated on the embankment of the Sava river, has an [[Olympic-size swimming pool]], smaller indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a sunbathing terrace, 16 [[tennis]] courts as well as [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[team handball|handball]], [[soccer|football]] and [[field hockey]] courts. A volleyball sports hall is within the park.

[[Sports and Recreational Center Šalata]], located in [[Šalata]], only a couple hundred meters from the [[Jelačić Square]], is most attractive for tennis players. It comprises a big tennis court and eight smaller ones, two of which are covered by the so-called "balloon", and another two equipped with lights. The center also has swimming pools, basketball courts, football fields, a gym and fitness center, and a four-lane [[bowling]] alley. Outdoor ice skating is a popular winter recreation. There are also several fine restaurants within and near the center.

[[Maksimir Tennis Center]], located in [[Ravnice]] east of [[Donji Grad|downtown]], consists of two sports blocks. The first comprises a tennis center situated in a large tennis hall with four courts. There are 22 outdoor tennis courts with lights. The other block offers multipurpose sports facilities: apart from tennis courts, there are handball, basketball and [[indoor soccer|indoor football]] grounds, as well as track and field facilities, a [[bocce|bocci ball]] alley and [[table tennis]] opportunities.

Recreational swimmers can enjoy a smaller-size indoor swimming pool in Daničićeva Street, and a newly opened indoor Olympic-size pool at [[Utrine, Zagreb|Utrine]] sports center in Novi Zagreb. Skaters can skate in the skating rink on Trg Sportova (Sports Square) and on the lake Jarun Skaters' park. [[Hippodrome]] Zagreb offers recreational [[horseback riding]] opportunities, while horse races are held every weekend during the warmer part of the year.

The 40,000-seat [[Maksimir Stadium]], currently under renovation, is located in [[Maksimir]] in the northeastern part of the city. Upon renovation, it will seat 55,000 spectators, and sport a fully retractable roof. The stadium is part of the immense Svetice recreational and sports complex (ŠRC Svetice), south of the [[Maksimir Park]]. The complex covers an area of {{convert|276440|m2|acre|0|sp=us|abbr=on}}. It is part of a significant Green Zone, which passes from Medvednica Mountains in the north toward the south. ŠRC Svetice, together with Maksimir Park, creates an ideal connection of areas which are assigned to sport, recreation and leisure.

The latest larger recreational facility is [[Bundek]], a group of two small lakes near the Sava in [[Novi Zagreb]], surrounded by a partly forested park. The location had been used prior to the 1970s, but then went to neglect until 2006 when it was renovated.

===Notable clubs from Zagreb===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | Leagues
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[NK Dinamo Zagreb]]
| [[Croatian First Football League]]
| [[Maksimir Stadium]]
| 1911 [[Građanski]], Formed in '''1945
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[NK Zagreb]]
| [[Croatian First Football League]]
| [[Stadium Kranjčevićeva]]
| 1903
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[NK Hrvatski Dragovoljac]]
| [[Croatian Second League|Croatian Second Football League]]
| Stadion u Sigetu
| 1975
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[KK Cibona]]
| [[Euroleague]], [[NLB League]] (regional) and [[A1 Basketball League]] (national)
| [[Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall]]
| 1946
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[KK Zagreb]]
| [[NLB League]] (regional) and [[A1 Basketball League]] (national)
| Športska Dvorana Trnsko
| 1970
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cedevita Zagreb|KK Cedevita Zagreb]]
| [[A1 Basketball League]]
| Športska Dvorana Sutinska Vrela
| 1991
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[RK Zagreb]]
| [[Croatian First League of Handball]]
| [[Dom Sportova]]
| 1922
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[HAVK Mladost]]
| Croatian First Water polo League
| PVC Mladost na Savi
| 1946
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[AOK Mladost]]
| [[Croatian 1A Volleyball League]]
| Dom Odbojke
| 1945
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[HARK Mladost]]
| [[Interleague (regional) and Croatian Rugby League]]
| ŠRC Mladost
| 1954
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[PK Medveščak]]
|
| ŠRC Šalata
|
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[VK Medveščak]]
| [[Croatian First Water polo League]]
| ŠRC Šalata
| 1946
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Ski klub Medveščak]]
|
| Sljeme
|}

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
Image:Zagreb trg bana Jelačića.jpg|Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] main square
Image:Ban Jelacic Denkmal Zagreb.jpg|Statue of ban [[Josip Jelačić]]
Image:Manduševac1.jpg|Zdenac Manduševac on the ''Jelačić plac''

Image:King Tomislav.jpg|Statue of King [[Tomislav]]
<!-- Unsourced image removed: Image:ZagrebHZ.jpg|[[Croatian Railways]] building -->
Image:Zdenac života (Meštrović) 1.jpg|Zdenac života of [[Ivan Meštrović]] in front of HNK
Image:Zageb_Croatian National Theater.jpg|[[Croatian National Theater in Zagreb|Croatian National Theater]] (HNK)

Image:Muzej_Mimara.jpg|Mimara museum
Image:Leksikografski_Zavod_Miroslav_Krleža.jpg|Lexicographic institute 'Miroslav Krleža'
Image:Uspinjaca.jpg|Funicular (''Uspinjača'')
<!-- Unsourced image removed: Image:Tkalca2.jpg|Tkalčićeva street in the historic part of Zagreb -->
Image:View from th Upper Town (Zargeb).jpg|Zagreb Cathedral (View from [[Gornji Grad - Medveščak|Gornji Grad]])
Image:Zagreb skyline.jpg|The [[River Sava]]
Image:Zagreb sa Šalate.jpg|Zagreb viewed from [[Šalata]] neighborhood on a warm day
Image:Mblcnm.jpg|[[Neboder]]
Image:15830b9.jpg|[[Neboder]] as seen from the upper town
Image:Zagreb at night.jpg|Zagreb at night
</gallery>

==Sister cities==
[[Image:PetarPreradovicSquare.jpg|right|thumb|270px|Petar Preradović Square, known among residents as "Cvjetni trg" (Flower Square)]]
[[Image:Zagreb SPOT 1038.jpg|right|thumb|270px|Satellite photo of Zagreb showing the [[Sava River]] and [[Medvednica]] mountain]]
Zagreb is officially [[twin towns|twinned]] with the following towns and cities:<ref name=zagreb_sister_cities>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html
|title=Zagreb sister cities
|accessdate=2007-02-17
}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Image:Coat of arms of Mainz.svg|15px]] '''[[Mainz]]''', [[Germany]] ''(1967)''
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Image:Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg large (2003).png|15px]] '''[[Saint Petersburg]]''', [[Russia]] ''(1968)''
* {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Image:Coat of arms of Tromsø.svg|15px]] '''[[Tromsø]]''', [[Norway]] ''(1971)''
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Image:Symbol of Kyoto (abbreviated).svg|15px]] '''[[Kyoto]]''', [[Japan]] ''(1972)''
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Image:POL Kraków COA.svg|15px]] '''[[Kraków]]''', [[Poland]] ''(1975)''
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Image:LSB.png|15px]] '''[[Lisbon]]''', [[Portugal]] ''(1977)''
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Image:Pittsburgh city coat.png|15px]] '''[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]''', [[United States|U.S.]] ''(1980)''
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Image:Shanghaikanji.png|15px]]''' [[Shanghai]]''', [[PRC|China]] ''(1980)''
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Image:Bologna-Stemma.png|15px]] '''[[Bologna]]''', [[Italy]] ''(1984)''
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Image:Coat of arms of Budapest.png|15px]] '''[[Budapest]]''', [[Hungary]] ''(1994)''
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Image:Wien 3 Wappen.svg|15px]] '''[[Vienna]]''', [[Austria]] ''(1994)''
* {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Image:Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg|15px]] '''[[Sarajevo]]''', [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] ''(2001)''
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} <!--[[Image:Wappen Ljubljana si.png|15px]]--> '''[[Ljubljana]]''', [[Slovenia]] ''(2001)''
* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Image:Grb Podgorice2.png|15px]] '''[[Podgorica]]''', [[Montenegro]] ''(2006)''


==See also==
==See also==
{{Anarchism portal}}
*[[Crometeo]]
*[[Direct democracy]]
*[[Eurovision Song Contest 1990]]
*[[Pantocracy]]
*[[List of mayors of Zagreb]]
*[[Workers' self-management]]
*[[List of radio stations in Zagreb]]
*[[Workers' council]]

*[[Participatory Economics]]
*[[:Category:Buildings and structures in Zagreb]]
*[[Anarchism in Spain]]
*[[:Category:Former counties of Croatia]]
*[[History of anarchism#Argentina (2001–present)|Anarchism in Argentina]]

*[[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]]
==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}
*http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_03_10/E01_03_10.html


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Anarchive|kropotkin/conquest/ch13.html|"The Collectivist Wages System."}} – Anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin's criticism of collectivist anarchism, from ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]''
{{commons|Zagreb}}
* [http://www.zagreb.hr/ Official website of the City of Zagreb]
* [http://www.fivestars.hr/photo_gallery/zagreb_ivo_pervan/ Zagreb Photo Galeries]
* [http://vlmp.museophile.org/croatia.html Croatian Museums and Galleries]
* [http://www.croatia-official.com/Zagreb-picture-gallery.html Zagreb picture gallery]
* [http://www.pictures-croatia.com/zagreb/ Pictures Zagreb]
* [http://www.zv.hr/index_en.html Zagreb Fair]
* [http://www.zagreb-airport.hr/en/index.aspx Zagreb International airport]
* Project Zagreb, ISBN 978-84-96540-57-6

{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Capital cities of the European Union candidates}}
{{Zagreb districts}}
{{Croatian cities}}
{{Counties of Croatia}}

[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Capitals serving as first-level administrative divisions]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Croatia]]
[[Category:Zagreb]]
[[Category:Counties of Croatia]]


[[Category:Anarchism by genre]]
{{Link FA|hr}}
[[Category:Anarchist economic schools]]
<!--Interwiki-->


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For the broad category of anarchism sometimes referred to as "collectivist anarchism", see social anarchism.
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    Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two anarchist schools of thought; the first school is socialist anarchism to which Mikhail Bakunin is associated, while the second school is communist anarchism to which Peter Kropotkin is associated.

    Socialist Anarchism is a revolutionary[1] doctrine spearheaded by Mikhail Bakunin that advocated the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production, with the means of production instead being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. The collectivization of the means of production was proposed to be initiated by a small cohesive group through acts of violence which would inspire the workers to revolt and forcibly collectivize the means of production; The International Social Democratic Alliance was founded in 1868 for this purpose.[2] Once collectivization took place, workers salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based of the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market.[3]

    This contrasts with anarcho-communism or communist anarchism where wages would be abolished, and where individuals would take freely from a storehouse of goods "to each according to his need."

    Thus, Bakunin's "Collectivist Anarchism," notwithstanding the title, is seen as a blend of individualism and collectivism.[4] Socialist or collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement. The Anarchist FAQ compares and contrasts collectivist or Socialist anarchism with communist anarchism this way:

    The major difference between collectivists and communists is over the question of "money" after a revolution. Anarcho-communists consider the abolition of money to be essential, while anarcho-collectivists consider the end of private ownership of the means of production to be the key. As Kropotkin noted, "[collectivist anarchism] express[es] a state of things in which all necessaries for production are owned in common by the labour groups and the free communes, while the ways of retribution [i.e. distribution] of labour, communist or otherwise, would be settled by each group for itself."[5] Thus, while communism and collectivism both organise production in common via producers' associations, they differ in how the goods produced will be distributed. Communism is based on free consumption of all while collectivism is more likely to be based on the distribution of goods according to the labour contributed. However, most anarcho-collectivists think that, over time, as productivity increases and the sense of community becomes stronger, money will disappear.[6]

    The collectivist or socialist anarchists at first used the term "collectivism" to distinguish themselves from the mutualism of the followers of Proudhon and the State socialists associated with Karl Marx. In the name of liberty, Bakunin wrote, "we shall always protest against anything that may in any way resemble communism or state socialism," which Bakunin regarded as fundamentally authoritarian ("Federalism, Socialism, and Anti-Theologism," 1867).[1]

    The First International

    The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International proclaimed at the St. Imier Congress (1872) that "the aspirations of the proletariat can have no purpose other than the establishment of an absolutely free economic organization and federation, founded upon the labour and equality of all and absolutely independent of all political government," in which each worker will have the "right to the enjoyment of the gross product of his labours and thereby the means of developing his full intellectual, material and moral powers in a collective setting." This revolutionary transformation could "only be the outcome of the spontaneous action of the proletariat itself, its trades bodies and the autonomous communes."[2] A similar position was adopted by the Workers' Federation of the Spanish Region in 1882, as articulated by an anarchist veteran of the First International, Jose Llunas Pujols, in his essay, "Collectivism."[3]

    By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the "collectivist" label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism. The anarchist communist, Peter Kropotkin, attacked this position in his essay, "The Collectivist Wages System", which was reprinted in his book The Conquest of Bread in 1892.

    Theory

    The difference between Socialist Anarchism - here frequently called 'Collectivist Anarchism' - and Anarcho-Communism or Communist Anarchism is that under anarchist collectivism, the means of production were to be socialized, but a wage system was retained based on the amount of labor performed. Anarchist communism also called for the socialization of production but also of the distribution of goods. Instead of 'to each according to his labor', in anarcho-communism the community would supply the subsistence requirements to each member free of charge according to the maxim 'to each according to his needs'.[7]

    The difference between Collectivist Anarchism and Anarcho-Communism is that collectivist anarchism stresses collective ownership of productive, subsistence and distributary property, while communist anarchism negates the concept of ownership in favor of usage or possession with productive means being a possession not owned by any individual or particular group.[8][9] Communist Anarchists believe that subsistence, productive and distributive property should be common or social possessions while personal property should be private possessions.[10] Collectivist anarchists agree with this, however, disagree on the subject of remuneration; some collectivist anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin, believe in the remuneration of labor, while communist-anarchists, such as Peter Kropotkin, believe that such remuneration would lead to the recreation of currency and that this would need a State.[11] Thus, it could be said that collectivist anarchists believe in freedom through collective ownership of production and a communal market of sorts to distribute goods and services and compensate workers in the form of remuneration. Thus, collectivist anarchism could be seen as a combination of communism and mutualism.

    Collectivist Anarchists are not necessarily opposed to the use of currency, but some while opposing currency propose a different type of payment (such as Participatory Economists). Originally many collectivist anarchists saw their philosophy as a carryover to communist anarchism, but many today see their system and the use of currency as permanent rather than a transition. Collectivist anarchist James Guillaume argued that such a society would "guarantee the mutual use of the tools of production which are the property of each of these groups and which will by a reciprocal contract become the collective property of the whole . . . federation. In this way, the federation of groups will be able to . . . regulate the rate of production to meet the fluctuating needs of society."[12] They argue for workplace autonomy and self-management "the workers in the various factories have not the slightest intention of handing over their hard-won control of the tools of production to a superior power calling itself the 'corporation.'"[13].

    Performance

    In real life application of the collectivist projects were quite successful, sources during the Spanish Revolution noted that in the Catalon region,

    "In distribution the collectives' co-operatives eliminated middlemen, small merchants, wholesalers, and profiteers, thus greatly reducing consumer prices. The collectives eliminated most of the parasitic elements from rural life, and would have wiped them out altogether if they were not protected by corrupt officials and by the political parties. Non-collectivised areas benefited indirectly from the lower prices as well as from free services often rendered by the collectives (laundries, cinemas, schools, barber and beauty parlours, etc.)"[14]

    According to Augustin Souchy, "All the shops simply joined the union. At a general meeting they decided to shut down all the unprofitable shops. The 1,100 shop were reduced to 235 establishments, a saving of 135,000 pesetas per month in rent, lighting, etc. The remaining 235 shops were modernized and elegantly outfitted. From the money saved wages were increased by 40%. Everybody had the right to work and everybody received the same wages. The former owners were not adversely affected by socialization. They were employed at a steady income. All worked together under equal conditions ad equal pay. The distinction between employers and employees was obliterated and they were transformed into a working community of equals - socialism from the bottom up." [15]

    References

    1. ^ Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54
    2. ^ Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54
    3. ^ Bakunin Mikail. Bakunin on Anarchism. Black Rose Books. 1980. p. 369
    4. ^ Morriss, Brian. Bakukunin: The Philosophy of Freedom. Black Rose Books Ltd., 1993. p. 115
    5. ^ [Anarchism, p. 295]
    6. ^ A.3 What types of anarchism are there?
    7. ^ This paragraph sourced by Shatz, Marshall; Guess, Raymond; Skinner, Quentin. The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. xvi
    8. ^ Proudhon. What is Property, pp. 395-6
    9. ^ Berkman, Alexander. The ABC of Anarchism, p. 68
    10. ^ What is Anarchism?, p. 217
    11. ^ Kropotkin. Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets, p. 162
    12. ^ James Guillaume, Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 376
    13. ^ Guillaume, Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 364
    14. ^ The Anarchist Collectives, p. 114
    15. ^ Collectivization in Catalonia

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