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'''''Human coronavirus 229E''''' ('''''HCoV-229E''''') is a species of [[coronavirus]] which infects humans and bats.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lim|first1=Yvonne Xinyi|last2=Ng|first2=Yan Ling|last3=Tam|first3=James P.|last4=Liu|first4=Ding Xiang|date=2016-07-25|title=Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions|journal=Diseases|volume=4|issue=3|pages=26|doi=10.3390/diseases4030026|issn=2079-9721|pmc=5456285|pmid=28933406|quote=See Table 1.|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is an [[Viral envelope|enveloped]], [[Sense (molecular biology)|positive-sense]], [[RNA|single-stranded]] [[RNA virus]] which enters its host cell by binding to the [[Alanine aminopeptidase|APN receptor]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Fehr AR, Perlman S|title=Coronaviruses|date=2015|chapter=Coronaviruses: anAn overviewOverview of theirTheir replicationReplication and pathogenesisPathogenesis |title=Coronaviruses|date=2015|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|publisher=Springer|volume=1282|pages=1–23|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1|isbn=978-1-4939-2438-7|pmc=4369385|pmid=25720466|quote=See Table 1.|veditors=Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P}}</ref> Along with [[Human coronavirus OC43]] (a member of the ''[[Betacoronavirus]]'' genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the [[common cold]].<ref>Susanna{{cite journal | pmid = 21849456 | year = 2011 | last1 = Lau | first1 = S. K. | last2 = Lee | first2 = P. Lau,| Paullast3 Lee,= AlanTsang K| first3 = A. LK. Tsang,| Cyrillast4 = Yip | first4 = C. YC. Yip,1| Hermanlast5 = Tse, Rodney| Afirst5 = H. | last6 = Lee, Lok-Yee| first6 = R. A. | last7 = So, Yu-Lung| first7 = L. Y. | last8 = Lau, Kwok-Hung| first8 = Y. L. | last9 = Chan, Patrick| Cfirst9 = K. YH. | last10 = Woo, and| Kwok-Yungfirst10 = P. C. | last11 = Yuen | first11 = K. Y. | title = Molecular Epidemiologyepidemiology of Humanhuman Coronaviruscoronavirus OC43 Revealsreveals Evolutionevolution of Differentdifferent Genotypesgenotypes over Timetime and Recentrecent Emergenceemergence of a Novelnovel Genotypegenotype due to Naturalnatural Recombination.recombination J| journal = Journal of Virology. 2011| November;volume = 85( | issue = 21): | pages = 11325–11337 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.05512-11 | pmc = 3194943 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 20554810 | year = 2010 | last1 = Gaunt | first1 = E. R. Gaunt,1| last2 = Hardie | first2 = A. Hardie,2| last3 = Claas | first3 = E. C. J.| Claas,3last4 = Simmonds | first4 = P. Simmonds,1| andlast5 = Templeton | first5 = K. E. Templeton.| title = Epidemiology and Clinicalclinical Presentationspresentations of the Fourfour Humanhuman Coronavirusescoronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 Detecteddetected over 3 Yearsyears Usingusing a Novelnovel Multiplexmultiplex Realreal-Timetime PCR Methodmethod down-pointing| smalljournal open= triangle.Journal Jof ClinClinical Microbiol.Microbiology 2010| August;volume = 48( | issue = 8): | pages = 2940–2947 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.00636-10 | pmc = 2916580 }}</ref> HCoV-229E is a member of the genus ''[[Alphacoronavirus]]'' and subgenus ''Duvinacovirus''.<ref name="ICTV10">{{cite web|url=https://talkictv.ictvonline.orgglobal/taxonomy/|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release|date=October 2018|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Woo|first1=Patrick C. Y.|last2=Huang|first2=Yi|last3=Lau|first3=Susanna K. P.|last4=Yuen|first4=Kwok-Yung|date=2010-08-24|title=Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis|journal=Viruses|volume=2|issue=8|pages=1804–1820|doi=10.3390/v2081803|issn=1999-4915|pmc=3185738|pmid=21994708|quote=Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus polyprotein.|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
==Transmission==
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==Signs and symptoms==
HCoV-229E is associated with a range of [[respiratory symptom]]s, ranging from the [[common cold]] to high-morbidity outcomes such as [[pneumonia]] and [[bronchiolitis]]. However, such high [[Disease#Morbidity|morbidity]] outcomes are almost always seen in cases with [[co-infection]] with other [[respiratory pathogen]]s; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infection that caused [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]] (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another [[pathogen]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 29850307 | year = 2018 | last1 = Vassilara | first1 = F. | last2 = Spyridaki | first2 = A. | last3 = Pothitos | first3 = G. | last4 = Deliveliotou | first4 = A. | last5 = Papadopoulos | first5 = A. | title = A Rare Case of Human Coronavirus 229E Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Healthy Adult. Vassilara| F,journal Spyridaki= A,Case PothitosReports G,in DeliveliotouInfectious A,Diseases Papadopoulos| A.volume Case= Rep2018 Infect| Dis.pages 2018= Apr1–4 15;2018:6796839.| doi: = 10.1155/2018/6796839. eCollection| 2018.pmc PMID= 298503075925015 | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5925015/doi-access Free= PMCfree Article]}}</ref> HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with [[human respiratory syncytial virus]] (HRSV).<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 13130404 | year = 2003 | last1 = Pene, | first1 = F., A.| last2 = Merlat, | first2 = A. | last3 = Vabret, F| first3 = A. | last4 = Rozenberg, A| first4 = F. | last5 = Buzyn, F| first5 = A. | last6 = Dreyfus, A| first6 = F. | last7 = Cariou, F| first7 = A. | last8 = Freymuth, and| Pfirst8 = F. | last9 = Lebon. 2003| first9 = P. | title = Coronavirus 229E -related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Clin.| Infect.journal Dis.= Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 37: | issue = 7 | pages = 929–932 | doi = 10.1086/377612 [PubMed]| pmc = 7107892 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 12684910 | year = 2003 | last1 = Vabret, | first1 = A., T.| last2 = Mourez, S| first2 = T. | last3 = Gouarin, J| first3 = S. | last4 = Petitjean, and| Ffirst4 = J. | last5 = Freymuth. 2003| first5 = F. | title = An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. Clin.| Infect.journal Dis.= Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 36: | issue = 8 | pages = 985–989 | doi = 10.1086/374222 [PubMed]| pmc = 7109673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 16267760 | year = 2005 | last1 = Woo, | first1 = P. C. Y.,| last2 = Lau | first2 = S. K. P.| Lau,last3 = Tsoi | first3 = H. Tsoi,W. | last4 = Huang | first4 = Y. Huang,| last5 = Poon | first5 = R. W. S.| Poon,last6 = Chu | first6 = C. M. Chu,| last7 = Lee | first7 = R. A. Lee,| last8 = Luk | first8 = W. K. Luk,| last9 = Wong | first9 = G. K. M.| last10 = Wong, | first10 = B. H. L.| Wong,last11 = Cheng | first11 = V. C. C.| Cheng,last12 = Tang | first12 = B. S. F.| Tang,last13 = Wu | first13 = A. K. L.| Wu,last14 = Yung | first14 = R. W. H.| Yung,last15 = Chen | first15 = H. Chen,| last16 = Guan | first16 = Y. Guan,| last17 = Chan | first17 = K. H. Chan,| andlast18 = Yuen | first18 = K. Y. Yuen.| 2005.title = Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1 -associated community -acquired pneumonia. J.| Infect.journal Dis.= The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 192:1898–1907 | issue = 11 | pages = 1898–2707 | doi = 10.1086/497151 [PubMed]| pmc = 7110183 }}</ref>
 
==Epidemiology==
HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include [[Human coronavirus NL63|HCoV-NL63]], [[Human coronavirus OC43|HCoV-OC43]], [[Human coronavirus HKU1|HCoV-HKU1]],
[[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|MERS-CoV]], [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV-1]], and [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] and are globally distributed.<ref>Fields, B. N., D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (ed.). 1996. Fields virology, 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 16911043 | year = 2006 | last1 = Van Der Hoek, | first1 = L. van| der,last2 P.= Krzysztof,Pyrc and| Bfirst2 = K. | last3 = Berkhout. 2006| first3 = B. | title = Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus. | journal = FEMS Microbiol.Microbiology Rev.Reviews | volume = 30: | issue = 5 | pages = 760–773 | doi = 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x [PubMed]| pmc = 7109777 }}</ref> However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 16704837 | year = 2006 | last1 = Esper, | first1 = F., | last2 = Weibel | first2 = C. Weibel,| last3 = Ferguson | first3 = D. Ferguson,| last4 = Landry | first4 = M. L. Landry,| andlast5 = Kahn | first5 = J. S. Kahn.| 2006.title = Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States. Emerg.| Infect.journal Dis.= Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 12: | issue = 5 | pages = 775–779 | doi = 10.3201/eid1205.051316 [PMC| freepmc article]= [PubMed]3374449 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17222582 | year = 2007 | last1 = Gerna, | first1 = G., E.| last2 = Percivalle, A| first2 = E. | last3 = Sarasini, G| first3 = A. | last4 = Campanini, A| first4 = G. | last5 = Piralla, F| first5 = A. | last6 = Rovida, E| first6 = F. | last7 = Genini, A| first7 = E. | last8 = Marchi, and| Ffirst8 = A. | last9 = Baldanti. 2007| first9 = F. | title = Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients. J.| Clin.journal Virol.= Journal of Clinical Virology | volume = 38: | issue = 3 | pages = 244–250 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.12.008 [PubMed]| pmc = 7108341 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 5556222 | year = 1971 | last1 = Kaye, | first1 = H. S., | last2 = Marsh | first2 = H. B. Marsh,| andlast3 = Dowdle | first3 = W. R. Dowdle.| 1971.title = Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (strainStrain OC 43) related infections in a children's population. Am.| J.journal Epidemiol.= American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 94: | issue = 1 | pages = 43–49 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121293 [PubMed]| pmc = 7109649 }}</ref> A [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age.<ref>[https://www{{cite journal | pmid = 20113545 | year = 2010 | last1 = Principi | first1 = N.ncbi | last2 = Bosis | first2 = S.nlm | last3 = Esposito | first3 = S.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957994/#R33 | title = Effects of Coronaviruscoronavirus Infectionsinfections in Children]children | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–188 | doi = 10.3201/eid1602.090469 | pmc = 2957994 }}</ref>
 
==Virology==
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[[Chloroquine]], a [[zinc]] [[ionophore]], inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in [[cell culture]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Wilde |first1=Adriaan H. |last2=Jochmans |first2=Dirk |last3=Posthuma |first3=Clara C. |last4=Zevenhoven-Dobbe |first4=Jessika C. |last5=van Nieuwkoop |first5=Stefan |last6=Bestebroer |first6=Theo M. |last7=van den Hoogen |first7=Bernadette G. |last8=Neyts |first8=Johan |last9=Snijder |first9=Eric J. |title=Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=August 2014 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=4875–4884 |doi=10.1128/AAC.03011-14|pmid=24841269 |pmc=4136071 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats.<ref name = Tao2017>{{cite journal | pmid = 28077633 | year = 2017 | last1 = Tao | first1 = Y,. | last2 = Shi | first2 = M,. | last3 = Chommanard | first3 = C,. | last4 = Queen | first4 = K,. | last5 = Zhang | first5 = J,. | last6 = Markotter | first6 = W,. | last7 = Kuzmin IV,| first7 = I. V. | last8 = Holmes EC,| first8 = E. C. | last9 = Tong | first9 = S. | title = Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History. | Jjournal Virol.= 2017Journal Febof Virology | volume = 14;91( | issue = 5):e01953-16. | doi: = 10.1128/JVI.01953-16. Print| 2017pmc Mar= 1.5309958 PMID 28077633}}</ref>
 
== History ==
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* [http://virology-online.com/viruses/CORZA4.htm Virology online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070309144307/http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/3035/Coronaviruses.html Coronaviruses]
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/766.html Viralzone: Alphacoronavirus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112308/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/766.html |date=2016-03-04 }}
* [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=corona Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae]
 

Latest revision as of 02:17, 12 October 2023

Human coronavirus 229E
Transmission electron micrograph of human coronavirus 229E
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus: Duvinacovirus
Species:
Human coronavirus 229E

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats.[1] It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor.[2] Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the Betacoronavirus genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold.[3][4] HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.[5][6]

Transmission[edit]

HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.

Signs and symptoms[edit]

HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen.[7] HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV).[8][9][10]

Epidemiology[edit]

HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed.[11][12] However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year.[13][14][15] A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age.[16]

Virology[edit]

HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:[17]

Research[edit]

Chloroquine, a zinc ionophore, inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in cell culture.[18]

Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats.[19]

History[edit]

A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965.[20][21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25). "Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285. PMID 28933406. See Table 1.
  2. ^ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.). Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466. See Table 1.
  3. ^ Lau, S. K.; Lee, P.; Tsang, A. K.; Yip, C. C.; Tse, H.; Lee, R. A.; So, L. Y.; Lau, Y. L.; Chan, K. H.; Woo, P. C.; Yuen, K. Y. (2011). "Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 reveals evolution of different genotypes over time and recent emergence of a novel genotype due to natural recombination". Journal of Virology. 85 (21): 11325–11337. doi:10.1128/JVI.05512-11. PMC 3194943. PMID 21849456.
  4. ^ Gaunt, E. R.; Hardie, A.; Claas, E. C.; Simmonds, P.; Templeton, K. E. (2010). "Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (8): 2940–2947. doi:10.1128/JCM.00636-10. PMC 2916580. PMID 20554810.
  5. ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  6. ^ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2010-08-24). "Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis". Viruses. 2 (8): 1804–1820. doi:10.3390/v2081803. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3185738. PMID 21994708. Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus polyprotein.
  7. ^ Vassilara, F.; Spyridaki, A.; Pothitos, G.; Deliveliotou, A.; Papadopoulos, A. (2018). "A Rare Case of Human Coronavirus 229E Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Healthy Adult". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2018: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2018/6796839. PMC 5925015. PMID 29850307.
  8. ^ Pene, F.; Merlat, A.; Vabret, A.; Rozenberg, F.; Buzyn, A.; Dreyfus, F.; Cariou, A.; Freymuth, F.; Lebon, P. (2003). "Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 37 (7): 929–932. doi:10.1086/377612. PMC 7107892. PMID 13130404.
  9. ^ Vabret, A.; Mourez, T.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Freymuth, F. (2003). "An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (8): 985–989. doi:10.1086/374222. PMC 7109673. PMID 12684910.
  10. ^ Woo, P. C.; Lau, S. K.; Tsoi, H. W.; Huang, Y.; Poon, R. W.; Chu, C. M.; Lee, R. A.; Luk, W. K.; Wong, G. K.; Wong, B. H.; Cheng, V. C.; Tang, B. S.; Wu, A. K.; Yung, R. W.; Chen, H.; Guan, Y.; Chan, K. H.; Yuen, K. Y. (2005). "Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 192 (11): 1898–2707. doi:10.1086/497151. PMC 7110183. PMID 16267760.
  11. ^ Fields, B. N., D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (ed.). 1996. Fields virology, 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.
  12. ^ Van Der Hoek, L.; Pyrc, K.; Berkhout, B. (2006). "Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 30 (5): 760–773. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x. PMC 7109777. PMID 16911043.
  13. ^ Esper, F.; Weibel, C.; Ferguson, D.; Landry, M. L.; Kahn, J. S. (2006). "Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (5): 775–779. doi:10.3201/eid1205.051316. PMC 3374449. PMID 16704837.
  14. ^ Gerna, G.; Percivalle, E.; Sarasini, A.; Campanini, G.; Piralla, A.; Rovida, F.; Genini, E.; Marchi, A.; Baldanti, F. (2007). "Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients". Journal of Clinical Virology. 38 (3): 244–250. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2006.12.008. PMC 7108341. PMID 17222582.
  15. ^ Kaye, H. S.; Marsh, H. B.; Dowdle, W. R. (1971). "Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (Strain OC 43) related infections in a children's population". American Journal of Epidemiology. 94 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121293. PMC 7109649. PMID 5556222.
  16. ^ Principi, N.; Bosis, S.; Esposito, S. (2010). "Effects of coronavirus infections in children". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 183–188. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090469. PMC 2957994. PMID 20113545.
  17. ^ Leung, Daniel (20 January 2019). "Coronaviruses (including SARS)". Infectious Disease Advisor. Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  18. ^ de Wilde, Adriaan H.; Jochmans, Dirk; Posthuma, Clara C.; Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Jessika C.; van Nieuwkoop, Stefan; Bestebroer, Theo M.; van den Hoogen, Bernadette G.; Neyts, Johan; Snijder, Eric J. (August 2014). "Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (8): 4875–4884. doi:10.1128/AAC.03011-14. PMC 4136071. PMID 24841269.
  19. ^ Tao, Y.; Shi, M.; Chommanard, C.; Queen, K.; Zhang, J.; Markotter, W.; Kuzmin, I. V.; Holmes, E. C.; Tong, S. (2017). "Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History". Journal of Virology. 91 (5). doi:10.1128/JVI.01953-16. PMC 5309958. PMID 28077633.
  20. ^ Knapp, Alex. "The Secret History Of The First Coronavirus". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  21. ^ Hamre, D.; Procknow, J. J. (1966-01-01). "A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 121 (1): 190–193. doi:10.3181/00379727-121-30734. ISSN 1535-3702. PMID 4285768. S2CID 1314901.

External links[edit]

Wikispecies has information related to Human coronavirus 229E.
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