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{{About|the not-for-profit organization||Terena (disambiguation)}}
{{Dablink|Terena may also refer to the [[Terêna language]].}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| name = Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association
| name = Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association
| abbreviation = TERENA
| abbreviation = TERENA
| motto = networking the networkers
| image = Terena logo.png
| image = Terena logo.png
| image_border =
| image_border =
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| website = {{URL|http://www.terena.org/}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.terena.org/}}
}}
}}
The '''Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association''' (TERENA, {{IPAc-en|t|ə|'|r|eɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|tə|RAY|nə}}) is a not-for-profit association of European [[national research and education network]]s (NRENs) incorporated in [[Amsterdam]], The Netherlands. The association was originally formed on 13 June 1986 as Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) and changed its name to TERENA in October 1994.
The '''Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association''' ('''TERENA''', {{IPAc-en|t|ə|'|r|eɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|tə|RAY|nə}}) was a not-for-profit association of European [[national research and education network]]s (NRENs) incorporated in [[Amsterdam]], The Netherlands. The association was originally formed on 13 June 1986 as Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) and changed its name to TERENA in October 1994. In October 2015, it again changed its name to [[GÉANT]] and at the same time acquired the shares of GEANT Limited (previously known as DANTE).


==Purpose==
==Purpose==
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==History==
==History==
⚫
TERENA was founded under the name Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) on 13 June 1986.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=3-527-32710-X|authors=Howard Davies and Beatrice Bressan|page=13}}</ref> It was created by several European networking organisations to promote open computer networking standards (specifically the [[OSI protocols]]).<ref name="Quarterman1990">{{cite book |author=John S. Quarterman |title=The matrix: Computer networks and conferencing systems worldwide |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kwIjAAAAMAAJ |year=1990|publisher=Digital Press|isbn=978-1-55558-033-9 |pages= 192–195 }}</ref> The first few years were dominated by the Co-operation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe (COSINE) project.<ref name="carp">{{cite journal |author1= [[Brian Carpenter (Internet engineer)|Brian E. Carpenter]] |title= COSINE implementation phase: the view from a major site |journal= 4th European RARE workshop: Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume= 16 |number= 1 |date= 16 May 1988 |location= Les Diablerets, Switzerland |doi= 10.1016/0169-7552(88)90033-5 |url= http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/188252/files/CM-P00059890.pdf |accessdate= 8 October 2011 }}</ref>
COSINE led to the implementation of some of the first standardised network-related services, for example [[X.400]] email and [[X.500]] directory service. [[X.25]] technology was generally used for connectivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= The COSINE Project |author= Dai R.H. Davies |journal= INET conference |year= 1992 |publisher= Internet Society |url= http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/92/proceedings/WorldRegional_R5_COSINE.pdf |accessdate= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> This technology was also used in a network called IXI (International X.25 Infrastructure Backbone Service), which was the first generation of the backbone network interconnecting the national research networks in Europe, known today as [[GÉANT]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kaarina Lehtisalo|title=The History of NORDUnet|url= http://www.nordu.net/history/TheHistoryOfNordunet_simple.pdf |year=2005 |publisher=NORDUnet A/S |isbn=87-990712-0-7|pages=81–85}}</ref> To run the European backbone, RARE’s Operational Unit was later split off from the association under the name [[DANTE]].


=== RARE ===
⚫
Meanwhile the need to choose between the OSI protocols and the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) became the subject of a long-lasting controversy known as the ''Protocol Wars''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | author= Karel Vietsch | editor = Rachel Walker and Marcia Freed Taylor | encyclopedia = Information Dissemination and Access in Russia and Eastern Europe | title = Technologies for Dissemination of Scientific Information: the Internet and the Research Networking Infrastructure | year = 1998| publisher = IOS Press | location = Amsterdam |isbn=90 5199 420 6| pages = 187–200 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | author= Karel Vietsch | editor = Jack Meadows and Heinz-Dieter Böcker | encyclopedia = Electronic Communication and Research in Europe | title = The European Research Networking Infrastructure: Problems and Opportunities | year = 1999| publisher = Office for Official Publications of the European Communities | location = Luxembourg|isbn=92-828-6874-5| pages = 35–46 }}</ref> By the early 1990s, IP became the dominant protocol in data networking.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= Europe: Organizational Overview |author= Tomaz Kalin |journal= INET conference |year= 1992 |publisher= Internet Society |url= http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/92/proceedings/WorldRegional_R5_Europe.pdf |accessdate= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> By 1991, a project called [[EBONE|Ebone]] was proposed as an interim solution while the European research networking community made the transition from OSI to IP.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=3-527-32710-X|authors=Howard Davies and Beatrice Bressan|pages=86–89}}</ref><ref name="Malamud1992">{{cite book |author=[[Carl Malamud]] |title=Exploring the Internet: a technical travelogue |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YDnbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA249 |accessdate=8 October 2011 |year=1993|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=0-13-296898-3 |pages= 247–252 }}</ref> The Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre ([[RIPE NCC]]) was created by RARE in 1992, and was split off five years later as a separate legal entity.
⚫
TERENA was founded under the name Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) on 13 June 1986.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-3-527-32710-2|author=Howard Davies|author2=Beatrice Bressan|name-list-style=amp|page=13}}</ref> It was created by several European networking organisations to promote open computer networking standards (specifically the [[OSI protocols]]).<ref name="Quarterman1990">{{cite book |author=John S. Quarterman |title=The matrix: Computer networks and conferencing systems worldwide |url=https://archive.org/details/matrixcomputernet00quar |year=1990|publisher=Digital Press|isbn=978-1-55558-033-9 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/matrixcomputernet00quar/page/192 192]–195 }}</ref> The first few years were dominated by the Co-operation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe (COSINE) project.<ref name="carp">{{cite conference | last1=Carpenter | first1= Brian E. | authorlink1=Brian Carpenter (Internet engineer) |title= COSINE implementation phase: the view from a major site |conference= 4th European RARE workshop: Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume= 16 |number= 1 |date= 16 May 1988 |location= Les Diablerets, Switzerland |doi= 10.1016/0169-7552(88)90033-5 |url= http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/188252/files/CM-P00059890.pdf |accessdate= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> COSINE led to the implementation of some of the first standardised network-related services, for example [[X.400]] email and [[X.500]] directory service. [[X.25]] technology was generally used for connectivity.<ref>{{Cite conference |title= The COSINE Project |author= Dai R.H. Davies |conference= INET conference |year= 1992 |publisher= Internet Society |url= http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/92/proceedings/WorldRegional_R5_COSINE.pdf |accessdate= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> This technology was also used in a network called IXI (International X.25 Infrastructure Backbone Service), which was the first generation of the backbone network interconnecting the national research networks in Europe, known today as [[GÉANT]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kaarina Lehtisalo|title=The History of NORDUnet|url= http://www.nordu.net/history/TheHistoryOfNordunet_simple.pdf |year=2005 |publisher=NORDUnet A/S |isbn=87-990712-0-7|pages=81–85}}</ref> To run the European backbone, RARE's Operational Unit was later split off from the association under the name [[DANTE]].


⚫
Meanwhile, the need to choose between the OSI protocols and the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) became the subject of a long-lasting controversy known as the ''[[Protocol Wars]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | author= Karel Vietsch | editor1 = Rachel Walker | editor2=Marcia Freed Taylor | encyclopedia = Information Dissemination and Access in Russia and Eastern Europe | title = Technologies for Dissemination of Scientific Information: the Internet and the Research Networking Infrastructure | year = 1998| publisher = IOS Press | location = Amsterdam |isbn=90-5199-420-6| pages = 187–200 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | author= Karel Vietsch | editor = Jack Meadows | editor2 = Heinz-Dieter Böcker | encyclopedia = Electronic Communication and Research in Europe | title = The European Research Networking Infrastructure: Problems and Opportunities | year = 1999| publisher = Office for Official Publications of the European Communities | location = Luxembourg|isbn=92-828-6874-5| pages = 35–46 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internethalloffame.org/blog/2016/09/09/kees-neggers-global-networking-requires-global-collaboration|title=Kees Neggers: Global Networking Requires Global Collaboration {{!}} Internet Hall of Fame|website=www.internethalloffame.org|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> By the early 1990s, IP became the dominant protocol in data networking.<ref>{{Cite conference |title= Europe: Organizational Overview |author= Tomaz Kalin |conference= INET conference |year= 1992 |publisher= Internet Society |url= http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/92/proceedings/WorldRegional_R5_Europe.pdf |accessdate= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> By 1991, a project called [[EBONE|Ebone]] was proposed as an interim solution while the European research networking community made the transition from OSI to IP.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-3-527-32710-2|author=Howard Davies|author2=Beatrice Bressan|name-list-style=amp|pages=86–89}}</ref><ref name="Malamud1992">{{cite book |author=Carl Malamud |author-link=Carl Malamud |title=Exploring the Internet: a technical travelogue |url=https://archive.org/details/exploringinterne00mala |accessdate=8 October 2011 |year=1993|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=0-13-296898-3 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/exploringinterne00mala/page/247 247]–252 }}</ref> The Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre ([[RIPE NCC]]) was created by RARE in 1992, and was split off five years later as a separate legal entity.
⚫
At the end of 1983 [[IBM]] had taken the initiative for the European Academic and Research Network (EARN), which would link selected computer centres in Europe via leased lines.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=3-527-32710-X|authors=Howard Davies and Beatrice Bressan|page=17}}</ref> It used similar technology to the [[BITNET]] in the US, and included [[email]] gateway capability.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= A message-handling gateway between EARN/BITNET and DFN |authors= Günter Müller, R. Holliday, G. Schulze |publisher= International Federation for Information Processing |work= TC 6 International Symposium on Computer Message Systems |date= September 1985 |location= Washington, DC |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=X_lSAAAAMAAJ }} Also IBM Deutschland GmbH technical report 438604, Heidelberg, 1986.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= Donnalyn Frey |author2= Rick Adams |author3= Richard L. Adams |title=!%@:: a directory of electronic mail addressing & networks |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=VPAYAQAAIAAJ |date=June 1994 |publisher=O'Reilly & Associates |isbn=978-1-56592-046-0 |pages= 16, 18, 98}}</ref> The EARN Association was set up as a legal entity in France in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=3-527-32710-X|authors=Howard Davies and Beatrice Bressan|pages=17, 180}}</ref> By 1993 it was clear that the EARN Association needed to merge with RARE, which it did on 20 October 1994.<ref>{{cite book|title=RARE/TERENA Annual Report 1994|year=1995|publisher=TERENA|authors=Frode Greisen|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SURFnet 1988-2008|year=2008|publisher=SURFnet|author=Jeroen Verhoog|page=70}}</ref> At the same time, RARE changed its name to TERENA.

=== EARN ===
⚫
At the end of 1983 [[IBM]] had taken the initiative for the [[European Academic and Research Network]] (EARN), which would link selected computer centres in Europe via leased lines.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-3-527-32710-2|author=Howard Davies|author2=Beatrice Bressan|name-list-style=amp|page=17}}</ref> It used similar technology to the [[BITNET]] in the US, and included [[email]] gateway capability.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= A message-handling gateway between EARN/BITNET and DFN |author= Günter Müller |author2= R. Holliday |author3= G. Schulze |publisher= International Federation for Information Processing |journal= TC 6 International Symposium on Computer Message Systems |date= September 1985 |location= Washington, DC |isbn= 9780444879745 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lSAAAAMAAJ }} Also IBM Deutschland GmbH technical report 438604, Heidelberg, 1986.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= Donnalyn Frey |author2= Rick Adams |author3= Richard L. Adams |title=!%@:: a directory of electronic mail addressing & networks |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VPAYAQAAIAAJ |date=June 1994 |publisher=O'Reilly & Associates |isbn=978-1-56592-046-0 |pages= 16, 18, 98}}</ref> The EARN Association was set up as a legal entity in France in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-3-527-32710-2|author=Howard Davies|author2=Beatrice Bressan|name-list-style=amp|pages=17, 180}}</ref> By 1993 it was clear that the EARN Association needed to merge with RARE, which it did on 20 October 1994.<ref>{{cite book|title=RARE/TERENA Annual Report 1994|year=1995|publisher=TERENA|author=Frode Greisen|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SURFnet 1988-2008|year=2008|publisher=SURFnet|author=Jeroen Verhoog|page=70}}</ref> At the same time, RARE changed its name to TERENA.


==Outreach==
==Outreach==
TERENA publishes annual editions of the ''TERENA Compendium of National Research and Education Networks in Europe'', which contain information about the organisation, staffing, finances, user base, capacity, services and developments of [[NRENs]], and serve as a benchmarking tool.<ref>{{cite book |title=TERENA Compendium of National Research and Education Networks in Europe - 2012 edition|author=Bert van Pinxteren |url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/TERENA%20Compendium%202012.pdf|year=2012|publisher=TERENA}}</ref>
TERENA publishes annual editions of the ''TERENA Compendium of National Research and Education Networks in Europe'', which contain information about the organisation, staffing, finances, user base, capacity, services and developments of [[NRENs]], and serve as a benchmarking tool.<ref>{{cite book |title=TERENA Compendium of National Research and Education Networks in Europe |edition=2013|author=Bert van Pinxteren |url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/TERENA-Compendium-2013.pdf|year=2013|publisher=TERENA}}</ref>


TERENA supports the development of research and education networking in less advanced countries and regions in and around Europe by studying their needs and by providing advice, consultancy and training.
TERENA supports the development of research and education networking in less advanced countries and regions in and around Europe by studying their needs and by providing advice, consultancy and training.


TERENA organises [[foresight (futures studies)|foresight]] studies to look into the future development of European research and education networking. These studies included SERENATE (2002-2003), EARNEST (2006-2008) and ASPIRE (2011-2012).<ref>{{cite book |authors=David Williams, Marko Bonač, Ian Butterworth, Dai Davies, Sabine Jaume-Rajaonia, Tony Mayer, Knud Erik Skouby and Karel Vietsch|title=Networks for Knowledge and Innovation - A strategic study of European research and education networking|url= http://www.terena.org/publications/files/SERENATE-FINAL.pdf |year=2003 |publisher=TERENA |isbn=90-77559-01-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |authors=Dorte Olesen, Robin Arak, Patrick Bressler, Valentino Cavalli, John Dyer, Licia Florio, Sabine Jaume-Rajaonia, Jean-Paul Le Guigner, Thibaut Lery, Kevin Meynell, Martin Price, Jorge-A. Sanchez-P., Karel Vietsch and Nikos Vogiatzis|title=Innovation, Integration and Deployment - Challenges for European research and education networking|url= http://www.terena.org/publications/files/EARNEST-Summary-Report.pdf |year=2008 |publisher=TERENA |isbn=978-90-77559-18-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |authors=John Dyer, Magda Haver and Michael Nowlan|title=ASPIRE. A Study on the Prospects of the Internet for Research and Education 2014-2020|url= http://www.terena.org/publications/files/ASPIRE%20-%20A%20Study%20on%20the%20Prospects%20of%20the%20Internet%20for%20Research%20and%20Education%202014-2020.pdf |year=2012 |publisher=TERENA|isbn=978-90-77559-22-2}}</ref>
TERENA organises [[foresight (futures studies)|foresight]] studies to look into the future development of European research and education networking. These studies included SERENATE (2002-2003), EARNEST (2006-2008) and ASPIRE (2011-2012).<ref>{{cite book |author=David Williams |author2=Marko Bonač |author3=Ian Butterworth |author4=Dai Davies |author5=Sabine Jaume-Rajaonia |author6=Tony Mayer |author7=Knud Erik Skouby |author8=Karel Vietsch |name-list-style=amp|title=Networks for Knowledge and Innovation - A strategic study of European research and education networking|url= http://www.terena.org/publications/files/SERENATE-FINAL.pdf |year=2003 |publisher=TERENA |isbn=90-77559-01-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dorte Olesen |author2=Robin Arak |author3=Patrick Bressler |author4=Valentino Cavalli |author5=John Dyer |author6=Licia Florio |author7=Sabine Jaume-Rajaonia |author8=Jean-Paul Le Guigner |author9=Thibaut Lery |author10=Kevin Meynell |author11=Martin Price |author12=Jorge-A. Sanchez-P. |author13=Karel Vietsch |author14=Nikos Vogiatzis |name-list-style=amp|title=Innovation, Integration and Deployment - Challenges for European research and education networking|url= http://www.terena.org/publications/files/EARNEST-Summary-Report.pdf |year=2008 |publisher=TERENA |isbn=978-90-77559-18-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=John Dyer |author2=Magda Haver |author3=Michael Nowlan |name-list-style=amp|title=ASPIRE. A Study on the Prospects of the Internet for Research and Education 2014-2020|url= http://www.terena.org/publications/files/ASPIRE%20-%20A%20Study%20on%20the%20Prospects%20of%20the%20Internet%20for%20Research%20and%20Education%202014-2020.pdf |year=2012 |publisher=TERENA|isbn=978-90-77559-22-2}}</ref>


==Task Forces and Projects==
==Task forces and projects==
TERENA supports joint European work in the development and testing of new networking, middleware and application technologies. It brings together specialists and engineers from TERENA member organisations and the wider research networking community. This work is organised in task forces and projects.
TERENA supports joint European work in the development and testing of new networking, middleware and application technologies. It brings together specialists and engineers from TERENA member organisations and the wider research networking community. This work is organised in task forces and projects.


Task forces are groups where specialists in a certain field exchange information, discuss best practices and work together to investigate technologies for the development and deployment of services for the research and education community. Usually task forces are open for participation by any individual who can bring appropriate expertise and resources. By 2011, TERENA was supporting eight task forces: TF-CPR (communications and public relations), TF-CSIRT (collaboration of security incident response teams), TF-EMC2 (European middleware coordination and collaboration), TF-Media (media management and distribution), TF-MNM (mobility and network middleware), TF-MSP (management of service portfolios), TF-NOC (network operation centres) and TF-Storage (storage and cloud services).<ref>{{cite book|title=TERENA Annual Report 2011|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2011-TERENA-annual-report.pdf|year=2012|publisher=TERENA|author=Laura Durnford and Karel Vietsch|pages=15–17, 21–31}}</ref>
Task forces are groups where specialists in a certain field exchange information, discuss best practices and work together to investigate technologies for the development and deployment of services for the research and education community. Usually task forces are open for participation by any individual who can bring appropriate expertise and resources. By 2011, TERENA was supporting eight task forces: TF-CPR (communications and public relations), TF-CSIRT (collaboration of security incident response teams), TF-EMC2 (European middleware coordination and collaboration), TF-Media (media management and distribution), TF-MNM (mobility and network middleware), TF-MSP (management of service portfolios), TF-NOC (network operation centres) and TF-Storage (storage and cloud services).<ref>{{cite book|title=TERENA Annual Report 2011|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2011-TERENA-annual-report.pdf|year=2012|publisher=TERENA|author=Laura Durnford|author2=Karel Vietsch|name-list-style=amp|pages=15–17, 21–31}}</ref>


TERENA projects are carried out by experts and engineers on the basis of a contract with TERENA. This requires funding from TERENA members and/or other interested organisations, possibly combined with a contribution from TERENA's own resources. A current example is REFEDS (Research and Education Federations).<ref>{{cite book|title=TERENA Annual Report 2011|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2011-TERENA-annual-report.pdf|year=2012|publisher=TERENA|author=Laura Durnford and Karel Vietsch|pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |authors=Licia Florio, Susan Reilly, Yuri Demchenko, Tamás Varga and Gabriella Harangi|title=Advancing technologies and Federating communities|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2012-AAA-Study-report-final.pdf|year=2012|page=5|publisher=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Federated Identity Management for Research Collaborations|year=2012|publisher=CERN|url=https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1442597/files/CERN-OPEN-2012-006.pdf|authors=Daan Broeder, Bob Jones, David Kelsey, Philp Kershaw, Stefan Lüders, Andrew Lyall, Tommi Nyrönen, Romain Wartel and Heinz J. Weyer|page=2}}</ref>
TERENA projects are carried out by experts and engineers on the basis of a contract with TERENA. This requires funding from TERENA members and/or other interested organisations, possibly combined with a contribution from TERENA's own resources. A current example is REFEDS (Research and Education Federations).<ref>{{cite book|title=TERENA Annual Report 2011|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2011-TERENA-annual-report.pdf|year=2012|publisher=TERENA|author=Laura Durnford|author2=Karel Vietsch|name-list-style=amp|pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Licia Florio |author2=Susan Reilly |author3=Yuri Demchenko |author4=Tamás Varga |author5=Gabriella Harangi |name-list-style=amp|title=Advancing technologies and Federating communities|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2012-AAA-Study-report-final.pdf|year=2012|page=5|publisher=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Federated Identity Management for Research Collaborations|year=2012|publisher=CERN|url=https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1442597/files/CERN-OPEN-2012-006.pdf|author=Daan Broeder|author2=Bob Jones|author3=David Kelsey|author4=Philp Kershaw|author5=Stefan Lüders|author6=Andrew Lyall|author7=Tommi Nyrönen|author8=Romain Wartel|author9=Heinz J. Weyer|name-list-style=amp|page=2}}</ref>


In addition, the TERENA Secretariat staff participates in projects that are co-funded by the [[European Union]], for example, the project that also provides EU funding for the [[GÉANT]] network.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Multi-gigabit european research and education network and associated services (GN3) |date= 1 April 2009 |url= http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&PJ_LANG=EN&PJ_RCN=10773509&pid=1&q=A4B0038EBE2C7F6B522098A3D283CF77&type=sim |accessdate= 20 July 2012 }}</ref>
In addition, the TERENA Secretariat staff participates in projects that are co-funded by the [[European Union]], for example, the project that also provides EU funding for the [[GÉANT]] network.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Multi-Gigabit European Research and Education Network and Associated Services (GN3PLUS) |date= 1 April 2013|url=http://cordis.europa.eu/projects/rcn/109872_en.html|accessdate= 25 September 2013 }}</ref>


==Services==
==Services==
A number of services have been established as spin-offs of the work in the TERENA task forces and projects. [[eduroam]]® provides researchers, teachers and students easy and secure network access when visiting other institutions than their own; the global governance of eduroam is under the auspices of TERENA.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Klaas Wierenga and Licia Florio |title=eduroam: past, present and future |journal=Computational Methods in Science and Technology |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=169–173 |year=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |authors=Mark Grayson, Kevin Shatzkamer and Klaas Wierenga|title=Building the Mobile Internet|year=2011|pages=45–48|isbn=978-1-58714-243-7 |publisher=Cisco Press}}</ref> The TERENA Certificate Service provides [[digital certificates]] that are recognised by the major browsers and devices to the user communities of participating [[NRENs]] in a cost-effective manner. The TERENA Academic Certification Authority Repository (TACAR®) is a trusted online store of trust anchor certificates, related certificate policies and certificate practice statements registered by the [[Certification Authorities]] of organisations in the academic community.<ref>{{cite book |authors=Licia Florio and Diego R. Lopez|title=European Federated Validation Service Study. Solution Profile – TERENA Academic CA Repository (TACAR)|url=http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/servlets/Doc23d4.pdf?id=32177|year=2009 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> The eduGAIN service allows Authentication and Authorisation Infrastructures to interact, enabling the sharing of data between federations and providing an interconnection framework to applications willing to provide their services, content or resources to multiple federations.<ref>{{cite book |authors=Licia Florio, Susan Reilly, Yuri Demchenko, Tamás Varga and Gabriella Harangi|title=Advancing technologies and Federating communities|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2012-AAA-Study-report-final.pdf|year=2012|pages=37–38|publisher=European Union}}</ref> NRENum.net provides an [[ENUM]] service for academia. TERENA's Trusted Introducer service offers an accreditation and certification scheme for Computer Security Incident Response Teams ([[CSIRT]]s).<ref>{{cite book |authors=Miroslav Maj, Roeland Reijers and Don Stikvoort|title=Good Practice Guide for Incident Management|url=http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/cert/support/incident-management/files/good-practice-guide-for-incident-management/at_download/fullReport|year=2010|page=86 |publisher=ENISA}}</ref>
A number of services have been established as spin-offs of the work in the TERENA task forces and projects. [[eduroam]] provides researchers, teachers and students easy and secure network access when visiting other institutions than their own; the global governance of eduroam is under the auspices of TERENA.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Klaas Wierenga |author2=Licia Florio |name-list-style=amp |title=eduroam: past, present and future |journal=Computational Methods in Science and Technology |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=169–173 |year=2005 |doi=10.12921/cmst.2005.11.02.169-173 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mark Grayson |author2=Kevin Shatzkamer |author3=Klaas Wierenga |name-list-style=amp|title=Building the Mobile Internet|year=2011|pages=45–48|isbn=978-1-58714-243-7 |publisher=Cisco Press}}</ref> The TERENA Certificate Service provides [[digital certificates]] that are recognised by the major browsers and devices to the user communities of participating [[NRENs]] in a cost-effective manner. The TERENA Academic Certification Authority Repository (TACAR) is a trusted online store of trust anchor certificates, related certificate policies and certificate practice statements registered by the [[Certification Authorities]] of organisations in the academic community.<ref>{{cite book |author=Licia Florio |author2=Diego R. Lopez |name-list-style=amp|title=European Federated Validation Service Study. Solution Profile – TERENA Academic CA Repository (TACAR)|url=http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/servlets/Doc23d4.pdf?id=32177|year=2009 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> The [[eduGAIN]] service allows Authentication and Authorisation Infrastructures to interact, enabling the sharing of data between federations and providing an interconnection framework to applications willing to provide their services, content or resources to multiple federations.<ref>{{cite book |author=Licia Florio |author2=Susan Reilly |author3=Yuri Demchenko |author4=Tamás Varga |author5=Gabriella Harangi |name-list-style=amp|title=Advancing technologies and Federating communities|url=http://www.terena.org/publications/files/2012-AAA-Study-report-final.pdf|year=2012|pages=37–38|publisher=European Union}}</ref> [[NRENum.net]] provides an [[ENUM]] service for academia. TERENA's Trusted Introducer service offers an accreditation and certification scheme for Computer Security Incident Response Teams ([[CSIRT]]s).<ref>{{cite book |author=Miroslav Maj |author2=Roeland Reijers |author3=Don Stikvoort |name-list-style=amp|title=Good Practice Guide for Incident Management|url=http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/cert/support/incident-management/files/good-practice-guide-for-incident-management/at_download/fullReport|year=2010|page=86 |publisher=ENISA}}</ref>


==Conference==
==Conference==
TERENA runs an annual conference for academic networkers called the TERENA Networking Conference. Usually held in late May or early June, the conference is hosted by a member [[NREN]] and attended by around 500 delegates from academic backgrounds including networking specialists and managers from European networking and research organisations, universities, worldwide sister institutions and industry representatives.
TERENA runs an annual conference for academic networkers called the TERENA Networking Conference. Usually held in late May or early June, the conference is hosted by a member [[NREN]] and attended by around 500 delegates from academic backgrounds including networking specialists and managers from European networking and research organisations, universities, worldwide sister institutions and industry representatives.


Conference locations: [[Dublin]] (2014), [[Maastricht]] (2013), [[Reykjavík]] (2012), [[Prague]] (2011), [[Vilnius]] (2010), [[Málaga]] (2009), [[Brugge]] (2008), [[Kgs. Lyngby]] (2007), [[Catania]] (2006), [[Poznan]] (2005), [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]] (2004), [[Zagreb]] (2003), [[Limerick]] (2002), [[Antalya]] (2001), [[Lisbon]] (2000), [[Lund]] (joint with [[NORDUnet]] conference; 1999), [[Dresden]] (1998).
Conference locations: [[Tirana]] (2023), [[Trieste]] (2022), online (2021), [[Brighton]] (2020 - canceled), [[Tallinn]] (2019), [[Trondheim]] (2018), [[Linz]] (2017), [[Prague]] (2016), [[Porto]] (2015), [[Dublin]] (2014), [[Maastricht]] (2013), [[Reykjavík]] (2012), [[Prague]] (2011), [[Vilnius]] (2010), [[Málaga]] (2009), [[Bruges]] (2008), [[Kgs. Lyngby]] (2007), [[Catania]] (2006), [[Poznań]] (2005), [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]] (2004), [[Zagreb]] (2003), [[Limerick]] (2002), [[Antalya]] (2001), [[Lisbon]] (2000), [[Lund]] (joint with [[NORDUnet]] conference; 1999), [[Dresden]] (1998).


The TERENA Networking Conference is the successor to the Joint European Networking Conference (JENC), which ran from 1990 to 1997.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manfred Bogen |title=Are you ready for the year 2001? |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=30 |issue=16-18 |pages=iii-iv |year=1998 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | author= Karel Vietsch | editor = Oliver B. Popov | encyclopedia = The Avant-Garde of Information Society | title = TERENA - Organisation and Activities | year = 1999| publisher = CEENet Publishing | location = Vienna |isbn=9989-769-08-7| pages = 21–29 }}</ref> Locations: [[Edinburgh]] (1997), [[Budapest]] (1996), [[Tel Aviv]] (1995), [[Prague]] (joint with [[Internet Society]]'s INET conference; 1994), [[Trondheim]] (1993), [[Innsbruck]] (1992), [[Blois]] (1991), [[Killarney]] (1990).
The TERENA Networking Conference is the successor to the Joint European Networking Conference (JENC), which ran from 1990 to 1997.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manfred Bogen |title=Are you ready for the year 2001? |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=30 |issue=16–18 |pages=iii-iv |year=1998 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | author= Karel Vietsch | editor = Oliver B. Popov | encyclopedia = The Avant-Garde of Information Society | title = TERENA - Organisation and Activities | year = 1999| publisher = CEENet Publishing | location = Vienna |isbn=9989-769-08-7| pages = 21–29 }}</ref> Locations: [[Edinburgh]] (1997), [[Budapest]] (1996), [[Tel Aviv]] (1995), [[Prague]] (joint with [[Internet Society]]'s INET conference; 1994), [[Trondheim]] (1993), [[Innsbruck]] (1992), [[Blois]] (1991), [[Killarney]] (1990).


The JENC, in turn, was the successor to the RARE Networkshop, which ran from 1986 to 1989. Locations: [[Trieste]] (1989), [[Les Diablerets]] (1988), [[Valencia]] (1987), [[Copenhagen]] (1986). At the first workshop in this series, held in [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]] in May 1985, it was decided to create RARE.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=3-527-32710-X|authors=Howard Davies and Beatrice Bressan|page=181}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=JANET: The First 25 Years|year=2010|publisher=The JNT Association|isbn=978-0-9549207-2-2|author=Christopher S. Cooper|pages=127–128}}</ref>
The JENC, in turn, was the successor to the RARE Networkshop, which ran from 1986 to 1989. Locations: [[Trieste]] (1989), [[Les Diablerets]] (1988), [[Valencia]] (1987), [[Copenhagen]] (1986). At the first workshop in this series, held in [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]] in May 1985, it was decided to create RARE.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-3-527-32710-2|author=Howard Davies|author2=Beatrice Bressan|name-list-style=amp|page=181}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=JANET: The First 25 Years|year=2010|publisher=The JNT Association|isbn=978-0-9549207-2-2|author=Christopher S. Cooper|pages=127–128}}</ref>


==Workshops and Training==
==Workshops and training==
TERENA regularly organises workshops for information exchange and training. Training workshops include the TRANSITS workshops aimed at staff members of [[CSIRT]]s and the EuroCAMP workshops to teach [[NREN]] and [[campus]] staff how to implement [[federated identity]] infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Step-by-Step Approach on How to Set Up a CSIRT|url=http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/cert/support/guide/files/csirt-setting-up-guide/at_download/fullReport|year=2006|accessdate=20 July 2012|publisher=ENISA|authors=Henk Bronk, Marco Thorbruegge and Mehis Hakkaja|pages=54–55}}</ref><ref name="EIFL">{{Cite web |title= Improving access to e-resources through federated identity |date= 26 August 2011 |url= http://www.eifl.net/news/improving-access-e-resources-through-federate|accessdate= 20 July 2012 }}</ref>
TERENA regularly organises workshops for information exchange and training. Training workshops include the TRANSITS workshops aimed at staff members of [[CSIRT]]s and the EuroCAMP workshops to teach [[NREN]] and [[campus]] staff how to implement [[federated identity]] infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Step-by-Step Approach on How to Set Up a CSIRT|url=http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/cert/support/guide/files/csirt-setting-up-guide/at_download/fullReport|year=2006|accessdate=20 July 2012|publisher=ENISA|author=Henk Bronk|author2=Marco Thorbruegge|author3=Mehis Hakkaja|name-list-style=amp|pages=54–55}}</ref><ref name="EIFL">{{Cite web |title= Improving access to e-resources through federated identity |date= 26 August 2011 |url= http://www.eifl.net/news/improving-access-e-resources-through-federate |accessdate= 20 July 2012 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120327142751/http://www.eifl.net/news/improving-access-e-resources-through-federate |archivedate= 27 March 2012 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.terena.org}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Academic computer network organizations]]
[[Category:Information technology organizations based in Europe]]
[[Category:Internet in Europe]]
[[Category:Internet in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:National research and education networks]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1986]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1986]]
[[Category:Research and development in Europe]]

Latest revision as of 14:50, 18 December 2023

This article is about the not-for-profit organization. For other uses, see Terena (disambiguation).
Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association
AbbreviationTERENA
Formation13 June 1986 as Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE)
Legal statusAssociation
PurposeTo promote and participate in the development of a high-quality international information and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit of research and education
HeadquartersAmsterdam, Netherlands
Region served
Europe
President
Pierre Bruyère
Main organ
TERENA General Assembly
Websitewww.terena.org

The Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association (TERENA, /təˈreɪnə/ tə-RAY-nə) was a not-for-profit association of European national research and education networks (NRENs) incorporated in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The association was originally formed on 13 June 1986 as Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) and changed its name to TERENA in October 1994. In October 2015, it again changed its name to GÉANT and at the same time acquired the shares of GEANT Limited (previously known as DANTE).

Purpose[edit]

The objectives of TERENA are to promote and develop high-quality international network infrastructures to support European research and education. This includes:

  • investigating, evaluating and deploying new network, middleware and application technologies;
  • supporting new networking services where appropriate;
  • knowledge transfer, among others in the shape of conferences, seminars and training events;
  • advising governments and other authorities on networking issues;
  • liaising with networking organisations in other parts of the world.

Full membership of TERENA is open to NRENs (one per member country of the ITU) and international public sector organisations. Associate membership is available for other organisations (commercial or otherwise) with an interest in research and education networking. A complete list of the current members can be found on the TERENA website.

Similar organisations elsewhere in the world include Internet2, APAN, UbuntuNet Alliance and CLARA (Cooperación Latino Americana de Redes Avanzadas). In addition, DANTE operates the pan-European research and education backbone network.

History[edit]

RARE[edit]

TERENA was founded under the name Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) on 13 June 1986.[1] It was created by several European networking organisations to promote open computer networking standards (specifically the OSI protocols).[2] The first few years were dominated by the Co-operation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe (COSINE) project.[3] COSINE led to the implementation of some of the first standardised network-related services, for example X.400 email and X.500 directory service. X.25 technology was generally used for connectivity.[4] This technology was also used in a network called IXI (International X.25 Infrastructure Backbone Service), which was the first generation of the backbone network interconnecting the national research networks in Europe, known today as GÉANT.[5] To run the European backbone, RARE's Operational Unit was later split off from the association under the name DANTE.

Meanwhile, the need to choose between the OSI protocols and the Internet Protocol (IP) became the subject of a long-lasting controversy known as the Protocol Wars.[6][7][8] By the early 1990s, IP became the dominant protocol in data networking.[9] By 1991, a project called Ebone was proposed as an interim solution while the European research networking community made the transition from OSI to IP.[10][11] The Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) was created by RARE in 1992, and was split off five years later as a separate legal entity.

EARN[edit]

At the end of 1983 IBM had taken the initiative for the European Academic and Research Network (EARN), which would link selected computer centres in Europe via leased lines.[12] It used similar technology to the BITNET in the US, and included email gateway capability.[13][14] The EARN Association was set up as a legal entity in France in 1985.[15] By 1993 it was clear that the EARN Association needed to merge with RARE, which it did on 20 October 1994.[16][17] At the same time, RARE changed its name to TERENA.

Outreach[edit]

TERENA publishes annual editions of the TERENA Compendium of National Research and Education Networks in Europe, which contain information about the organisation, staffing, finances, user base, capacity, services and developments of NRENs, and serve as a benchmarking tool.[18]

TERENA supports the development of research and education networking in less advanced countries and regions in and around Europe by studying their needs and by providing advice, consultancy and training.

TERENA organises foresight studies to look into the future development of European research and education networking. These studies included SERENATE (2002-2003), EARNEST (2006-2008) and ASPIRE (2011-2012).[19][20][21]

Task forces and projects[edit]

TERENA supports joint European work in the development and testing of new networking, middleware and application technologies. It brings together specialists and engineers from TERENA member organisations and the wider research networking community. This work is organised in task forces and projects.

Task forces are groups where specialists in a certain field exchange information, discuss best practices and work together to investigate technologies for the development and deployment of services for the research and education community. Usually task forces are open for participation by any individual who can bring appropriate expertise and resources. By 2011, TERENA was supporting eight task forces: TF-CPR (communications and public relations), TF-CSIRT (collaboration of security incident response teams), TF-EMC2 (European middleware coordination and collaboration), TF-Media (media management and distribution), TF-MNM (mobility and network middleware), TF-MSP (management of service portfolios), TF-NOC (network operation centres) and TF-Storage (storage and cloud services).[22]

TERENA projects are carried out by experts and engineers on the basis of a contract with TERENA. This requires funding from TERENA members and/or other interested organisations, possibly combined with a contribution from TERENA's own resources. A current example is REFEDS (Research and Education Federations).[23][24][25]

In addition, the TERENA Secretariat staff participates in projects that are co-funded by the European Union, for example, the project that also provides EU funding for the GÉANT network.[26]

Services[edit]

A number of services have been established as spin-offs of the work in the TERENA task forces and projects. eduroam provides researchers, teachers and students easy and secure network access when visiting other institutions than their own; the global governance of eduroam is under the auspices of TERENA.[27][28] The TERENA Certificate Service provides digital certificates that are recognised by the major browsers and devices to the user communities of participating NRENs in a cost-effective manner. The TERENA Academic Certification Authority Repository (TACAR) is a trusted online store of trust anchor certificates, related certificate policies and certificate practice statements registered by the Certification Authorities of organisations in the academic community.[29] The eduGAIN service allows Authentication and Authorisation Infrastructures to interact, enabling the sharing of data between federations and providing an interconnection framework to applications willing to provide their services, content or resources to multiple federations.[30] NRENum.net provides an ENUM service for academia. TERENA's Trusted Introducer service offers an accreditation and certification scheme for Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs).[31]

Conference[edit]

TERENA runs an annual conference for academic networkers called the TERENA Networking Conference. Usually held in late May or early June, the conference is hosted by a member NREN and attended by around 500 delegates from academic backgrounds including networking specialists and managers from European networking and research organisations, universities, worldwide sister institutions and industry representatives.

Conference locations: Tirana (2023), Trieste (2022), online (2021), Brighton (2020 - canceled), Tallinn (2019), Trondheim (2018), Linz (2017), Prague (2016), Porto (2015), Dublin (2014), Maastricht (2013), Reykjavík (2012), Prague (2011), Vilnius (2010), Málaga (2009), Bruges (2008), Kgs. Lyngby (2007), Catania (2006), Poznań (2005), Rhodes (2004), Zagreb (2003), Limerick (2002), Antalya (2001), Lisbon (2000), Lund (joint with NORDUnet conference; 1999), Dresden (1998).

The TERENA Networking Conference is the successor to the Joint European Networking Conference (JENC), which ran from 1990 to 1997.[32][33] Locations: Edinburgh (1997), Budapest (1996), Tel Aviv (1995), Prague (joint with Internet Society's INET conference; 1994), Trondheim (1993), Innsbruck (1992), Blois (1991), Killarney (1990).

The JENC, in turn, was the successor to the RARE Networkshop, which ran from 1986 to 1989. Locations: Trieste (1989), Les Diablerets (1988), Valencia (1987), Copenhagen (1986). At the first workshop in this series, held in Luxembourg in May 1985, it was decided to create RARE.[34][35]

Workshops and training[edit]

TERENA regularly organises workshops for information exchange and training. Training workshops include the TRANSITS workshops aimed at staff members of CSIRTs and the EuroCAMP workshops to teach NREN and campus staff how to implement federated identity infrastructure.[36][37]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Howard Davies & Beatrice Bressan (2010). A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 13. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
  2. ^ John S. Quarterman (1990). The matrix: Computer networks and conferencing systems worldwide. Digital Press. pp. 192–195. ISBN 978-1-55558-033-9.
  3. ^ Carpenter, Brian E. (16 May 1988). COSINE implementation phase: the view from a major site (PDF). 4th European RARE workshop: Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. Vol. 16. Les Diablerets, Switzerland. doi:10.1016/0169-7552(88)90033-5. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  4. ^ Dai R.H. Davies (1992). The COSINE Project (PDF). INET conference. Internet Society. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  5. ^ Kaarina Lehtisalo (2005). The History of NORDUnet (PDF). NORDUnet A/S. pp. 81–85. ISBN 87-990712-0-7.
  6. ^ Karel Vietsch (1998). "Technologies for Dissemination of Scientific Information: the Internet and the Research Networking Infrastructure". In Rachel Walker; Marcia Freed Taylor (eds.). Information Dissemination and Access in Russia and Eastern Europe. Amsterdam: IOS Press. pp. 187–200. ISBN 90-5199-420-6.
  7. ^ Karel Vietsch (1999). "The European Research Networking Infrastructure: Problems and Opportunities". In Jack Meadows; Heinz-Dieter Böcker (eds.). Electronic Communication and Research in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. pp. 35–46. ISBN 92-828-6874-5.
  8. ^ "Kees Neggers: Global Networking Requires Global Collaboration | Internet Hall of Fame". www.internethalloffame.org. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  9. ^ Tomaz Kalin (1992). Europe: Organizational Overview (PDF). INET conference. Internet Society. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  10. ^ Howard Davies & Beatrice Bressan (2010). A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 86–89. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
  11. ^ Carl Malamud (1993). Exploring the Internet: a technical travelogue. Prentice-Hall. pp. 247–252. ISBN 0-13-296898-3. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  12. ^ Howard Davies & Beatrice Bressan (2010). A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
  13. ^ Günter Müller; R. Holliday; G. Schulze (September 1985). "A message-handling gateway between EARN/BITNET and DFN". TC 6 International Symposium on Computer Message Systems. Washington, DC: International Federation for Information Processing. ISBN 9780444879745. Also IBM Deutschland GmbH technical report 438604, Heidelberg, 1986.
  14. ^ Donnalyn Frey; Rick Adams; Richard L. Adams (June 1994). !%@:: a directory of electronic mail addressing & networks. O'Reilly & Associates. pp. 16, 18, 98. ISBN 978-1-56592-046-0.
  15. ^ Howard Davies & Beatrice Bressan (2010). A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 17, 180. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
  16. ^ Frode Greisen (1995). RARE/TERENA Annual Report 1994. TERENA. p. 7.
  17. ^ Jeroen Verhoog (2008). SURFnet 1988-2008. SURFnet. p. 70.
  18. ^ Bert van Pinxteren (2013). TERENA Compendium of National Research and Education Networks in Europe (PDF) (2013 ed.). TERENA.
  19. ^ David Williams; Marko Bonač; Ian Butterworth; Dai Davies; Sabine Jaume-Rajaonia; Tony Mayer; Knud Erik Skouby & Karel Vietsch (2003). Networks for Knowledge and Innovation - A strategic study of European research and education networking (PDF). TERENA. ISBN 90-77559-01-9.
  20. ^ Dorte Olesen; Robin Arak; Patrick Bressler; Valentino Cavalli; John Dyer; Licia Florio; Sabine Jaume-Rajaonia; Jean-Paul Le Guigner; Thibaut Lery; Kevin Meynell; Martin Price; Jorge-A. Sanchez-P.; Karel Vietsch & Nikos Vogiatzis (2008). Innovation, Integration and Deployment - Challenges for European research and education networking (PDF). TERENA. ISBN 978-90-77559-18-5.
  21. ^ John Dyer; Magda Haver & Michael Nowlan (2012). ASPIRE. A Study on the Prospects of the Internet for Research and Education 2014-2020 (PDF). TERENA. ISBN 978-90-77559-22-2.
  22. ^ Laura Durnford & Karel Vietsch (2012). TERENA Annual Report 2011 (PDF). TERENA. pp. 15–17, 21–31.
  23. ^ Laura Durnford & Karel Vietsch (2012). TERENA Annual Report 2011 (PDF). TERENA. pp. 22–23.
  24. ^ Licia Florio; Susan Reilly; Yuri Demchenko; Tamás Varga & Gabriella Harangi (2012). Advancing technologies and Federating communities (PDF). European Union. p. 5.
  25. ^ Daan Broeder; Bob Jones; David Kelsey; Philp Kershaw; Stefan Lüders; Andrew Lyall; Tommi Nyrönen; Romain Wartel & Heinz J. Weyer (2012). Federated Identity Management for Research Collaborations (PDF). CERN. p. 2.
  26. ^ "Multi-Gigabit European Research and Education Network and Associated Services (GN3PLUS)". 1 April 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  27. ^ Klaas Wierenga & Licia Florio (2005). "eduroam: past, present and future". Computational Methods in Science and Technology. 11 (2): 169–173. doi:10.12921/cmst.2005.11.02.169-173.
  28. ^ Mark Grayson; Kevin Shatzkamer & Klaas Wierenga (2011). Building the Mobile Internet. Cisco Press. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-1-58714-243-7.
  29. ^ Licia Florio & Diego R. Lopez (2009). European Federated Validation Service Study. Solution Profile – TERENA Academic CA Repository (TACAR) (PDF). European Commission.
  30. ^ Licia Florio; Susan Reilly; Yuri Demchenko; Tamás Varga & Gabriella Harangi (2012). Advancing technologies and Federating communities (PDF). European Union. pp. 37–38.
  31. ^ Miroslav Maj; Roeland Reijers & Don Stikvoort (2010). Good Practice Guide for Incident Management. ENISA. p. 86.
  32. ^ Manfred Bogen (1998). "Are you ready for the year 2001?". Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 30 (16–18): iii–iv.
  33. ^ Karel Vietsch (1999). "TERENA - Organisation and Activities". In Oliver B. Popov (ed.). The Avant-Garde of Information Society. Vienna: CEENet Publishing. pp. 21–29. ISBN 9989-769-08-7.
  34. ^ Howard Davies & Beatrice Bressan (2010). A History of International Research Networking: The People who made it happen. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 181. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
  35. ^ Christopher S. Cooper (2010). JANET: The First 25 Years. The JNT Association. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-9549207-2-2.
  36. ^ Henk Bronk; Marco Thorbruegge & Mehis Hakkaja (2006). A Step-by-Step Approach on How to Set Up a CSIRT. ENISA. pp. 54–55. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  37. ^ "Improving access to e-resources through federated identity". 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TERENA&oldid=1190550288"