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{{Short description|Buddhist male novice}} |
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In [[Buddhist]] context, a '''samanera''' ([[Pali]]: '''{{IAST|sāmaṇera}}''', [[Sanskrit]]: '''{{IAST|śrāmaṇera}}''') can be translated as novice monk. It literally means 'small [[Shramana|samana]]', or small renunciate, where 'small' has the meaning of boy or girl. In the [[Vinaya]] (monastic discipline), a man under the age of 20 cannot ordain as a [[bhikkhu]], but can ordain as a samanera. The female counterpart of the samanera is the [[samaneri]]. Samaneras and samaneris keep the [[Ten Precepts (Buddhism)|ten precepts]] as their code of behaviour, and are devoted to the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religious life. |
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[[File:Novices meditating.jpg|thumb|Sāmaṇeras in [[Thailand]]]] |
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| ⚫ | After a year or at the age of 20, a |
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[[File:Chogye Buddhist monks.jpg|thumb|Sāmaṇeras from the tradition of [[Korean Buddhism]]]] |
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A '''sāmaṇera''' ([[Pali]]), {{lang-sa|श्रामणेर}} ({{IAST|śrāmaṇera}}), is a novice male monastic in a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] context.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sumedho|first=Ajahn|author-link=Ajahn Sumedho|title=Peace is a Simple Step|url=https://www.abhayagiri.org/media/books/Ajahn%20Sumedho%20Volume%201%20-%20Peace%20is%20a%20Simple%20Step.pdf|publisher=Amaravati Publications|year=2014|page=36|ISBN=978-1-78432-000-3}}</ref> A female novice is a ''śrāmaṇerī'' or ''śrāmaṇerikā'' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Pāli]]: ''sāmaṇerī''). |
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== Etymology == |
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The issue of ordination is different for samaneras and samaneris; the rules governing higher ordination are different for samaneras and samaneris. |
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The ''sāmaṇera'' is a Pali language diminutive equivalent to the Sanskrit term ''śrāmaṇera'', which indicates an [[asceticism|ascetic practitioner]]. Therefore, sāmaṇera might be said to mean "small or young [[asceticism|renunciate]]". In some South and Southeast Asian Buddhist traditions, the term refers to someone who has taken the initial [[pabbajja|pravrajya]] vows but not the [[upasampada]] or full ordination. The [[pratimokṣa]] rules do not apply to them and they do not take part in the recital of the rules on [[uposatha]] days. |
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The Sanskrit word ''śrāmaṇerikā'' is the feminine form of ''śrāmaṇera''. |
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The female form of the samanera is the [[samaneri]]. |
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== |
== History == |
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The account provided in the literature of South Asian Buddhism (and adopted by other Buddhist sects) is that when [[Gautama Buddha]]'s son [[Rāhula]] was seven years old, he followed the Buddha, saying "Give me my inheritance." The Buddha called [[Sariputta]] and asked him to ordain Rāhula, who became the first sāmaṇera.{{quote|The King ([[Śuddhodana|Suddhodana]]), discovering that now his grandson and a number of young men in the royal family had requested ordination, asked the Buddha only to ordain a minor with the consent of his parents or guardian. The Buddha assented. This rule was expanded to include the spouses of those intending to join the Order of monks and nuns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhamind.info/leftside/arty/his-life/home.htm |title=Wall paintings ·· coming home, see section Buddha's son |publisher=buddhamind.info |access-date=2013-11-06}}</ref>}} |
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*[[Samaneri]] |
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== {{anchor|Ten precepts}}Overview == |
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{{Main|Vinaya}} |
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[[File:Novices sweeping.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Thai novices sweeping temple grounds]] |
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In the Vinaya (monastic regulations) used by many South Asian Buddhist sects, a man under the age of 20 cannot ordain as a bhikṣu (monk) but can ordain as a sāmaṇera. Sāmaṇeras (and sāmaṇerīs – the equivalent term for girls) keep the Ten Precepts as their code of behaviour and devote themselves to the religious life during breaks from secular schooling, or in conjunction with it if devoted to formal ordination. In other cultures and Buddhist traditions (particularly North East Asia, and those in the West that derive from these lineages), monks take different sets of vows, and follow different customary rules. |
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The Ten Precepts upheld by sāmaṇeras are: |
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#Refrain from killing/harming living things. |
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#Refrain from stealing. |
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#Refrain from unchastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust). |
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#Refrain from lying. |
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#Refrain from taking intoxicants. |
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#Refrain from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon). |
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#Refrain from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances). |
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#Refrain from wearing perfume, cosmetics and [[garland]] (decorative accessories). |
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#Refrain from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds. |
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#Refrain from accepting money. |
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Ordination differs between sāmaṇeras and srāmaṇerīs. |
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== Transition to full ordination == |
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== Ordination of women == |
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{{main|Bhikkhunī}} |
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A woman is to be ordained, according to the traditional [[vinaya]]s, by both a monk and a nun, first as a śrāmaṇerī. Śrāmaṇeras and śrāmaṇerīs keep the [[Five Precepts#Ten Precepts|Ten Precepts]] as their code of behaviour, and are devoted to the Buddhist religious life during a break from secular schooling, or in conjunction with it if devoted to formal ordination. |
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After a year or at the age of 20, she will be ordained as a full bhikṣuṇī (Pali: ''[[bhikkhunī]]''). |
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== See also == |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Anagarika]] |
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* [[International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha]] |
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* [[Maechi]] |
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* [[Nun]] |
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* [[World Buddhist Sangha Council]] |
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*[[Ordination]] |
*[[Ordination]] |
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*[[Sangha |
*[[Sangha]] |
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*[[Poy Sang Long]] |
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*[[Shinbyu]] |
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*[[Śikṣamāṇā]] |
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*[[Unsui]] |
*[[Unsui]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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== References == |
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*[[Sikkhamana]] |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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*[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/vin/sv/bhikkhuni-pati.html ''The Bhikkhunis' Code of Discipline (''Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha') Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051122202501/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/bmc2/ch23.html ''Buddhist Monastic Code II: Bhikkhunis''] |
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*[http://santifm.org/santipada/sitemap/ the website of Bhante Sujato's Writings contains several (ancient and modern) texts on the role and ordination of women in Buddhism.] |
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*[http://bhikkhunicommittee.googlepages.com ''Bhikkhuni committee of the ASA''] includes a large resource of articles regarding Bhikkhunis |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070117065914/http://www.buddhapadipa.org/pages/buddhism_femalemonksinbuddhism.html "Female Monks In Buddhism"], by Dhammacaro (07/23/2005). |
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*[http://www.tipitaka.net/tipitaka/spectra/vinaya_pitaka "Vinaya Pitaka"], brief description includes "Order of ordination for men and women...." |
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{{Buddhism topics}} |
{{Buddhism topics}} |
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[[Category:Buddhist titles]] |
[[Category:Buddhist titles]] |
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[[Category:Beginners and newcomers]] |
[[Category:Beginners and newcomers]] |
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[[Category:Women's rights in religious movements]] |
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{{Buddhism-stub}} |
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[[Category:Pali words and phrases]] |
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[[Category:Buddhism and children]] |
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[[th:สามเณร]] |
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Revision as of 08:17, 2 January 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013) |
A sāmaṇera (Pali), Sanskrit: श्रामणेर (śrāmaṇera), is a novice male monastic in a Buddhist context.[1] A female novice is a śrāmaṇerī or śrāmaṇerikā (Sanskrit; Pāli: sāmaṇerī).
Etymology
The sāmaṇera is a Pali language diminutive equivalent to the Sanskrit term śrāmaṇera, which indicates an ascetic practitioner. Therefore, sāmaṇera might be said to mean "small or young renunciate". In some South and Southeast Asian Buddhist traditions, the term refers to someone who has taken the initial pravrajya vows but not the upasampada or full ordination. The pratimokṣa rules do not apply to them and they do not take part in the recital of the rules on uposatha days.
The Sanskrit word śrāmaṇerikā is the feminine form of śrāmaṇera.
History
The account provided in the literature of South Asian Buddhism (and adopted by other Buddhist sects) is that when Gautama Buddha's son Rāhula was seven years old, he followed the Buddha, saying "Give me my inheritance." The Buddha called Sariputta and asked him to ordain Rāhula, who became the first sāmaṇera.
The King (Suddhodana), discovering that now his grandson and a number of young men in the royal family had requested ordination, asked the Buddha only to ordain a minor with the consent of his parents or guardian. The Buddha assented. This rule was expanded to include the spouses of those intending to join the Order of monks and nuns.[2]
Overview
In the Vinaya (monastic regulations) used by many South Asian Buddhist sects, a man under the age of 20 cannot ordain as a bhikṣu (monk) but can ordain as a sāmaṇera. Sāmaṇeras (and sāmaṇerīs – the equivalent term for girls) keep the Ten Precepts as their code of behaviour and devote themselves to the religious life during breaks from secular schooling, or in conjunction with it if devoted to formal ordination. In other cultures and Buddhist traditions (particularly North East Asia, and those in the West that derive from these lineages), monks take different sets of vows, and follow different customary rules.
The Ten Precepts upheld by sāmaṇeras are:
- Refrain from killing/harming living things.
- Refrain from stealing.
- Refrain from unchastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust).
- Refrain from lying.
- Refrain from taking intoxicants.
- Refrain from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon).
- Refrain from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances).
- Refrain from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland (decorative accessories).
- Refrain from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds.
- Refrain from accepting money.
Ordination differs between sāmaṇeras and srāmaṇerīs.
Transition to full ordination
After a year or at the age of 20, a sāmaṇera will be considered for the upasampada or higher ordination as a bhikṣu. Some monasteries will require people who want to ordain as a monk to be a novice for a set period of time, as a period of preparation and familiarization.
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Ordination of women
A woman is to be ordained, according to the traditional vinayas, by both a monk and a nun, first as a śrāmaṇerī. Śrāmaṇeras and śrāmaṇerīs keep the Ten Precepts as their code of behaviour, and are devoted to the Buddhist religious life during a break from secular schooling, or in conjunction with it if devoted to formal ordination.
After a year or at the age of 20, she will be ordained as a full bhikṣuṇī (Pali: bhikkhunī).
See also
References
- ^ Sumedho, Ajahn (2014). Peace is a Simple Step (PDF). Amaravati Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-78432-000-3.
- ^ "Wall paintings ·· coming home, see section Buddha's son". buddhamind.info. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
External links
- The Bhikkhunis' Code of Discipline (Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha') Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
- Buddhist Monastic Code II: Bhikkhunis
- the website of Bhante Sujato's Writings contains several (ancient and modern) texts on the role and ordination of women in Buddhism.
- Bhikkhuni committee of the ASA includes a large resource of articles regarding Bhikkhunis
- "Female Monks In Buddhism", by Dhammacaro (07/23/2005).
- "Vinaya Pitaka", brief description includes "Order of ordination for men and women...."
