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{{short description|Diacritic sign}}
{{hatnote|{{char|˚}} redirects here. For similar symbols, see [[Circle symbol (disambiguation)]].}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̊{{NNBSP}}◌̥
|name=Ring
|unicode=}}
A '''ring''' [[diacritic]] may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] of the extended [[Latin alphabet]]s in various contexts.
==
===Distinct letter===
The character [[Å]] (å) is derived from an [[A]] with a ring. It is a distinct [[letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[Danish alphabet|Danish]], [[Norwegian alphabet|Norwegian]], [[Swedish alphabet|Swedish]], [[Finnish alphabet|Finnish]], [[Walloon alphabet|Walloon]], and [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] alphabets. For example, the 29-letter Swedish alphabet begins with the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|basic 26 Latin letters]] and ends with the three letters [[Å]], [[Ä]], and [[Ö]].
===Overring===
[[File:UULU 2022-07-20 145004.jpg|thumb|Street name "At the beehives" in [[Roudnice nad Labem]] - Czech Republic]]
The character Ů (ů) a Latin [[U]] with overring, or [[wikt:kroužek|kroužek]] is a [[grapheme]] in [[Czech language|Czech]] preserved for historic reasons, which identifies a [[vowel shift]]. For example, the word for "horse" used to be written ''kóň'', which evolved, along with pronunciation, into ''kuoň''. Ultimately, the vowel {{IPA|[o]}} disappeared completely, and the ''uo'' evolved into ''ů'', modern form ''kůň''. The letter ''ů'' now has the same pronunciation as the letter ''[[ú]]'' (long {{IPA|[uː]}}), but changes to a short ''o'' when a word is morphed (e.g. nom. ''[[:wikt:kůň|kůň]]'' → gen. ''koně'', nom. ''dům'' → gen. ''domu''), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. ''Ů'' cannot occur in initial position, while ''ú'' occurs almost exclusively in initial position or at the beginning of a word [[Root (linguistics)|root]] in a compound. These characters are used also in [[Silesian language|Steuer's Silesian alphabet]]. The {{IPA|[uo]}} pronunciation has prevailed in some [[Moravian language|Moravian]] dialects, as well as in [[Slovak language|Slovak]], which uses the letter [[ô]] instead of ů.
The ring is used in some dialects of [[
ů
The ring
ẘ and ẙ are used in the [[ISO 233]] romanization of the [[Arabic alphabet]]. A fatḥah followed by the letter
Ring upon e (e̊) is used by certain [[dialectologist]]s of [[Walloon language|Walloon]] (especially [[:wa:Jean-Jacques Gaziaux|Jean-Jacques Gaziaux]]) to note the {{IPA|/ə/}} vowel typically replacing {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/y/}} in the [[Walloon Brabant|Brabant province]] central Walloon dialects. The difficulty of type-writing it has led some writers to prefer ''ë'' for the same sound.
Many more characters can be created in [[Unicode]] using the [[combining character]] {{unichar|030A|COMBINING RING ABOVE|cwith=◌}}, including the above-mentioned у̊ (Cyrillic у with overring) or ń̊ (n with acute and overring).
Line 29 ⟶ 32:
The unrelated, but nearly identical degree symbol is {{unichar|00B0|DEGREE SIGN}}.
Although similar in appearance, it is not to be confused with the Japanese ''[[handakuten]]'' ({{unichar|
In [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]], there are two ring characters: ᐤ ([[Cree language|Cree]] and [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] final ''w'', or [[Sayisi language|Sayisi]] ''o'') and ᣞ (Cree and Ojibwe final ''w'' or final ''y''). This second smaller ring can combine as a diacritic ring above in [[Moose Cree]] and Moose-Cree influenced Ojibwe as a final ''y''; in [[Inuktitut]], the ring above the /_i/ character turns it into a /_aai/ character. In Western Cree, /_w_w/ sequence is represented as ᐝ.
Unicode has:
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*{{unichar|1E99|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH RING ABOVE}}
*{{unichar|212B|ANGSTROM SIGN}}
*{{unichar|1402|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAI}}
*{{unichar|1430|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAAI}}
*{{unichar|144D|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAAI}}
*{{unichar|146C|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAAI}}
*{{unichar|148A|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAAI}}
*{{unichar|14A4|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAAI}}
*{{unichar|14C1|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAAI}}
*{{unichar|14D4|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAAI}}
*{{unichar|14EE|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAAI}}
*{{unichar|1527|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAAI}}
*{{unichar|1545|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAAI}}
*{{unichar|1554|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAAI}}
*{{unichar|157E|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAAI}}
*{{unichar|158E|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAAI}}
*{{unichar|18B0|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OY}}
*{{unichar|18B1|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AY}}
*{{unichar|18B2|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAY}}
*{{unichar|18B3|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAY}}
*{{unichar|18B4|CANADIAN SYLLABICS POY}}
*{{unichar|18B5|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAY}}
*{{unichar|18B6|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOY}}
*{{unichar|18B7|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAY}}
*{{unichar|18B8|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAY}}
*{{unichar|18B9|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAY}}
*{{unichar|18BA|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAY}}
*{{unichar|18BB|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOY}}
*{{unichar|18BC|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAY}}
*{{unichar|18BD|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAY}}
*{{unichar|18BE|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOY}}
*{{unichar|18BF|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAY}}
*{{unichar|18C0|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOY}}
*{{unichar|18C1|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAY}}
*{{unichar|18C2|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOY}}
*{{unichar|18C3|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOY}}
*{{unichar|18C4|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAY}}
*{{unichar|18C5|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAY}}
===Underring===
[[Unicode]] encodes the underring at {{unichar|0325|COMBINING RING BELOW|cwith=◌}}
The underring is used in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] to indicate [[Voice (phonetics)|voicelessness]], and in [[Indo-European studies]] or in [[Sanskrit]] transliteration ([[IAST]]) to indicate [[syllabic consonant|syllabicity]] of r, l, m, n etc. (e.g. {{PIE|r̥}} corresponding to IPA {{IPA|[ɹ̩]}}). R with ring below, L with ring below, R with ring below and macron, and L with ring below and macron were
In [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto]] romanization, ''ḁ'' is used to represent {{IPA|/ə/}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarptorlang01trumgoog/page/n44/mode/2up|title=Grammar of the Pḁṣ̌tō or Language of the Afghāns: Compared with the Īrānian|year=1873|publisher=J.J. Heckenhauer}}</ref>
Examples:
Line 52 ⟶ 94:
* {{unichar|1E01|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW}}
==== Emilian
==
In [[Romagnol dialect|Romagnol]], ''e̥'' is used to represent {{IPA|/ə/}} in diphthongs, e.g. [[Santarcangelo di Romagna|Santarcangelo]] dialect ''ame̥ig'' {{IPA|[aˈməiɡ]}} 'friend', ''ne̥ud'' {{IPA|[ˈnəud]}} 'naked'.
===Half rings===
{{see also|Modifier letter left half ring|Modifier letter right half ring}}
Half rings also exist as diacritic marks; these are characters {{unichar|0351|combining left half ring above|cwith=◌}} and {{unichar|0357|combining right half ring above|cwith=◌}}. These characters are used in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]], respectively for mediopalatal pronunciation and
{{unichar|1E9A|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING}} is similar in appearance but differs from a͗ because its [[Unicode equivalence|compatibility decomposition]] uses {{unichar|02BE|MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING}} instead of {{unichar|0357|combining right half ring above|cwith=◌}}.
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[[Breve]] and [[inverted breve]] are also shaped like half rings, respectively, the bottom and top half of a circle.
===Other uses===
The ring is used in the transliteration of
== Letters with ring ==
{{Letters with diacritic/header}}<!--
-->{{hlist|{{Letters with diacritic/diacritic|format=char|d=ring}}<!--
-->[[Å|Å{{NNBSP}}å]]
| [[Ǻ|Ǻ{{NNBSP}}ǻ]]
| [[Å̂|Å̂{{NNBSP}}å̂]]
| [[Å̃|Å̃{{NNBSP}}å̃]]
| [[Å̄|Å̄{{NNBSP}}å̄]]
| [[Å̆|Å̆{{NNBSP}}å̆]]
| [[Ā̊|Ā̊{{NNBSP}}ā̊]]
| [[Ą̊|Ą̊{{NNBSP}}ą̊]]
| [[Å̱|Å̱{{NNBSP}}å̱]]
| [[Ḁ|Ḁ{{NNBSP}}ḁ]]
| [[Ḁ̂|Ḁ̂{{NNBSP}}ḁ̂]]
| [[D̊|D̊{{NNBSP}}d̊]]
| [[E̊|E̊{{NNBSP}}e̊]]
| [[E̊̄|E̊̄{{NNBSP}}e̊̄]]
| [[G̊|G̊{{NNBSP}}g̊]]
| [[I̊|I̊{{NNBSP}}i̊]]
| [[J̊|J̊{{NNBSP}}j̊]]
| [[L̥|L̥{{NNBSP}}l̥]]
| [[L̥̄|L̥̄{{NNBSP}}l̥̄]]
| [[O̊|O̊{{NNBSP}}o̊]]
| [[Ō̊|Ō̊{{NNBSP}}ō̊]]
| [[Q̊|Q̊{{NNBSP}}q̊]]
| [[R̥|R̥{{NNBSP}}r̥]]
| [[R̥̄|R̥̄{{NNBSP}}r̥̄]]
| [[S̊|S̊{{NNBSP}}s̊]]
| [[S̥|S̥{{NNBSP}}s̥]]
| [[Ů|Ů{{NNBSP}}ů]]
| [[Ů́|Ů́{{NNBSP}}ů́]]
| [[Ů̃|Ů̃{{NNBSP}}ů̃]]
| [[Ũ̊|Ũ̊{{NNBSP}}ũ̊]]
| [[Ū̊|Ū̊{{NNBSP}}ū̊]]
| [[V̊|V̊{{NNBSP}}v̊]]
| [[W̊|W̊{{NNBSP}}ẘ]]
| [[X̊|X̊{{NNBSP}}x̊]]
| [[Y̊|Y̊{{NNBSP}}ẙ]]<!--
-->{{Letters with diacritic/scriptname|1=Cyrillic}}[[А̊|А̊{{NNBSP}}а̊]]
| [[U with ring above (Cyrillic)|У̊{{NNBSP}}у̊]]}}{{Letters with diacritic/footer}}
==Similar marks==
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==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://diacritics.typo.cz Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents]
{{Navbox diacritical marks}}
{{Latin script||ring}}
|
Latest revision as of 13:44, 20 February 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2020) |
◌̊ ◌̥ | |
---|---|
Ring |
A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts.
Rings[edit]
Distinct letter[edit]
The character Å (å) is derived from an A with a ring. It is a distinct letter in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Walloon, and Chamorro alphabets. For example, the 29-letter Swedish alphabet begins with the basic 26 Latin letters and ends with the three letters Å, Ä, and Ö.
Overring[edit]
The character Ů (ů) a Latin U with overring, or kroužek is a grapheme in Czech preserved for historic reasons, which identifies a vowel shift. For example, the word for "horse" used to be written kóň, which evolved, along with pronunciation, into kuoň. Ultimately, the vowel [o] disappeared completely, and the uo evolved into ů, modern form kůň. The letter ů now has the same pronunciation as the letter ú (long [uː]), but changes to a short o when a word is morphed (e.g. nom. kůň → gen. koně, nom. dům → gen. domu), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. Ů cannot occur in initial position, while ú occurs almost exclusively in initial position or at the beginning of a word root in a compound. These characters are used also in Steuer's Silesian alphabet. The [uo] pronunciation has prevailed in some Moravian dialects, as well as in Slovak, which uses the letter ô instead of ů.
The ring is used in some dialects of Emilian and Romagnol to distinguish the sound /ʌ/ (å) from /a/ (a).
ů was used in Old Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor from the 16th till the beginning of the 20th century and for a shorter time in 16th-century Lithuania Major for diphthong [uo].
The ring was used in the Lithuanian Cyrillic alphabet promoted by Russian authorities in the last quarter of the 19th century with the letter У̊ / у̊ used to represent the /wɔ/ diphthong (now written uo in Lithuanian orthography).
ẘ and ẙ are used in the ISO 233 romanization of the Arabic alphabet. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻭ⟩ (wāw) with a sukūn (ـَوْ) is romanized as aẘ. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (yā’) with a sukūn over it (ـَيْ) is romanized as aẙ.
Ring upon e (e̊) is used by certain dialectologists of Walloon (especially Jean-Jacques Gaziaux) to note the /ə/ vowel typically replacing /i/ and /y/ in the Brabant province central Walloon dialects. The difficulty of type-writing it has led some writers to prefer ë for the same sound.
Many more characters can be created in Unicode using the combining character U+030A ◌̊ COMBINING RING ABOVE, including the above-mentioned у̊ (Cyrillic у with overring) or ń̊ (n with acute and overring).
The standalone (spacing) symbol is U+02DA ˚ RING ABOVE. The unrelated, but nearly identical degree symbol is U+00B0 ° DEGREE SIGN.
Although similar in appearance, it is not to be confused with the Japanese handakuten (U+309A ◌゚ COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK), a diacritic used with the kana for syllables starting with h to indicate that they should instead be pronounced with [p]. In Japanese dialectology, handakuten is used with kana for syllables starting with k to indicate their consonant is [ŋ], with syllables starting with r to indicate their consonant is l though this does not change the pronunciation, with kana u to indicate its morph into kana n, and with kana i to indicate the vowel is to be said as [ɨ].
In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, there are two ring characters: ᐤ (Cree and Ojibwe final w, or Sayisi o) and ᣞ (Cree and Ojibwe final w or final y). This second smaller ring can combine as a diacritic ring above in Moose Cree and Moose-Cree influenced Ojibwe as a final y; in Inuktitut, the ring above the /_i/ character turns it into a /_aai/ character. In Western Cree, /_w_w/ sequence is represented as ᐝ.
Unicode has:
- U+030A ◌̊ COMBINING RING ABOVE
- U+00C5 Å LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
- U+00E5 å LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
- U+016E Ů LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
- U+016F ů LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
- U+1E98 ẘ LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH RING ABOVE
- U+1E99 ẙ LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH RING ABOVE
- U+212B Å ANGSTROM SIGN
- U+1402 ᐂ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAI
- U+1430 ᐰ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAAI
- U+144D ᑍ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAAI
- U+146C ᑬ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAAI
- U+148A ᒊ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAAI
- U+14A4 ᒤ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAAI
- U+14C1 ᓁ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAAI
- U+14D4 ᓔ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAAI
- U+14EE ᓮ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAAI
- U+1527 ᔧ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAAI
- U+1545 ᕅ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAAI
- U+1554 ᕔ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAAI
- U+157E ᕾ CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAAI
- U+158E ᖎ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAAI
- U+18B0 ᢰ CANADIAN SYLLABICS OY
- U+18B1 ᢱ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AY
- U+18B2 ᢲ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAY
- U+18B3 ᢳ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAY
- U+18B4 ᢴ CANADIAN SYLLABICS POY
- U+18B5 ᢵ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAY
- U+18B6 ᢶ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOY
- U+18B7 ᢷ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAY
- U+18B8 ᢸ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAY
- U+18B9 ᢹ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAY
- U+18BA ᢺ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAY
- U+18BB ᢻ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOY
- U+18BC ᢼ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAY
- U+18BD ᢽ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAY
- U+18BE ᢾ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOY
- U+18BF ᢿ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAY
- U+18C0 ᣀ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOY
- U+18C1 ᣁ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAY
- U+18C2 ᣂ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOY
- U+18C3 ᣃ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOY
- U+18C4 ᣄ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAY
- U+18C5 ᣅ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAY
Underring[edit]
Unicode encodes the underring at U+0325 ◌̥ COMBINING RING BELOW
The underring is used in IPA to indicate voicelessness, and in Indo-European studies or in Sanskrit transliteration (IAST) to indicate syllabicity of r, l, m, n etc. (e.g. r̥ corresponding to IPA [ɹ̩]). R with ring below, L with ring below, R with ring below and macron, and L with ring below and macron were proposed for Unicode because of their use in Sanskrit transliteration and the CSX+ Indic character set.[1] This proposal was rejected, because they are already encoded as sequences.[2]
In Pashto romanization, ḁ is used to represent /ə/.[3]
Examples:
- U+1E00 Ḁ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW
- U+1E01 ḁ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW
Emilian[edit]
In Emilian, e̥ can be used to represent unstressed /ə/ in very accurate transcriptions.
Romagnol[edit]
In Romagnol, e̥ is used to represent /ə/ in diphthongs, e.g. Santarcangelo dialect ame̥ig [aˈməiɡ] 'friend', ne̥ud [ˈnəud] 'naked'.
Half rings[edit]
Half rings also exist as diacritic marks; these are characters U+0351 ◌͑ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING ABOVE and U+0357 ◌͗ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE. These characters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, respectively for mediopalatal pronunciation and strong-onset vowels. These characters may be used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, denoting less and more roundedness, as alternatives to half rings below U+031C ◌̜ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW and U+0339 ◌̹ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW. They are here given with the lowercase a: a͑ and a͗, a̜ and a̹.
U+1E9A ẚ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING is similar in appearance but differs from a͗ because its compatibility decomposition uses U+02BE ʾ MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING instead of U+0357 ◌͗ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE.
Other, similar signs are in use in Armenian: the U+0559 ◌ՙ ARMENIAN MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING and the U+055A ◌՚ ARMENIAN APOSTROPHE.
Breve and inverted breve are also shaped like half rings, respectively, the bottom and top half of a circle.
Other uses[edit]
The ring is used in the transliteration of Abkhaz to represent the letter ҩ. It may also be used in place of the abbreviation symbol ॰ when transliterating the Devanagari alphabet.
Letters with ring[edit]
Similar marks[edit]
The ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the dot or U+0366 ◌ͦ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O diacritic marks, or with the degree sign °.
The half ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the comma or ogonek diacritic marks.
References[edit]
- ^ "Proposal to Encode Latin Letters for the Transliteration of Indic Vocalic Letters" (PDF). unicode.org. 2013-10-28.
- ^ "Draft Minutes of UTC Meeting 137". unicode.org. 2013-11-25.
- ^ "Grammar of the Pḁṣ̌tō or Language of the Afghāns: Compared with the Īrānian". J.J. Heckenhauer. 1873.