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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{infobox weapon
{{infobox weapon
| name = Hatf-V Ghauri
| name = Hatf-V Ghauri
| image =IRBM of Pakistan at IDEAS 2008.jpg
| image = IRBM of Pakistan at IDEAS 2008.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =The Hatf-V ''Ghauri'' (right) in [[Karachi]], [[2008 in Pakistan|ca. 2008]]
| caption = The Hatf-V ''Ghauri'' (right) in [[Karachi]], [[2008 in Pakistan|ca. 2008]]
| origin = {{PAK}}
| origin = {{PAK}}
| type = [[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]]<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|title=Ghauri [Hatf-5] – Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Deleivery Systems|website=FAS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508080145/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|archive-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>
| type = [[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]]<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|title=Ghauri [Hatf-5] – Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Deleivery Systems|website=FAS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508080145/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|archive-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>
<!-- Type selection -->
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed = no
| is_ranged = yes
| is_explosive = yes
| is_bladed = no
| is_artillery = yes
| is_explosive =yes
| is_artillery = yes
| is_vehicle = yes
| is_vehicle = yes
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = no
| is_missile = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service = [[2003 in spaceflight|2003]]–Present
| is_UK =no
| used_by = {{army|PAK}}<br />{{small|([[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Army Strategic Forces Command]])}}
<!-- Service history -->
| wars = <!-- Production history -->
| service =[[2003 in spaceflight|2003]]–Present
| designer = [[Khan Research Laboratories]] (KRL)
| used_by ={{army|PAK}}<br />{{small|([[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Army Strategic Forces Command]])}}
| design_date = 1994–2001
| wars = <!-- Production history -->
| designer = [[Khan Research Laboratories]] (KRL)
| manufacturer = Khan Research Laboratories
| number = 30 (estimated 2021)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|page=290}}</ref>
| design_date = 1994–2001
| variants = [[Ghauri-II]], [[Ghauri-III]]
| manufacturer = Khan Research Laboratories
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label = Technical data
| unit_cost =
| weight = {{convert|15850|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| production_date =
| length = {{convert|15.90|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| number = 30 (estimated 2021)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|page=290}}</ref>
| diameter = {{convert|1.35|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| variants = [[Ghauri-II]], [[Ghauri-III]]
| max_range = {{cvt|1500|km|mi}}
<!-- General specifications -->
| filling = [[High explosive|HE]]/[[Nuclear explosive|NE]]
| spec_label = Technical data
| weight = {{convert|15850|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| filling_weight = {{cvt|750|kg|lb}}
| yield = {{convert|12|ktonTNT|lk=in}}—{{convert|35|ktonTNT|lk=in}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghauri (Hatf 5) |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-5/ |website=Missile Threat |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|15.90|m|ft|abbr=on}}
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour =
| part_length =
| engine = [[Rocket engine|Single Stage]]
| width =
| payload_capacity = {{cvt|760|kg|lbs}}–{{cvt|1158|kg|lbs}}<ref name="FAS"/>
| height =
| transmission = [[Manual transmission|Manual]]
| diameter ={{convert|1.35|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| suspension = [[Mercedes-Benz Atego|Atego]] x [[Eight-wheel drive|8WD]] [[Missile vehicle|semi-trailer]]<br>{{small|(With Pakistani military markings)}}
| crew =
| fuel_capacity = {{cvt|12912|kg|lb}}<ref name="FAS"/>
| passengers =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|1350-1500|km|mi}}<ref name="FAS"/>
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| guidance = [[Inertial guidance system|Inertial]], [[Terminal guidance|Terminal]]
| cartridge =
| propellant = [[Rocket fuel#Liquid propellants|Liquid-propellant]]<br />Fuel: TM-185 (20% Gasoline 80% [[Kerosene]]) <ref name="FAS"/><br />Oxidizer: AK-27I (73% [[Nitric acid|HNO<sub>3</sub>]], 27% [[Nitrogen dioxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]]) <ref name="FAS"/>
| cartridge_weight =
| altitude = {{cvt|350|km|mi}} reached in first test flight
| caliber =
| accuracy = {{cvt|190|m|ft}} [[Circular Error Probable|CEP]]{{rp|182}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook - Strategic Information and Developments |date=August 2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4387-3722-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FAS"/>
| barrels =
| launch_platform = [[Launch pad]]
| action =
| rate =
| velocity =
| range =
| max_range =
| feed =
| sights = <!-- Artillery specifications -->
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse =
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling = [[High explosive|HE]]/[[Nuclear explosive|NE]]
| filling_weight = {{cvt|750|kg|lb}}
| detonation =
| yield = {{convert|12|ktonTNT|lk=in}}—{{convert|35|ktonTNT|lk=in}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghauri (Hatf 5) |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-5/ |website=Missile Threat |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine = [[Upper stage|Single stage]]
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity = 760–1158&nbsp;kg<ref name="FAS"/>
| transmission = [[Manual transmission|Manual]]
| suspension = [[Mercedes-Benz Atego|Atego]] x [[Eight-wheel drive|8WD]] [[Missile vehicle|trailer]]
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity ={{cvt|12912|kg|lb}}<ref name="FAS"/>
| vehicle_range = {{convert|1350-1500|km|mi}}<ref name="FAS"/>
| speed =
| guidance = [[Inertial guidance system|Inertial]], [[Terminal guidance|Terminal]], [[BeiDou]]
| steering =
<!-- Missiles only -->
| wingspan =
| propellant = [[Rocket fuel#Liquid propellants|Liquid-propellant]]<br />Fuel:TM-185 20%Gasoline 80%[[Kerosene]]<ref name="FAS"/><br />Oxidizer:AK-27I 73%[[Nitric acid|HNO<sub>3</sub>]], 27%[[Nitrogen dioxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]]<ref name="FAS"/>
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{cvt|350|km|mi}} reached in first test flight
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy = {{cvt|190|m|ft}} [[Circular Error Probable|CEP]]<ref name="FAS"/>
| launch_platform = [[Transporter erector launcher]], [[Missile Silo|Silo]]
| transport = Transporter erector launcher
}}
}}


The '''Ghauri''' ({{lang-ur|غوری-ا}}; Military designation: '''Hatf–V''', [[Transliteration|''Trans.'']]: ''Target-5'') is a [[Surface to surface missile|land-based surface-to-surface]] [[medium-range ballistic missile]], in current [[Military service|service]] with the [[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Strategic Forces Command]] of [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="Express Tribune, 2015" />
The '''Ghauri–I''' ({{lang-ur|غوری-ا}}; Military designation: '''Hatf–V''', [[Transliteration|''Trans.'']]: ''Target-5'') is a [[Surface to surface missile|land-based]] [[medium-range ballistic missile]], in current [[Military service|service]] with the [[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|strategic command]] of the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="Express Tribune, 2015" />


Influenced from the [[Rocket propellant|propellent design]] of [[Nodong-1]] of [[North Korea]], its extensive modification, war head design and assembly, and [[Reverse engineering|engineering]] of its control system took place in [[Kahuta Research Laboratories]] (KRL) in 1990s with an objective of developing an [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|electronic system]] that uses a [[Upper stage|single stage]] [[liquid fuel]] [[rocket motor]] to carry a payload of 700&nbsp;kg to a range of 1,500&nbsp;km.<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3823118|title=Pakistan Pushes To Improve Missile Strike Capability}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/1998/980406-ghauri.htm|title=Ghauri|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> This range is applicable to address Pakistan's [[Mutual assured destruction|nuclear deterrence]] against [[India]], if not all of India.
Influenced from the [[Rocket propellant|propellent design]] of [[Nodong-1]] of [[North Korea]], its extensive modification, warhead design and assembly, and [[Reverse engineering|engineering]] of its control system took place in [[Khan Research Laboratories]] (KRL) in 1994–2001 with an objective of developing an [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|electronic system]] that uses a [[Upper stage|single stage]] [[liquid fuel]] [[rocket motor]] to carry a payload of 700&nbsp;kg to a range of 1,500&nbsp;km.<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3823118|title=Pakistan Pushes To Improve Missile Strike Capability}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/1998/980406-ghauri.htm|title=Ghauri|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> This range is applicable to address Pakistan's [[Mutual assured destruction|nuclear deterrence]] against [[India]], if not all of India.


Codenamed as [[Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri|'''Ghauri''']], the missile was developed in as part of the secretive [[Pakistani missile research and development program|Hatf program]] that started in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web | last =Lodi | first =[[Lieutenant General]] Safdar F.S. | title =Pakistan's Missile Technology | work =Head of Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP) |location= Pakistan | date = May 1998 | url =http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm }}</ref> The program was evolved in developing of the [[Ghauri-III|third variant]], which was was cancelled, while the [[Ghauri-II|second system]] uses increased motor assembly length and improved propellants for an increased range of {{convert|2300|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/apr/14agni.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Celebrations in Pakistan as Ghauri II is test-fired|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
Codenamed as [[Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri|'''Ghauri''']], the missile was developed in as part of the secretive [[Pakistani missile research and development program|Hatf program]] that started in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web | last =Lodi | first =[[Lieutenant General]] Safdar F.S. | title =Pakistan's Missile Technology | work =Head of Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP) |location= Pakistan | date = May 1998 | url =http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm }}</ref> The program later evolved into the development of now cancelled [[Ghauri-III]] and the [[Ghauri-II]] which uses increased motor assembly length and improved propellants for an increased range of {{convert|2300|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/apr/14agni.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Celebrations in Pakistan as Ghauri II is test-fired|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>


The ''Ghauri'' is deployed in army's military service with using the "Hatf-V" military designation which means "Target-5".<ref name="Pakistan's Missile Technology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|title=Pakistan's Missile Technology}}</ref>
The ''Ghauri'' is deployed in the [[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|ASFC]] with using the "''Hatf-V''" military designation which means "Target-5".<ref name="Pakistan's Missile Technology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|title=Pakistan's Missile Technology}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 106: Line 59:
{{Main|Muhammad of Ghor}}
{{Main|Muhammad of Ghor}}


Upon its development, the missile was named after the 12th century Sultan [[Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri|Shahabuddin Ghauri]], by a senior scientist who worked on the program with a keen interest in [[Late Middle Ages|medieval history]].<ref name="Rediff News agency, 1998">{{cite news |title=Pak test-fires surface-to-surface missile|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/06pakbom.htm|access-date=25 December 2014|work=Rediff.com |date=6 April 1998}}</ref> [[Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri|Sultan Muhammad Ghauri]], who successfully campaigned in the [[Northwestern India|northwestern]] region of India between 1176 and 1182, but was defeated in his first battle in [[northern India]] by [[Indian Monarchs|Indian King]] [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]; but Ghauri returned in June 1192 when he defeated Prithviraj. He captured Delhi in 1199, but established his kingdom formally in 1206.<ref name="Rediff News agency, 1998"/>
Upon its development, the missile was named after the 12th century Sultan [[Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri|Shahabuddin Ghauri]], by a senior scientist who worked on the program with a keen interest in [[Late Middle Ages|medieval history]]— this codename was approved by the Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 1994.<ref name="Rediff News agency, 1998">{{cite news |title=Pak test-fires surface-to-surface missile|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/06pakbom.htm|access-date=25 December 2014|work=Rediff.com |date=6 April 1998}}</ref> [[Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri|Sultan Muhammad Ghauri]], who successfully campaigned in the [[Northwestern India|northwestern]] region of India between 1176 and 1182, but was defeated in his first battle in [[northern India]] by [[Indian Monarchs|Indian King]] [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]; but Ghauri returned in June 1192 when he defeated Prithviraj. He captured Delhi in 1199, but established his kingdom formally in 1206.<ref name="Rediff News agency, 1998"/>


However, the [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] has officially codenamed the missile "'''Hatf–5 (Ghauri–I)'''; the Hatf codename originates from the name of the [[sword]] or lance of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Pakistan's Missile Technology"/>
However, the [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] has officially codenamed the missile "'''Hatf–5 (Ghauri–I)'''; the Hatf codename originates from the name of the [[sword]] or lance of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Pakistan's Missile Technology"/>


===Development and design===
===Development===
According to the [[US intelligence|American intelligence]] estimates in 1999, the ''Ghauri–I'' is influenced and its design development is based on the [[Rodong-1]] missile of [[North Korea]].<ref name="cia1999_report">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612230545/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/archived-reports-1/jan_jun1999.html#pakistan Report to Congress, January – June 1999]. ''Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions.'' [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> According to the American [[Federation of Atomic Scientists]], the ''Ghauri–I'' is believed to inherit a warhead spin-up mechanism from the [[Rodong-1|Rodong 1]] and it is stated that this feature could improve accuracy up to 190m [[Circular error probable|CEP]]— although this is still debatable.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists">{{cite web |title=Ghauri-I|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=24 December 2014|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The mechanism involves using steering vanes to spin the missile after 100 seconds of flight time.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> After 110 seconds, the rocket motor stops and the warhead separates from the rocket motor.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> The warhead then enters a more stable re-entry trajectory due to its spinning motion.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> Warhead accuracy would be further enhanced if the Ghauri's inertial navigation system is capable of being updated by GPS satellite signals.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/>
According to the [[US intelligence|American intelligence]] estimates in 1999, the ''Ghauri–I'' is influenced and its design development is based on the [[Nodong-1]] (a copy of former Soviet [[Scud]]) missile of [[North Korea]].<ref name="cia1999_report">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612230545/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/archived-reports-1/jan_jun1999.html#pakistan Report to Congress, January – June 1999]. ''Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions.'' [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> Development of ''Ghauri'' was a source of contention and controversy between [[Pakistan–United States relations|Pakistan and the United States]] with [[Clinton administration]] publicly leveling serious allegations on the Benazir Bhutto's [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|federal ministry]] of transferring nuclear technology in 1996.<ref name="cia1999_report"/> Later, Japan intervened in this matter, pressured [[Second Nawaz Sharif ministry|Sharif administration]] to cut ties with North Korea in 1999.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012" />


There were conflicting stories until 2012 when official documentation was published in a text about North Korea's contribution.{{rp|240}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012">Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). "Pakistan's Missile Quest". Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (google books). Stanford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</ref> Before 2012, many in Pakistan and the United States had alleged that the [[technology transfer]] took place in 1993 in return of the instructions on [[Uranium enrichment|enrichment]] methods for [[uranium]]<ref>Hussain, Zahid (2007). "Rogue in the Ranks". Frontline Pakistan (google books). New York City, NY State, United States: Columbia University Press, 2007. pp. 163–1966 [221]. {{ISBN|978-0-231-14225-0}}.</ref> Not much has been publicized as controversy surrounds the claim that North Korean [[North Korean nuclear weapons program|nuclear efforts]] were well advanced before the instructions on [[Uranium enrichment|enrichment]] methods [[uranium]] were provided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=4964884&page=1 |title=Pakistani Bomb Scientist Breaks Silence |work=ABC News |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref>
There were many conflicting stories until 2012 when official documentation was published in a text about North Korea's contribution.{{rp|240}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012">Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). "Pakistan's Missile Quest". Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (google books). Stanford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</ref> Before 2012, many in Pakistan and the United States had alleged that the [[technology transfer]] took place in 1993 in return of the instructions on [[Uranium enrichment|enrichment]] methods for [[uranium]]<ref>Hussain, Zahid (2007). "Rogue in the Ranks". Frontline Pakistan (google books). New York City, NY State, United States: Columbia University Press, 2007. pp. 163–1966 [221]. {{ISBN|978-0-231-14225-0}}.</ref> Not much has been publicized as controversy surrounds the claim that North Korean [[North Korean nuclear weapons program|nuclear program]] was well advanced before the instructions on [[Uranium enrichment|enrichment]] methods [[uranium]] were provided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=4964884&page=1 |title=Pakistani Bomb Scientist Breaks Silence |work=ABC News |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref>


It is now well documented by the Pakistani military admissions that the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|finance ministry]] under [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s administration paid stacks of cash through its [[State Bank of Pakistan|State Bank]] to North Korea as [[President of North Korea|President]] [[Kim Il Sung]] was only interested in monetary values rather than technological barter trade.{{rp|244-245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/> After the transaction, the North Korean scientists and engineers were then sent to Pakistan to teach [[aerospace engineering]] at Pakistani universities in 1993.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/>
It is now well documented by the Pakistani military admissions that the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|finance ministry]] under [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s administration had paid stacks of cash through its [[State Bank of Pakistan|State Bank]] to North Korea as [[President of North Korea|President]] [[Kim Il Sung]] was only interested in monetary values rather than technological barter trade.{{rp|244–245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/> After the transaction, the North Korean scientists and engineers were then sent to Pakistan to teach [[aerospace engineering]] at Pakistani universities in 1993.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/>


===Design and engineering===
According to the Pakistani military reports, the original design of the missile was flawed and the missile's frontal [[Cone (mathematics)|conic]] [[warhead|nose]] section material burned up due to generated [[shock wave]]s and [[hypersonic effect]] on [[Atmospheric re-entry|re-entry]] during its first test flight in 1998.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012">{{cite news|last1=Ansari|first1=Usman|title=Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719165134/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2013|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=Defence News |date=28 November 2012}}</ref> High [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] and [[high temperature shift]] caused the material to melt during the [[Atmospheric re-entry|re-entry]] while its vintage [[Avionics|electronic systems]], [[Turbojet|engine system]], and [[Rocket propellant|propellant]] had to be replaced.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> The first design of ''Ghauri'' was built under the watchful guidance of North Koreans based on their specification but the Koreans were immediately sent back by Sharif administration after the failure of the system was identified.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/> Eventually, the [[Cone (mathematics)|conic]] [[warhead|nose]] section was redesigned by rounding the cone which allowed the missile to travel from [[Subsonic speed|subsonic]] [[Compressible flow|flow]] to [[Supersonic speed|supersonic flow]].<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> The [[Kahuta Research Laboratories|KRL]], now forced to collaborate with [[National Engineering and Scientific Commission|NESCOM]], [[DESTO (Pakistan)|DESTO]], and [[National Development Complex|NDC]], engaged in heavy [[Troubleshooting|reengineering]] of much of the control and electronic system.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/>


Much of the engineering data for ''Ghauri'' comes from the former Soviet Scud technology, compiled by the American think tanks.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists">{{cite web |title=Ghauri-I|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=24 December 2014|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The mechanism of North Korean's [[Nodong-1]] is copied from the Soviet Scud specification to compare with ''Ghauri''.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> The Khan Research Laboratories designed the warhead for the ''Ghauri'' and no official information is available due to Pakistani government classifying its data as [[Classified information|''Top Secret'']] (TS confidentiality), aside from speculations from independent and outside sources.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/>
The [[Liquid fuel rocket|liquid fuel]] systems are incapable of storing fuel for any long period of time; the Ghauri–I requires fueling for several hours before launch, making it vulnerable to a [[Pre-emptive nuclear strike|first strike]].<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> It is believed that this is why Pakistan has not pursued [[Liquid fuel rocket|liquid fuel]] systems other than the ''Ghauri–I'' and [[Ghauri-II]].<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> It also makes it less likely that the ''Ghaur-I'' would be armed with a nuclear warhead,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719165134/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|url-status=dead|title=Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile|website=Defense News|archive-date=19 July 2013 }}</ref> although it has been stated that it is capable of being loaded with "all types" of warheads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm |title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V - GEO.tv |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref> Contrast to the [[Shaheen (missile)|Shaheen program]] that went under the joint conjecture of Pakistan's [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] and the [[Pakistan Army|Army]], the Ghauri program was designed for the [[Pakistan Army]] which was setting to accuracy goal for a highly accurate missile designed to strike high-value targets.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


According to the official Pakistani military reports, the original design of the missile was flawed and the missile's frontal [[Cone (mathematics)|conic]] [[warhead|nose]] section material burned up due to generated [[shock wave]]s and [[hypersonic effect]] on [[Atmospheric re-entry|re-entry]] during its first test flight in 1998.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012">{{cite news|last1=Ansari|first1=Usman|title=Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719165134/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2013|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=Defence News |date=28 November 2012}}</ref> High [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] and [[high temperature shift]] caused the material to melt during the [[Atmospheric re-entry|re-entry]] while its vintage [[Avionics|electronic systems]], [[Rocket engine|engine system]], and [[Rocket propellant|propellant]] had to be replaced.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> The first design of ''Ghauri'' was built under the watchful guidance of North Koreans based on their specification but the Koreans were immediately sent back by Sharif administration after the failure of the system was identified.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/> Eventually, the [[Cone (mathematics)|conic]] [[warhead|nose]] section was redesigned by rounding the cone which allowed the missile to travel from [[Subsonic speed|subsonic]] [[Compressible flow|flow]] to [[Supersonic speed|supersonic flow]].<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> The [[Kahuta Research Laboratories|KRL]], now forced to collaborate with [[National Engineering and Scientific Commission|NESCOM]] ([[National Development Complex|NDC]]), engaged in heavy [[Troubleshooting|reengineering]] of much of its [[Control engineering|controls]] and electronics system.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> Due to lack of experience at KRL {{rp|248}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012" /> it took years of expensive [[Trial and error|trials and errors]] to make ''Ghauri'' nuclear weapons delivery capable, and it was not until 2003 when ''Ghauri'' was finally capable of military deployment.<ref name="Dawn newspaper, 2004" />
The [[Solid fuel rocket motor|solid-fueled]] [[Shaheen-I]]A is believed to be an alternative missile system for the ''Ghauri–I''.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> However, it has been stated that the ''Ghauri–I'' has the advantage of lower cost than [[Solid fuel rocket motor|solid-fueled]] systems.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> This makes it particularly useful in testing launch and control systems. It has been speculated that the Ghauri–I design may serve as a starting point for a future Pakistani [[space launch vehicle]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Prospect of civilian space program===

The [[Liquid fuel rocket|liquid fuel]] systems are incapable of storing fuel for any long period of time– the ''Ghauri–I'' requires fueling for several hours before launch, making it vulnerable to a [[Pre-emptive nuclear strike|first strike]] the standing enemy.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> Noting this constraint, the Pakistani war strategists have not pursued liquid fuel systems other than the ''Ghauri–I'' and ''[[Ghauri-II]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719165134/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|url-status=dead|title=Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile|website=Defense News|archive-date=19 July 2013 }}</ref>

The ''Ghauri-I'' is a [[Nuclear weapons delivery|nuclear weapon-delivery]] capable missile which has been stated by the Pakistani military that it is also capable of being loaded with "all types" of warheads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm |title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V - GEO.tv |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref> Contrast to the [[Shaheen (missile)|''Shaheen'' program]] that went under the joint conjecture of Pakistan's [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] and the [[Pakistan Army|Army]], the Ghauri program was designed for the [[Pakistan Army]] which was setting to accuracy goal for a highly accurate missile designed to strike high-value targets.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 2004, there was a strong lobby within the engineering community to make ''Ghauri'' feasible as a [[launch vehicle]] for satellites .<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


==Operational history and tests==
==Operational history and tests==
[[File:Ghauri missile mockup.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|The Ghauri's mock-up displayed at the [[Lahore Railway Station]].c. 2004.]]
[[File:Ghauri missile mockup.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|The Ghauri's mock-up displayed at the [[Lahore Railway Station]].c. 2004.]]


The ''Ghauri–I'' was first test fired at 7:25[[Military time|hrs]] on 6 April 1998 from the [[Tilla Satellite Launch Center|Tilla Test Firing Range]] near Malute, [[Jhelum Cantonment|Jhelum Cantt]] which is about 76&nbsp;mi (122.31&nbsp;km) south of the [[Islamabad]].<ref name=ghauri>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/hatf-5.htm|title = Ghauri (Hatf-5) - Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems}}</ref> It was fired from a [[transporter erector launcher]] and traveled {{convert|1100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a flight lasting 9 minutes and 58 seconds.<ref name="DefenceJournal">{{cite web|last1=Lodhi, PA|first1=Lt. Gen. S.F.S.|title=Pakistan's Missile Technology|url=http://defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|work=Defence Journal|access-date=24 December 2014|date=6 May 1998|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213448/http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It climbed to a height of 350&nbsp;km before turning in the direction of its planned impact area in the desert of Balochistan where it hit the designated target at 7:33[[Military time|hrs]].<ref name="DefenceJournal"/> At the time, Pakistani military's information source, the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] stated that the missile hit its designated target in the desert of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]].<ref name="DefenceJournal"/> Official [[Pakistani military]] reports revealed that the first test was not successful because the missile's conic [[Warhead|nose]] melted due to tremendous amount of heat during the re-entry phase of its flight.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> After KRL's redesigned, the ''Ghauri'' final design looked now more familiar to that of [[PGM-11 Redstone|American Red Stone]] than its parent design based in North Korea.{{rp|246}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012" />
The ''Ghauri–I'' was first test fired at 7:25[[Military time|hrs]] on 6 April 1998 from the [[Mashhood Test Firing Range]] near Malute, [[Jhelum Cantonment|Jhelum Cantt]] which is about 76&nbsp;mi (122.31&nbsp;km) south of the [[Islamabad]].<ref name=ghauri>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/hatf-5.htm|title = Ghauri (Hatf-5) - Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems}}</ref> It was fired from a [[transporter erector launcher]] and traveled {{convert|1100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a flight lasting 9 minutes and 58 seconds.<ref name="DefenceJournal">{{cite web|last1=Lodhi, PA|first1=Lt. Gen. S.F.S.|title=Pakistan's Missile Technology|url=http://defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|work=Defence Journal|access-date=24 December 2014|date=6 May 1998|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213448/http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It climbed to a height of 350&nbsp;km before turning in the direction of its planned impact area in the desert of Balochistan where it hit the designated target at 7:33[[Military time|hrs]].<ref name="DefenceJournal"/> At the time, Pakistani military's information source, the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] stated that the missile hit its designated target in the desert of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]].<ref name="DefenceJournal"/>


After redesigning [[Warhead|nose]] by rounding it to avoid the [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic effect]] but traveling from [[Subsonic speed|subsonic]] to [[supersonic speed|supersonic flow]], ''Ghauri–I'' was successfully test fired for second time as then-Prime Minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali|Zafarullah Jamali]] witnessed the test in 2004— at least six years since its first failed flight.<ref name="NN, Pakistan, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Naqvi|first1=Syed Mohsin|title=Pakistan nuke-capable missile test|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/05/29/pakistan.missile/|access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=CNN, Pakistan|date=30 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Pakistan's edge will be maintained: Jamali|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053004360800.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141224103244/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053004360800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|access-date=24 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="Dawn newspaper, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|title=Pakistan test-fires Hatf V missile|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/394516/pakistan-test-fires-hatf-v-missile|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=29 May 2004}}</ref>
Official [[Pakistani military]] reports revealed that the first test was not successful because the missile's conic [[Warhead|nose]] melted due to tremendous amount of heat during the re-entry phase of its flight.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Failure of ''Ghauri-I'' was a huge disappointment for the military and the Sharif administration; angrily, Sharif administration decided to cut off the North Korean connections and sent its engineers back to North Korea.{{rp|248}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012" /> After redesigning [[Warhead|its warhead]] by rounding it to avoid the [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic effect]] but traveling from [[Subsonic speed|subsonic]] to [[supersonic speed|supersonic flow]], ''Ghauri–I'' was successfully test fired for second time as then-Prime Minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali|Zafarullah Jamali]] witnessed the test in 2004 — at least six years since its first failed flight.<ref name="NN, Pakistan, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Naqvi|first1=Syed Mohsin|title=Pakistan nuke-capable missile test|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/05/29/pakistan.missile/|access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=CNN, Pakistan|date=30 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Pakistan's edge will be maintained: Jamali|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053004360800.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141224103244/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053004360800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|access-date=24 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="Dawn newspaper, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|title=Pakistan test-fires Hatf V missile|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/394516/pakistan-test-fires-hatf-v-missile|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=29 May 2004}}</ref>


On 21 December 2010, the ''Ghauri–I'' was again successfully test fired for a third time.<ref name="GEO News, 2010">{{cite news|last1=Geo News Desk|title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V|url=http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=GEO News |date=21 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V|archive-date=24 December 2014|website=www.geo.tv}}</ref> On 12 November 2012, the ''Ghauri–I'' was successfully test fired for a fourth occasion by the Strategic Missile Group of the [[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Army Strategic Force Command]].<ref name="China Central Television. Pakistan">{{cite news|last1=CCTV official|title=Pakistan has tested successfully Ghauri Hatf-V ballistic missile nuclear-capable|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hd0U6WLBqks |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hd0U6WLBqks |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=China Central Television |date=12 November 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The test-flight was monitored by the new Strategic Command and Control Support System (SCCSS) and is believed to have been geared towards testing the SCCSS rather than the missile itself.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012" />
On 21 December 2010, the ''Ghauri–I'' was again successfully test fired for a third time.<ref name="GEO News, 2010">{{cite news|last1=Geo News Desk|title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V|url=http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=GEO News |date=21 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V|archive-date=24 December 2014|website=www.geo.tv}}</ref> On 12 November 2012, the ''Ghauri–I'' was successfully test fired for a fourth occasion by the Strategic Missile Group of the [[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Army Strategic Force Command]].<ref name="China Central Television. Pakistan">{{cite news|last1=CCTV official|title=Pakistan has tested successfully Ghauri Hatf-V ballistic missile nuclear-capable|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hd0U6WLBqks |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hd0U6WLBqks |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=China Central Television |date=12 November 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The test-flight was monitored by the new Strategic Command and Control Support System (SCCSS) and is believed to have been geared towards testing the SCCSS rather than the missile itself.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012" />


On 15 April 2015, ''Ghauri-I'' was again test fired from [[Tilla Satellite Launch Center|Tilla Test Firing Range]]; it was fired from the [[transporter erector launcher]].<ref name="Express Tribune, 2015">{{cite news|last1=WEb Desk|title=Pakistan successfully test fires Ghauri Missile|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/870256/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-ghauri-missile/|access-date=16 April 2015|work=The Express Tribune |date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="ISPR press release">{{cite press release |last1=ISPR|title=Press Release: Ghauri|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=2835#pr_link2835|website=ispr.gov.pk/|publisher=ISPR|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331130905/https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?id=2835&o=t-press_release#pr_link2835|archive-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 15 April 2015, ''Ghauri-I'' was again test fired from [[Mashhood Test Firing Range]]. <ref name="Express Tribune, 2015">{{cite news|last1=WEb Desk|title=Pakistan successfully test fires Ghauri Missile|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/870256/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-ghauri-missile/|access-date=16 April 2015|work=The Express Tribune |date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="ISPR press release">{{cite press release |last1=ISPR|title=Press Release: Ghauri|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=2835#pr_link2835|website=ispr.gov.pk/|publisher=ISPR|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331130905/https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?id=2835&o=t-press_release#pr_link2835|archive-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Besides [[Hatf-I]], the ''Ghauri'' missile is the only system that is transported through separate [[Eight-wheel drive|8WD]] [[Missile vehicle|semi-trailer]] mounted on the [[Mercedes-Benz Atego]] truck, with visible Pakistani military markings.<ref name="ISPR press release" />


{{center|'''Evolution and Design Comparison of Ghauri system'''}}
{{center|'''Evolution and Design Comparison of Ghauri system'''}}
<gallery class="center">
<gallery class="center">
File:'Pakistan Military Museum (63).jpg|{{small|The design concept and mockup of ''Ghauri–I'' system at the [[Pakistan Army Museum]].}}
File:'Pakistan Military Museum (63).jpg|{{small|The design concept and mockup of ''Ghauri–I'' system at the [[Pakistan Army Museum]].}}
File:Rodong-1.png|{{small|Diagram of the North Korean Nodong-1 ballistic missile}}
File:Redstone.jpg|{{small|Mockup design of Redstone. The American [[PGM-11 Redstone]] used by the [[United States Army]] in 1950s.}}
File:Military truck carrying IRBMs of Pakistani Army.jpg|{{small|The [[Mercedes-Benz Atego|Atego]] truck, with visible Pakistani military markings (seen in left), is a [[Missile vehicle|transporter vehicle]] of ''Ghauri'', ca. [[2008 in Pakistan|2008.]]}}
File:Rodong-1.png|{{small|Diagram of the North Korean Rodong-1 ballistic missile}}
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
* [[Hwasong-7|Nodong-1]]
* [[PGM-11 Redstone]]–U.S. missile with similar design
* [[Ballistic missile]]
* [[Ballistic missile]]
* [[Liquid fuel rocket]]
* [[Liquid fuel rocket]]
Line 154: Line 117:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|3}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 170: Line 133:
[[Category:Medium-range ballistic missiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Medium-range ballistic missiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]
[[Category:2003 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of Pakistan]]

Revision as of 19:45, 25 April 2024

Hatf-V Ghauri
The Hatf-V Ghauri (right) in Karachi, ca. 2008
TypeMRBM[1]
Place of origin Pakistan
Service history
In service2003–Present
Used by Pakistan Army
(Army Strategic Forces Command)
Production history
DesignerKhan Research Laboratories (KRL)
Designed1994–2001
ManufacturerKhan Research Laboratories
No. built30 (estimated 2021)[2]
VariantsGhauri-II, Ghauri-III
Specifications (Technical data)
Mass15,850 kg (34,940 lb)
Length15.90 m (52.2 ft)
Diameter1.35 m (4.4 ft)
Maximum firing range1,500 km (930 mi)
WarheadHE/NE
Warhead weight750 kg (1,650 lb)
Blast yield12 kilotons of TNT (50 TJ)—35 kilotons of TNT (150 TJ)[3]
EngineSingle Stage
Payload capacity760 kg (1,680 lb)–1,158 kg (2,553 lb)[1]
TransmissionManual
SuspensionAtego x 8WD semi-trailer
(With Pakistani military markings)
PropellantLiquid-propellant
Fuel: TM-185 (20% Gasoline 80% Kerosene) [1]
Oxidizer: AK-27I (73% HNO3, 27% N2O4) [1]
Fuel capacity12,912 kg (28,466 lb)[1]
Operational
range
1,350–1,500 kilometres (840–930 mi)[1]
Flight altitude350 km (220 mi) reached in first test flight
Guidance
system
Inertial, Terminal
Accuracy190 m (620 ft) CEP: 182 [4][1]
Launch
platform
Launch pad

The Ghauri–I (Urdu: غوری-ا; Military designation: Hatf–V, Trans.: Target-5) is a land-based medium-range ballistic missile, in current service with the strategic command of the Pakistan Army.[5]

Influenced from the propellent design of Nodong-1 of North Korea, its extensive modification, warhead design and assembly, and engineering of its control system took place in Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1994–2001 with an objective of developing an electronic system that uses a single stage liquid fuel rocket motor to carry a payload of 700 kg to a range of 1,500 km.[6][7] This range is applicable to address Pakistan's nuclear deterrence against India, if not all of India.

Codenamed as Ghauri, the missile was developed in as part of the secretive Hatf program that started in 1987.[8] The program later evolved into the development of now cancelled Ghauri-III and the Ghauri-II which uses increased motor assembly length and improved propellants for an increased range of 2,300 km (1,400 mi).[9]

The Ghauri is deployed in the ASFC with using the "Hatf-V" military designation which means "Target-5".[10]

History

Codename

Main article: Muhammad of Ghor

Upon its development, the missile was named after the 12th century Sultan Shahabuddin Ghauri, by a senior scientist who worked on the program with a keen interest in medieval history— this codename was approved by the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1994.[11] Sultan Muhammad Ghauri, who successfully campaigned in the northwestern region of India between 1176 and 1182, but was defeated in his first battle in northern India by Indian King Prithviraj Chauhan; but Ghauri returned in June 1192 when he defeated Prithviraj. He captured Delhi in 1199, but established his kingdom formally in 1206.[11]

However, the JS HQ has officially codenamed the missile "Hatf–5 (Ghauri–I); the Hatf codename originates from the name of the sword or lance of Muhammad.[10]

Development

According to the American intelligence estimates in 1999, the Ghauri–I is influenced and its design development is based on the Nodong-1 (a copy of former Soviet Scud) missile of North Korea.[12] Development of Ghauri was a source of contention and controversy between Pakistan and the United States with Clinton administration publicly leveling serious allegations on the Benazir Bhutto's federal ministry of transferring nuclear technology in 1996.[12] Later, Japan intervened in this matter, pressured Sharif administration to cut ties with North Korea in 1999.: 245 [13]

There were many conflicting stories until 2012 when official documentation was published in a text about North Korea's contribution.: 240 [13] Before 2012, many in Pakistan and the United States had alleged that the technology transfer took place in 1993 in return of the instructions on enrichment methods for uranium[14] Not much has been publicized as controversy surrounds the claim that North Korean nuclear program was well advanced before the instructions on enrichment methods uranium were provided.[15]

It is now well documented by the Pakistani military admissions that the finance ministry under Benazir Bhutto's administration had paid stacks of cash through its State Bank to North Korea as President Kim Il Sung was only interested in monetary values rather than technological barter trade.: 244–245 [13] After the transaction, the North Korean scientists and engineers were then sent to Pakistan to teach aerospace engineering at Pakistani universities in 1993.: 245 [13]

Design and engineering

Much of the engineering data for Ghauri comes from the former Soviet Scud technology, compiled by the American think tanks.[16] The mechanism of North Korean's Nodong-1 is copied from the Soviet Scud specification to compare with Ghauri.[16] The Khan Research Laboratories designed the warhead for the Ghauri and no official information is available due to Pakistani government classifying its data as Top Secret (TS confidentiality), aside from speculations from independent and outside sources.[16]

According to the official Pakistani military reports, the original design of the missile was flawed and the missile's frontal conic nose section material burned up due to generated shock waves and hypersonic effect on re-entry during its first test flight in 1998.[17] High stress and high temperature shift caused the material to melt during the re-entry while its vintage electronic systems, engine system, and propellant had to be replaced.[17] The first design of Ghauri was built under the watchful guidance of North Koreans based on their specification but the Koreans were immediately sent back by Sharif administration after the failure of the system was identified.: 245 [13] Eventually, the conic nose section was redesigned by rounding the cone which allowed the missile to travel from subsonic flow to supersonic flow.[17] The KRL, now forced to collaborate with NESCOM (NDC), engaged in heavy reengineering of much of its controls and electronics system.[17] Due to lack of experience at KRL : 248 [13] it took years of expensive trials and errors to make Ghauri nuclear weapons delivery capable, and it was not until 2003 when Ghauri was finally capable of military deployment.[18]

Prospect of civilian space program

The liquid fuel systems are incapable of storing fuel for any long period of time– the Ghauri–I requires fueling for several hours before launch, making it vulnerable to a first strike the standing enemy.[17] Noting this constraint, the Pakistani war strategists have not pursued liquid fuel systems other than the Ghauri–I and Ghauri-II.[19]

The Ghauri-I is a nuclear weapon-delivery capable missile which has been stated by the Pakistani military that it is also capable of being loaded with "all types" of warheads.[20] Contrast to the Shaheen program that went under the joint conjecture of Pakistan's Air Force and the Army, the Ghauri program was designed for the Pakistan Army which was setting to accuracy goal for a highly accurate missile designed to strike high-value targets.[19]

In 2004, there was a strong lobby within the engineering community to make Ghauri feasible as a launch vehicle for satellites .[19]

Operational history and tests

The Ghauri's mock-up displayed at the Lahore Railway Station.c. 2004.

The Ghauri–I was first test fired at 7:25hrs on 6 April 1998 from the Mashhood Test Firing Range near Malute, Jhelum Cantt which is about 76 mi (122.31 km) south of the Islamabad.[21] It was fired from a transporter erector launcher and traveled 1,100 km (680 mi) in a flight lasting 9 minutes and 58 seconds.[22] It climbed to a height of 350 km before turning in the direction of its planned impact area in the desert of Balochistan where it hit the designated target at 7:33hrs.[22] At the time, Pakistani military's information source, the ISPR stated that the missile hit its designated target in the desert of Balochistan.[22]

Official Pakistani military reports revealed that the first test was not successful because the missile's conic nose melted due to tremendous amount of heat during the re-entry phase of its flight.[19] Failure of Ghauri-I was a huge disappointment for the military and the Sharif administration; angrily, Sharif administration decided to cut off the North Korean connections and sent its engineers back to North Korea.: 248 [13] After redesigning its warhead by rounding it to avoid the hypersonic effect but traveling from subsonic to supersonic flow, Ghauri–I was successfully test fired for second time as then-Prime Minister Zafarullah Jamali witnessed the test in 2004 — at least six years since its first failed flight.[23][24][18]

On 21 December 2010, the Ghauri–I was again successfully test fired for a third time.[25][26] On 12 November 2012, the Ghauri–I was successfully test fired for a fourth occasion by the Strategic Missile Group of the Army Strategic Force Command.[27] The test-flight was monitored by the new Strategic Command and Control Support System (SCCSS) and is believed to have been geared towards testing the SCCSS rather than the missile itself.[17]

On 15 April 2015, Ghauri-I was again test fired from Mashhood Test Firing Range. [5][28]

Besides Hatf-I, the Ghauri missile is the only system that is transported through separate 8WD semi-trailer mounted on the Mercedes-Benz Atego truck, with visible Pakistani military markings.[28]

Evolution and Design Comparison of Ghauri system
  • The design concept and mockup of Ghauri–I system at the Pakistan Army Museum.
    The design concept and mockup of Ghauri–I system at the Pakistan Army Museum.
  • Diagram of the North Korean Nodong-1 ballistic missile
    Diagram of the North Korean Nodong-1 ballistic missile
  • The Atego truck, with visible Pakistani military markings (seen in left), is a transporter vehicle of Ghauri, ca. 2008.
    The Atego truck, with visible Pakistani military markings (seen in left), is a transporter vehicle of Ghauri, ca. 2008.

See also

Related developments
Related lists

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Ghauri [Hatf-5] – Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Deleivery Systems". FAS. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
  2. ^ The Military Balance 2021. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 290.
  3. ^ "Ghauri (Hatf 5)". Missile Threat. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  4. ^ Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook - Strategic Information and Developments. Lulu.com. August 2013. ISBN 978-1-4387-3722-5.
  5. ^ a b WEb Desk (15 April 2015). "Pakistan successfully test fires Ghauri Missile". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  6. ^ "Pakistan Pushes To Improve Missile Strike Capability".[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ "Ghauri". www.globalsecurity.org.
  8. ^ Lodi, Lieutenant General Safdar F.S. (May 1998). "Pakistan's Missile Technology". Head of Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP). Pakistan.
  9. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Celebrations in Pakistan as Ghauri II is test-fired". www.rediff.com.
  10. ^ a b "Pakistan's Missile Technology".
  11. ^ a b "Pak test-fires surface-to-surface missile". Rediff.com. 6 April 1998. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  12. ^ a b Report to Congress, January – June 1999. Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions. Central Intelligence Agency.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). "Pakistan's Missile Quest". Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (google books). Stanford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  14. ^ Hussain, Zahid (2007). "Rogue in the Ranks". Frontline Pakistan (google books). New York City, NY State, United States: Columbia University Press, 2007. pp. 163–1966 [221]. ISBN 978-0-231-14225-0.
  15. ^ "Pakistani Bomb Scientist Breaks Silence". ABC News. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  16. ^ a b c "Ghauri-I". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Ansari, Usman (28 November 2012). "Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile". Defence News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  18. ^ a b Staff reporter (29 May 2004). "Pakistan test-fires Hatf V missile". Pakistan. Dawn. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d "Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile". Defense News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013.
  20. ^ "Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V - GEO.tv". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  21. ^ "Ghauri (Hatf-5) - Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems".
  22. ^ a b c Lodhi, PA, Lt. Gen. S.F.S. (6 May 1998). "Pakistan's Missile Technology". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  23. ^ Naqvi, Syed Mohsin (30 May 2004). "Pakistan nuke-capable missile test". CNN, Pakistan. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  24. ^ Reddy, B. Muralidhar (29 May 2004). "Pakistan's edge will be maintained: Jamali". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  25. ^ Geo News Desk (21 December 2010). "Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V". GEO News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  26. ^ "Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V". www.geo.tv. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.
  27. ^ CCTV official (12 November 2012). "Pakistan has tested successfully Ghauri Hatf-V ballistic missile nuclear-capable". China Central Television. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  28. ^ a b ISPR. "Press Release: Ghauri". ispr.gov.pk/ (Press release). ISPR. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2015.

External links

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