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'''Hiram Wesley Evans''' (September 26, 1881 – September, 1966) was [[Imperial Wizard]], or national leader, of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] from 1922 to 1939. A native of [[Alabama]], Evans attended [[Vanderbilt University]] and subsequently became a dentist. He operated a small, moderately successful practice in Texas until 1920, when he joined the Klan in [[Dallas]]. He quickly rose through the Klan ranks, and was part of a group that ousted [[William J. Simmons|William Joseph Simmons]] from the position of Imperial Wizard in November 1922. Evans succeeded him, and sought to use that position to transform the Klan into a political juggernaut.
'''Hiram Wesley Evans''' (September 26, 1881 – September, 1966) was [[Imperial Wizard]], or national leader, of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] from 1922 to 1939. A native of [[Alabama]], Evans attended [[Vanderbilt University]] and subsequently became a dentist. He operated a small, moderately successful practice in Texas until 1920, when he joined the Klan in [[Dallas]]. He quickly rose through the Klan ranks, and was part of a group that ousted [[William J. Simmons|William Joseph Simmons]] from the position of Imperial Wizard in November 1922. Evans succeeded him, and sought to transform the Klan into a political juggernaut.


Although Evans had kidnapped and tortured a black man while leader of the Dallas Klan, as Imperial Wizard Evans aimed to make the Klan a political force and publicly discouraged vigilante actions as harmful to this goal. Evans' efforts notwithstanding, the Klan did encounter damaging publicity in the early 1920s, leadership struggles between Evans and other Klan members hindered political mobilization efforts. Nevertheless, Evans presided over the largest Klan gathering in history in 1923, attended by over 200,000, and backed a number of successful candidates in 1924 elections. Evans moved the Klan's headquarters from Atlanta to Washington D.C., and organized a large march on [[Pennsylvania Avenue]]. The march, attended by about 30,000 Klansmen, was the largest march the Klan had organized. Klan membership, however, soon plummeted owing to scandals among Klan leaders and corruption of Klan-associated politicians. Evans led the Klan during the [[Great Depression]], an economic crisis that greatly damaged the Klan's funding. In the 1930s, Evans worked for a construction company to supplement his income from the struggling Klan. He resigned his leadership position with the Klan in 1939, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, [[James A. Colescott]]. The next year, Evans was embroiled in a scandal in which he was accused of accepting no-bid government highway contracts in return for his support of a politician in Georgia and was fined $15,000 after a legal battle.
Although Evans had kidnapped and tortured a black man while leader of the Dallas Klan, as Imperial Wizard he publicly discouraged vigilante actions, as he felt they could curtail the Klan's political influence. In 1923, Evans presided over the largest Klan gathering in history, attended by over 200,000, and backed a number of successful candidates in 1924 elections. He also moved the Klan's headquarters from Atlanta to Washington D.C., and organized a march of 30,000 Klan members—the largest march in Klan history— on [[Pennsylvania Avenue]]. Evans' efforts notwithstanding, the Klan did encounter damaging publicity—in part owing to leadership struggles between Evans and other Klan members—in the early 1920s which hindered political mobilization efforts. The [[Great Depression]] also significantly damaged the Klan's funding, prompting Evans to work for a construction company to supplement his income. He resigned his leadership position with the Klan in 1939, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, [[James A. Colescott]]. The next year, Evans was embroiled in a scandal in which he was accused of accepting no-bid government highway contracts in return for his support of a politician in Georgia and was fined $15,000 after a legal battle.


Evans sought to promote a form of [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]], Protestant nationalism. In addition to his white supremacist ideology, he fiercely condemned [[Catholicism]], [[Trade union|Unionism]], and [[Communism]]. He further argued that Jews formed a non-American culture and resisted assimilation, although he denied being an [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semite]]. Historians credit Evans with shifting Klan to a political focus and recruiting outside the south, but note that political success and membership gains were limited under his leadership. Many of his political and religious views were attacked by contemporary commentators; he has also been accused of personal corruption and hypocrisy.
Evans sought to promote a form of [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]], Protestant nationalism. In addition to his white supremacist ideology, he fiercely condemned [[Catholicism]], [[Trade union|Unionism]], and [[Communism]]. He further argued that Jews formed a non-American culture and resisted assimilation, although he denied being an [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semite]]. Historians credit Evans with shifting Klan to a political focus and recruiting outside the south, but note that political success and membership gains were limited under his leadership. Many of his political and religious views were attacked by contemporary commentators; he has also been accused of personal corruption and hypocrisy.

Revision as of 19:43, 24 March 2012

For other people named Hiram Evans, see Hiram Evans (disambiguation).
Hiram Wesley Evans
Evans Washington, D.C. on September 13, 1926
Born(1881-09-26)September 26, 1881
Ashland, Alabama
DiedSeptember 14, 1966(1966-09-14) (aged 84)
Atlanta, Georgia
EducationVanderbilt University
OccupationDentist
EmployerKu Klux Klan
TitleImperial Wizard
Political partyDemocratic Party (United States)

Hiram Wesley Evans (September 26, 1881 – September, 1966) was Imperial Wizard, or national leader, of the Ku Klux Klan from 1922 to 1939. A native of Alabama, Evans attended Vanderbilt University and subsequently became a dentist. He operated a small, moderately successful practice in Texas until 1920, when he joined the Klan in Dallas. He quickly rose through the Klan ranks, and was part of a group that ousted William Joseph Simmons from the position of Imperial Wizard in November 1922. Evans succeeded him, and sought to transform the Klan into a political juggernaut.

Although Evans had kidnapped and tortured a black man while leader of the Dallas Klan, as Imperial Wizard he publicly discouraged vigilante actions, as he felt they could curtail the Klan's political influence. In 1923, Evans presided over the largest Klan gathering in history, attended by over 200,000, and backed a number of successful candidates in 1924 elections. He also moved the Klan's headquarters from Atlanta to Washington D.C., and organized a march of 30,000 Klan members—the largest march in Klan history— on Pennsylvania Avenue. Evans' efforts notwithstanding, the Klan did encounter damaging publicity—in part owing to leadership struggles between Evans and other Klan members—in the early 1920s which hindered political mobilization efforts. The Great Depression also significantly damaged the Klan's funding, prompting Evans to work for a construction company to supplement his income. He resigned his leadership position with the Klan in 1939, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, James A. Colescott. The next year, Evans was embroiled in a scandal in which he was accused of accepting no-bid government highway contracts in return for his support of a politician in Georgia and was fined $15,000 after a legal battle.

Evans sought to promote a form of nativist, Protestant nationalism. In addition to his white supremacist ideology, he fiercely condemned Catholicism, Unionism, and Communism. He further argued that Jews formed a non-American culture and resisted assimilation, although he denied being an anti-Semite. Historians credit Evans with shifting Klan to a political focus and recruiting outside the south, but note that political success and membership gains were limited under his leadership. Many of his political and religious views were attacked by contemporary commentators; he has also been accused of personal corruption and hypocrisy.

Early life and education

Evans was born in Ashland, Alabama,[1] on September 26, 1881 and moved to Hubbard, Texas, as a child.[2] The son of a judge,[3] Evans attended Vanderbilt University and became a dentist,[1] receiving his licence in 1900.[2] (There were later rumors that his dental qualifications were "a bit shady".)[4] He subsequently established a small[5] dentistry practice in downtown Dallas, Texas,[3] that provided inexpensive dental services.[6] The practice was moderately successful:[1] Evans described himself as "the most average man in America".[5] Of average height and somewhat overweight,[5] Evans was well dressed, a skilled speaker, and very ambitious.[7] He was a freemason—eventually becoming a thirty-two-degree mason—and a member of the Disciples of Christ church.[8]

Initial Klan service

Evans joined the Klu Klux Klan in 1920, leaving his dental practice for full time Klan service.[2] The next year,[2] Evans was elected to the position of "exalted cyclops" in the Dallas Klan No. 66, a recruiting position sometimes referred to as kleagle. At the time that Evans was elected, the Dallas Klan had recently received a "self-ruling charter" from the Atlanta-based Klan leadership.[9] Evans was initially supportive of violence against minorities,[10] fondly remembering a lynch mob that he witnessed as a child. After becoming involved in the Texas Klan, he sought to create "black squads" to attack minorities.[11] As leader of the Dallas Klan, Evans was part of a group of Klan members who kidnapped and tortured a black bellhop from a hotel owing to suspicions about involvement in pandering prostitutes.[9] The next year, Evans was appointed the "great titan" (an executive role) of the "Realm of Texas"[2] and led a successful membership drive.[12] In the early 1920s, the Dallas chapter of the Klan was the largest in the U.S.[13] He was subsequently assigned responsibility of the national membership drive[12] at the behest of Klan publicists Elizabeth Tyler and Edward Young Clarke.[4]

In 1922, Klan leadership made Evans the "Imperial kligrapp", a role similar to national secretary[9] in which he oversaw thirteen states.[4] He received a base salary of $7,500 and traveled throughout the states he oversaw, regularly meeting with local Klan leadership.[4] Atlanta-based leaders pressured Evans to convince Texas Klan members to restrain their violence; around that time, the Texas Klan had received significant negative publicity owing to their castration of an African-American doctor.[14] Although Evans was not morally opposed to violence against minorities,[15] he publicly condemned vigilante activity because he feared that it would attract government scrutiny and hinder potential Klan-backed political campaigns.[9] (The leader of the Houston Klan accused him of hypocrisy for changing his stance on the issue.)[14] Although Evans later took credit for a decrease in the amount of lynchings in the Southern United States during the 1920s,[16] several Klan members later claimed that he had secretly encouraged—and presided over—brutal acts of violence against minorities at that time.[17]

Early national leadership

In 1922, Evans joined a group of Klan activists, including Tyler, Clarke,[18] and D. C. Stephenson, in a "coup" against Klan leader William Joseph Simmons.[18] They deceived Simmons into agreeing to a reorganization of the Klan that removed Simmons' practical control.[11] Evans gained power, and at a November 1922 "Klovokation" in Atlanta, Georgia, was formally ensconced as Imperial Wizard of the Klan.[18] A legal battle between Evans and Simmons ensued, but Evans retained control of the Klan.[19] Simmons felt that Evans was insufficiently religiously idealistic.[20]

As leader of the Klan, Evans appointed D. C. Stephenson as the kleagle[21] and Grand Dragon[22] of Indiana.[21] Historian Leonard Moore speculates that Stephenson played a role in Evans' elevation to leader, and suggests that he was given a leadership role in the Indiana Klan as a reward.[12] However, their relationship quickly became acrimonious:[23] Stephenson clashed with Evans over the portion of membership fees that he would receive as leader of the Indiana Klan[22] and became embittered after Evans' refusal to help fund the purchase of a school in Indiana.[24] Stephenson believed that Evans deliberately thwarted his attempt to purchase a university in an attempt to limit his power;[25] however, Evans unexpectedly promoted Stephenson to Grand Dragon of the "northern realm" in July 1923.[26] Moore contends that Evans paid particular attention to the Indiana Klan, as it was the largest state organization within the Klan and he sought to profit from it as much as he could.[24]

Internal conflicts

In August 1923, Evans participated in a Klan parade in heavily-Catholic Carnegie, Pennsylvania, that was attacked by anti-Klan activists after the Klan marched against the mayor's orders. Evans narrowly escaped injury as the group was pelted with bottles thrown from nearby buildings and a bystander opened fire on the group.[27] One member of the Klan was killed; Evans celebrated him as a martyr and hoped that the man's death would help inspire new recruits.[28] The incident gave a fillip to the Klan's recruitment efforts, but increased the animosity that Stephenson felt toward Evans, whom he saw as responsible for the incident.[29] Stephenson's proclivity for displaying his wealth in turn irritated Evans.[30] Although Stephenson soon left his official position with the Klan,[31] under his leadership, the northern Klan had begun to rival the southern Klan in members and revenue.[32] Stephenson had been a skilled campaigner and demagogue,[21] and remained a well-known advocate of the Klan's platforms after resigning.[23] Evans avoided publicly clashing with Stephenson, fearing it would hurt the candidacies of Klan-backed candidates:[31] Stephenson was closely involved in the candidacy of Edward L. Jackson, a member of the Klan, for governor of Indiana.[33] The Klan saw significant electoral success in that state in 1924, and after this success, Stephenson showed further disdain for Evans and the Klan leadership.[21]

As leader of the Klan, Evans oversaw several internal Klan conflicts that that were widely reported in the mainstream media.[34] In January 1921, Evans and a group of grand dragons expelled Clarke from the Klan. (Clarke had been critical of Evans' efforts to involve the Klan in politics.)[34] Evans also clashed with Henry Grady, a superior court judge from North Carolina who served in the Klan from 1922 to 1927[35] and reached the rank of Grand Dragon. Grady had been seen as a potential successor to Simmons, but Evans revoked his membership after he dismissed as unconstitutional a bill that would have banned the Knights of Columbus. After he left the Klan, Grady leaked his correspondence with Evans to local media.[36] Although membership in the Klan was limited to men, in 1921, several groups were formed for women who supported the movement.[37] Simmons—after losing control of the Klan—attempted to create a women's Klan organization, but Evans created a women's group and sued Simmons for organizing in the name of the Klan. Evans won the lawsuit,[38] leading to a public war of words with Simmons;[39] Simmons' lawyer was soon murdered by Evans's press agent.[7] (Evans denied complicity in the murder.)[39] After the negative publicity that resulted from the murder of Simmons' lawyer, Evans moved the Klan's national headquarters from Atlanta to Washington D.C.[34] In 1924, Evans paid Simmons $145,000 in exchange for a promise to abandon his claim to Klan leadership.[34] To Evans' consternation, Stephenson also formed a women's auxiliary group; Evans and Stephenson each subsequently circulated allegations of sexual impropriety against each other.[38] Stephenson was soon charged with the rape and murder of a young woman, but alleged that the charges were orchestrated by Evans.[40] The charges were well publicized and caused thousands of people to abandon the Klan;[41] Stephenson was convicted of Second degree murder and given a life sentence.[42] (He was released from prison in the 1950s).[43]

Evans leading his Knights of the Klan on the parade held in Washington, D.C. on September 13, 1926

Growth and political activism

Under Evans' leadership, the Klan initially grew,[44] and eventually reached record membership;[45] Evans also dramatically increased the worth of the Klan's total assets, more than doubling them from July 1922 to July 1923.[46] He had high hopes for the Klan, saying in 1923 that he aimed to grow the movement to ten million men.[47] That year, he spoke at the largest Klan gathering in history, a meeting in rural Indiana that saw over 200,000 people assemble on the Fourth of July.[48]

Early in his tenure as Imperial Wizard, Evans supported the successful candidacy of Texas politician Earle Bradford Mayfield for a seat in the U.S. senate. Mayfield's victory demonstrated that Klan-supported candidates could win high office.[49] In 1923,[50] Evans returned to Texas for the state fair, where 75,000 people gathered for a "Klan day" celebration.[51] As leader of the Klan, Evans sought to include more members from the Southwest in leadership. (The Klan had been historically led by people from the Southeast.)[52] Evans also devoted significant funds to fighting anti-Klan governor of Oklahoma Jack C. Walton, and to the joy of the Klan, Walton was impeached and removed from office in 1923. However, the Oklahoma legislature soon passed several anti-Klan bills; efforts by the Klan to combat them failed.[53]

Evans published instructions for local Klan leaders that detailed how to run meetings, recruit new members,[45] and speak to local gatherings. He emphasized that leaders should avoid "raving hysterically" in favor of "[a] scientific ... presentation of facts". He told leaders not to allow members to bring their Klan regalia home from meetings; he hoped this would curb unauthorized violence.[54] Evans instructed Klan members to offer to help police and attempted, with some success, to recruit police officers into the Klan.[55] Evans also urged leaders to perform background checks on applicants.[56] As leader of the Klan, Evans sought to stop members of the group from engaging in violence,[57] attempting to emphasize the difference between his organization and the earlier Klu Klux Klan,[58] and also formed Klan-themed groups for children.[59]He changed the way that Klan leaders were paid: he insisted that they receive a fixed salary rather than commissions based on membership fees—effectively lowering their pay.[56] Although other leaders had lived in lavish Klan-owned properties, Evans lived in an apartment after becoming Imperial Wizard. Early in his leadership of the Klan, he dramatically increased the amount held in the group's treasury;[60] Klan publications claimed that the launch of a printing plant to produce Klan literature and cuts in the cost of producing Klan robes dramatically lowered expenses.[32] Evans promoted the consumption of products made by companies owned by Klan members, and organized a boycott of Fuller Brush Company after Alfred Fuller criticized the Klan.[47]

Evans' attempts to elect Klansmen to public offices in 1924 saw limited success,[57] although there was a strong showing of Klan-backed candidates in Indiana.[8] He saw that the Klan had gained respect and political influence in some localities and hoped to replicate this on a national scale.[61] The issue of political involvement was controversial among Klan members; Evans issued contradictory statements on the issue. He publicly denied that the Klan was involved in politics, but attempted to surreptitiously influence politicians.[62] Other than the fundamental Klan issues, local Klan groups often embraced varying political views; Evans risked alienating them by insisting on specific political stances.[63] The Klan successfully convinced the Republican party to avoid criticizing them, a feat that prompted Time to put Evans on their cover.[64] However, the Klan was still a divisive group among Republicans: their public endorsement of James Eli Watson as a vice-presidential candidate damaged his chances for the nomination.[65] Significant discussion of the Klan took place at the Democratic convention, as well.[66]

Decline

Although the Klan had four million members in 1924, the group's membership quickly shrunk. The Indiana Klan lost over 90% of its members by the end of Stephenson's trial.[67] Although the Colorado Klan had seen strong growth, Evans asked the Grand Dragon, John Galen Locke, to resign after corruption scandals involving Klan members who served as police. This move was poorly received by members of the Klan in Colorado, and local membership plummeted.[68] Evans also encountered difficulties with local Klan leadership in Pennsylvania in 1926; many Pennsylvania Klan members objected to Evans' leadership style, complaining that he was too autocratic. In response, Evans revoked the charters of several local Klan groups and removed one of their leaders, a state legislator. However, the Pennsylvania groups continued to refer to themselves as the Klu Klux Klan, prompting Evans to sue them in federal court. In court the Pennsylvania Klan members launched a detailed offensive against Evans and the Klan leadership, alleging lurid misdeeds. Evans' suit was unsuccessful and many newspapers reported the scandalous allegations—the Pennsylvania Klan subsequently lost significant support.[69] In response to this a massive drop in Klan membership across the country, Evans organized a Klan parade that year in Washington D.C., hoping that a large turnout would demonstrate the Klan's power. About 30,000 Klan members attended the event, making it the largest parade in the group's history. Evans was disappointed, however, as he had expected double the attendance at the event and the event did not quell the drop in membership.[67] In 1929, Evans acknowledged that membership had suffered, but predicted a dramatic turnaround would soon occur. His predication was inaccurate.[70]

Evans on the cover of Time, June 23, 1924

In 1924, the Klan supported Calvin Coolidge in his successful candidacy for president of the United States[71] Although Coolidge opposed many Klan platforms, with the exception of immigration restrictions and prohibition, he was the only major candidate who did not condemn the Klan. Although Evans declared his victory a great success for the Klan, the president opposed many key Klan platforms.[72] In 1926, Evans attempted to use his political sway to rally senators to vote against a proposed World Court. He was unsuccessful, however, and several Klan back senators chose to follow Calvin Coolidge and support the bill.[73] In 1928, Evans opposed New York Democratic governor Al Smith's candidacy for President of the U.S.: Klan literature emphasized Smith's Catholic faith. Republican Herbert Hoover won the election and Evans boldly claimed responsibility for Smith's loss, although most of the south rejected Hoover against the Klan's advice.[74]

Changes in focus

Although many Klan members initially supported the presidential campaign of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, the Klan rescinded their support near the end of his campaign owing to his acceptance of endorsements from minorities and labor unions.[75] Evans fiercely opposed The New Deal, describing it as a "great danger" to the nation:[76] he argued that it was a Jewish policy that was dangerous to American freedom and reserved particular scorn for Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr..[77] The Klan subsequently launched an offensive against organized labor;[75] in the 1930s, Evans fiercely condemned Communism and Unionism. Evans focused his attacks on the Congress of Industrial Organizations,[78] claiming that they to "flout law and promote social disorder".[79] In the 1930s, Evans began to suspect that many government agencies had been infiltrated by communists.[80] This new rhetoric did not significantly increase the Klan's power or popularity.[41]

In 1934, Evans encountered public controversy after it was revealed that he planned to travel to Louisiana to campaign against Huey Long, who was then planning on running for President in 1936. Long learned of Evans' plans, and condemned him in a speech at the Louisiana State Legislature, deriding him as a "tooth-puller" and an "Imperial bastard" and warning of grave consequences should he follow through on his plans. After learning of the potential opposition, Evans cancelled his plans.[6]

In the 1930s, the Klan's public support vanished[77] and their membership dropped to about 100,000 people, primarily concentrated in the south.[41] The Great Depression hurt the Klan's finances, prompting Evans to sell their former headquarters[81] in 1936.[82] Around that time, he announced his intention to retire from the Klan.[81] In the 1930s, James A. Colescott, Evans' handpicked chief of staff,[79] increasingly shouldered Evans' responsibilities.[83] Evans resigned his leadership of the Klan in June 1939 and Colescott following him as Imperial Wizard.[84]

Downfall

Before leaving the Klan, Evans renounced his anti-Catholicism, pronouncing a "new era of religious tolerance".[85] Historian Chester L. Quarles argues that Evans repudiated anti-Catholicism owing to his desire to fight Unions and Communism and his fear of having too many enemies to agitate effectively.[79] The Klan's former headquarters was later purchased by the Catholic Church, and became the Cathedral of Christ the King. Evans attended the building's dedication and spoke highly of the service, a move that surprised many observers.[86] His attendance was his last significant public appearance as Imperial Wizard: he stepped down soon afterwards,[85] having become deeply unpopular with members of the Klan, who felt that their former headquarters was now occupied by their enemies.[87]

Evans' service as Imperial Wizard proved to be a lucrative position,[88] allowing him to maintain a large residence in a prestigious Atlanta neighborhood.[83] In the mid-1930s, however, Klan funds dwindled and he worked for a Georgia-based construction company selling products to the Georgia Highway Board; at the same time, he was a staunch supporter of Georgia governor Eurith D. Rivers,[89] who had previously been employed by Evans as a paid lecturer.[79] Evans was allowed to sell to the highway board without bidding against other contractors owing to the political support he had provided the administration. In 1940, Evans and a member of the state highway board were charged with price fixing by the state of Georgia. After lengthy legal proceedings, spearheaded by Ellis Arnall, then the Attorney General of Georgia, Evans was fined $15,000.[89]

Evans died in September 1966 in Atlanta, Georgia.[2]

Views

As leader of the Klan, Evans advanced a nativist, white supremacist ideology[47] that cast Protestantism as fundamental to American patriotism.[8] To Evans, whiteness and Protestantism were equally valued, and sometimes conflated:[90] he argued that the Klan existed to support the "uncontaminated growth of Anglo-Saxon civilization"[47] and believed that white Protestants had the right to govern the U.S. owing to their descent from the original colonists.[91] Evans believed that Protestantism led to increased education, freedom, and scientific advancement, which he saw as quintessentially American values.[92] He admitted that many Klan members were of rural, uneducated backgrounds, but argued that power should be given to those he described as "the common people of America".[93] (He believed that a only slight majority of Americans were of acceptable ethnic and religious background.)[94] Under Evans, the Klan supported a mix of right and left-wing policies;[95] his ideological positions have been described by Thomas Pegram as "Too much of a patchwork to be considered an ideological system".[96] Klan literature spoke highly of politicians such as Woodrow Wilson, William Jennings Bryan, and Grover Cleveland during Evans' tenure.[97]

Evans borrowed numerous concepts from the writings of Lothrop Stoddard and Madison Grant, American writers who promoted eugenics and scientific racism,[98] and attempted to appeal to white Americans by casting the Klan's platforms as science-based ideas. He argued against miscegenation and Catholic and Jewish immigration by arguing that they were threats to ensure genetic "good stock".[44] He condemned miscegenation[99] and believed that African Americans were inferior to whites unable to "attain the Anglo-Saxon level".[94] (Support for clear racial divisions was then common among white Americans.)[96] He argued that immigration had resulted in a stacked deck against white Americans.[100] However, he supported immigration of those he deemed "nordic", which included several northern European ethnicities, but excluded southern and eastern Europeans.[101] Although Evans lived in parts of the Southern U.S. with very few Catholics, as Klan leader he vigorously criticized Catholics:[102] Thomas Pegram has stated that anti-Catholicism was "the most strikingly consistent feature of the revived Klan".[92] Evans justified his opposition to Catholicism on the grounds that the Catholic Church sought to take control of the United States government,[103] contending that Catholicism was inherently "monarchical" and undemocratic[104] and caused widespread poverty in majority-Catholic countries.[105] He spoke positively of Benito Mussolini, applauding his efforts to curb the power of the Vatican.[106] Evans' statements about Jews were sometimes contradictory:[107] he argued that he was not an anti-Semite, but nevertheless maintained that Jews were more materialistic than other Americans and did not contribute to or assimilate into American culture.[108] He also cited Jewish involvement with the "motion picture industry", jazz, and "sex publications" as reasons to stop Jewish immigration.[105] Evans opposed immigrants on political grounds as well, arguing that they would promote ideologies such as anarchism and communism,[109] and were threats to national unity.[16] David A. Horowitz compares Evans' writings about the lack of morals in American society as akin to a jeremiad.[110] Under Evans' leadership, the Klan supported prohibition in the United States; Evans believed that many immigrants committed crimes owing to their drunkenness.[111] He argued that immigrants were over represented among bootleggers and that the Klan should help enforce alcohol laws.[112]

Evans bemoaned commercialism, and attributed it to the effects of liberalism,[16] but supported capitalism, and sought to form ties between business leaders and the Klan.[113] He also condemned corporate greed, alleging that the desire of wealthy elites for cheap labor had resulted in immigration.[95] Although Evans commonly attacked industrial capitalists and unskilled workers, he conceded that cheap labor was necessary on farmland.[114] He felt that large corporations had affected the Eastern United States so that it no longer reflected "true Americanism".[115] In Evans' view, the immigration policy of the United States should restrict the immigration of unskilled workers, except for those needed on farms.[116] He believed that an influx of unskilled laborers had driven down wages in the U.S.[117]

As the Klan attempted to portray itself as a movement led by cultured, well-educated people, they also spoke about education in the United States.[118] In Evans' writings about education, he cited the nation's illiteracy rate as evidence that American public schools were failing and blamed low teacher salaries and child labor as key obstacles to reform.[119] The creation of the Department of Education was also backed by the Evans' Klan: it was hoped that improvements in public school would help "Americanize the foreigners" and thwart the recruitment efforts of Catholic schools.[120] He believed that public schools had the potential to create a homogeneous society,[104] but also saw education advocacy as an effective way to attract new members.[118]

Legacy and reception

The Klan saw significant growth during the early years of Evans' leadership. McVeigh argues that this growth was due to their exploitation of a "favorable political context",[121] particularly fears of privileged Americans after increases in suffrage.[122] Horowitz credits Evans with changing the Klan "from a confederation of local vigilantes into a centralized and powerful political movement". Under Evans' leadership, the Klan became active in Indiana and Illinois, rather than solely focusing on the Southeastern United States.[8] Although the Klan did not accomplish the political goals he had sought, Evans saw several Klansmen elected to high offices and, in the mid-1920s, the Klan was frequently discussed by political commentators.[123] At that time, Senator Oscar Underwood, then running for president, decried the Klan as "a national menace".[64] However, Evans also presided over a dramatic loss in members in the 1920s that saw the Klan become a skeleton of its former self.[124] Historians have attributed this loss of membership to ineptness and hypocrisy on the part of Klan leadership.[70] McVeigh argues that the Klan's inability to form alliances with other political groups led to the sharp loss of political power and solidarity within the group.[125]

Evans' ideology was criticized by numerous contemporaries; this criticism began early in his career in his Klan career. David Lefkowitz, rabbi of Temple Emanu-El in Dallas, attacked Evans' assertion that Jews did not assimilate, arguing that Jews were patriotic Americans and emphasizing American experiences shared by Jews and Christians, such as military service in World War I.[126] James Weldon Johnson, leader of the NAACP, responded to Evans' statements about white supremacy by contending that "all races are mixed".[127] Other well-known figures who condemned Evans include The Dallas Morning News publisher George Dealey[126] and Atlanta journalist Ralph McGill.[89]

In addition to his ideology, Evans' personal integrity has also been questioned. Historian William D. Jenkins maintains that Evans was "personally corrupt and more interested in money or power than a cause".[128] During Evans' leadership, the New York Times characterized the Klan leadership as "shrewd schemers".[34]

References

  1. ^ a b c Snell 1987, p. 312.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Lisa C. Maxwell. "Hiram Wesley Evans". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  3. ^ a b Phillips 2006, p. 88.
  4. ^ a b c d Wade 1998, p. 187.
  5. ^ a b c Pegram 2011, p. 17.
  6. ^ a b Sims 1996, p. 3.
  7. ^ a b Pegram 2011, p. 18.
  8. ^ a b c d Horowitz 1997, p. 83.
  9. ^ a b c d Jenkins 1980, p. 7.
  10. ^ Tucker 2004, p. 93.
  11. ^ a b Tucker 2004, p. 94.
  12. ^ a b c Moore 1997, p. 18.
  13. ^ Phillips 2006, p. 85.
  14. ^ a b Chalmers 1981, p. 42.
  15. ^ Wade 1998, p. 195.
  16. ^ a b c Horowitz 1997, p. 85.
  17. ^ Pegram 2011, p. 182.
  18. ^ a b c Blee 2009, p. 22.
  19. ^ Wade 1998, p. 188.
  20. ^ Gitlin 2009, p. 77.
  21. ^ a b c d Blee 2009, p. 94.
  22. ^ a b Moore 1997, p. 19.
  23. ^ a b Moore 1997, p. 46.
  24. ^ a b Moore 1997, p. 93.
  25. ^ Tucker 2004, p. 103.
  26. ^ Tucker 2004, p. 107.
  27. ^ Tucker 2004, p. 133.
  28. ^ Pegram 2011, p. 177.
  29. ^ Tucker 2004, p. 135.
  30. ^ McVeigh 2009, p. 27.
  31. ^ a b Wade 1998, p. 234.
  32. ^ a b McVeigh 2009, p. 157.
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Bibliography

Preceded by Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan
1922-1939 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time Magazine
23 June 1924 		Succeeded by

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