Edward Kasner
Dr. Edward Kasner, (1878–1955), (City College of New York 1897; Columbia University M.A., 1897; Columbia University Ph.D., 1900), who studied under Cassius Jackson Keyser, was a prominent Jewish American mathematician who was appointed Tutor on Mathematics in the Columbia University Mathematics Department. Kasner was the first Jew appointed to a faculty position in the sciences at Columbia University.[1]
Kasner's Ph.D. dissertation was titled The Invariant Theory of the Inversion Group.
Googol
Edward Kasner is best remembered today for coining the term googol.
Around 1920, in order to pique the interest of children, Kasner wanted a catchy name for a very large number: 1 followed by a hundred zeros. On a walk in the New Jersey Palisades with his nephews, Milton (1911–1980) and Edwin Sirotta, Kasner asked for their ideas. Nine-year-old Milton suggested "googol."
In 1940, with James R. Newman, Kasner authored a non-technical book surveying the field of mathematics called Mathematics and the Imagination, (ISBN 0-486-41703-4). It was in this book that the term "googol" was first introduced:
Words of wisdom are spoken by children as least as often by scientists. The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely, 1 with a hundred zeros after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "Googolplex." A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out. It was suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you get tired. This is a description of what would happen if one actually tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera a better mathematician than Dr. Einstein, simply because he had more endurance. The googolplex then, is a specific finite number, with so many zeros after the 1 that the number is a googol. A googolplex is much bigger than a googol, much bigger even than a googol times a googol. A googol times a googol would be 1 with 200 zeros, whereas a googolplex is one with a googol of zeros. You will get some idea of the size of this very large but finite number from the fact that there would not be enough room to write it, if you went to the farthest star, touring all the nebulae and putting down zeros every inch of the way. [2]
The Internet search engine "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol,"[3][4] which refers to 10100 (the number represented by a 1 followed by 100-zeros). The verb "google" was added in 2006 to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[5][6]
The "Googleplex" is the Google company headquarters, located at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California, near San Jose.
Googleplex is a play on words, googolplex being the name given to the large number (the number represented by a 1 followed by a googol of zeros).
References
- Kasner, Edward (1980) [1934]. "Differential-geometric aspects of dynamics". In C.Carpelan, A.Parpola P.Koskikallio (ed.) (ed.). The Logarithmic potential and other monographs. New York: Chelsea. pp. pp. 235-263. ISBN 0-8284-0305-8.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help);|pages=has extra text (help) - Kasner, Edward (April 2001) [London: Penguin, 1940; New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967]. Mathematics and the Imagination. Dover Pubns. ISBN 0-486-41703-4.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Edward Kasner and James R. Newman, Mathematics and the Imagination, Tempus Books of Microsoft Press, 1989. ISBN 1556151047
- Kasner, Edward (1921). "Geometrical theorems on Einstein's cosmological equations". Amer. J. Math. 43: 217.
- Bialik, Carl (June 14 2004). "There Could Be No Google Without Edward Kasner". The Wall Street Journal Online.
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Footnotes
- ^ Columbia and the "Jewish Problem” http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/TimelineCUJew.html
- ^ Edward Kasner and James R. Newman, Mathematics and the Imagination,Tempus Books of Microsoft Press, 1989, p. 23.
- ^ Koller, David. "Origin of the name, "Google." Stanford University. January, 2004.
- ^ Hanley, Rachael. "From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns." The Stanford Daily. February 12, 2003. Retrieved on July 14, 2006.
- ^ Harris, Scott D. "Dictionary adds verb: to google." San Jose Mercury News. July 7, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
- ^ Bylund, Anders. "To Google or Not to Google." The Motley Fool via MSNBC. July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.