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{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ
|conventional_long_name = Hoysala Empire
|common_name = Hoysala Empire
|
|continent = moved from Category:Asia to South Asia
|region = South Asia
|country = India
|status = Empire
|status_text = Empire<br/><small>(Subordinate to [[Western Chalukyas]] until 1187)</small>
|government_type = Monarchy
|
|year_start = 1026
|year_end = 1343
|
|event_pre = Earliest Hoysala records
|date_pre = 950
|event_start =
|date_start =
|event_end = <!--- Default: "Disestablished" --->
|date_end =
|
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event3 =
|date_event3 =
|event4 =
|date_event4 =
|
|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
|p1 = Western Chalukyas
|flag_p1 =
|image_p1 =
|s1 = Vijayanagara Empire
|flag_s1 =
|image_s1 =
|
|image_flag =
|flag = <!--- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --->
|flag_type = <!--- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" --->
|
|image_coat = <!--- Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}}.svg --->
|symbol = <!--- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} --->
|symbol_type = <!--- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" --->
|
|image_map = Hoysala Empire extent.svg
|image_map_caption = Extent of Hoysala Empire, 1200 CE
|
|capital = [[Belur]], [[Halebidu]]
|
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|religion = [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
|currency =
|
|<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->
|leader1 = Nripa Kama II
|leader2 = Veera Ballala III
|leader3 =
|leader4 =
|year_leader1 = 1026 – 1047
|year_leader2 = 1292 – 1343
|year_leader3 =
|year_leader4 =
|title_leader = [[Monarch|King]]
|stat_year1 = <!--- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both --->
|stat_area1 = <!--- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated --->
|stat_pop1 = <!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --->
|footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
}}
[[Image:Hoysala emblem.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Sala fighting the tiger, the symbol of ''Hoysala Empire'' at Belur, Karnataka]]
The '''Hoysala Empire''' ([[Kannada]]: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ([[help:IPA|pronunciation]]: {{Audio-IPA|Hoysala_Empire.ogg|[hojsəɭə saːmraːdʒjə]}} in Kannada) was a prominent [[South India]]n [[Kannadiga]] [[empire]] that ruled most of the modern day [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]] between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at [[Belur]] but was later moved to [[Halebidu]].


==Cast Members==
The Hoysala rulers were originally hill people of [[Malnad]] Karnataka, an elevated region in the [[Western Ghats]] range. In the 12th century, taking advantage of the internecine warfare between the then ruling [[Western Chalukyas]] and [[Kalachuri]] kingdoms, they annexed areas of present day Karnataka and the fertile areas north of the [[Kaveri River]] delta in present day [[Tamil Nadu]]. By the 13th century, they governed most of present-day Karnataka, parts of Tamil Nadu and parts of western [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[Deccan]] India.
* '''[[Allen Payne]]''' as '''Clarence "C.J." Payne'''
* '''[[LaVan Davis]]''' as '''Curtis "Pops" Payne'''
* '''[[Cassi Davis]]''' as '''Ella Payne'''
* '''[[Allen Payne]]''' as ''' Clarence James "C.J." Payne'''
* '''[[LaVan Davis]]''' as '''Curtis Payne'''
* '''[[Lance Gross]]''' as '''Calvin Payne'''
* '''[[Larramie "Doc" Shaw]]''' as '''Malik Payne'''
* '''[[China Anne McClain]]''' as '''Jazmine Payne'''
* '''[[Denise Burse]]''' as '''Claretha Jenkins'''
* '''[[Demetria McKinney]]''' as '''Janine Shelton-Payne'''
* '''[[Keke Palmer]]''' as '''Nikki Grady-Simmons'''
* '''[[Eva Pigford]]''' as '''Tracie'''
* '''[[Bart Hansard]]''' as '''Bart'''
* '''[[Denyce Lawton]]''' as '''Dana'''
* '''Cedric Pendleton''' as '''Keenan'''
* '''Bobbi Baker''' as '''KiKi'''
* '''Arvell Poe''' as '''Fishbone
* '''[[Clayton English]]''' as '''Peanut'''
* '''Quincy Bonds''' as '''Pookie'''
* '''[[Jamie Moore]]''' as Walter
* '''Jason Dirden''' as '''Delante'''
* '''[[Joyce Giraud]]''' as '''Angel'''
* '''[[Wilbur Fitzgerald]]''' as '''Bill '''
* '''[[Dorian Harewood]]''' as '''Lerry Shelton'''
* '''[[Keshia Knight Pulliam]]''' as '''Miranda Lucas Payne'''
* '''Kyre Batiste-Loftin''' '''as''' '''Kevin'''
* '''[[Anne-Marie Johnson]]''' as '''Liz Shelton'''
* '''[[Michael Jai White]]''' as '''Brian'''
* '''Dale Neal''' as '''Kyle'''
* '''[[Palmer Williams]]''' as '''Floyd'''
* '''[[Robin Givens]]''' as '''Tanya'''
* '''[[Robinne Lee]]''' as '''Nicole Jamieson '''(Current)
* '''Katie Rowlett''' as''' Beverly'''
* '''[[Rochelle Aytes]]''' as Nicole Jamieson (Pilot Run in 2006)
* '''[[Tamela Mann]]''' as '''Cora Simmons'''
* '''[[David Mann]]''' as '''Mr. Leroy Brown'''
* '''[[Tyler Perry]]''' as '''[[Mabel "Madea" Simmons]]'''


== References ==
The Hoysala era was an important period in the development of art, architecture, and religion in [[South India]]. The empire is remembered today primarily for its temple [[Hoysala architecture|architecture]]. Over a hundred surviving temples are scattered across Karnataka, including the well known [[Chennakesava Temple]] at Belur, the [[Hoysaleswara temple|Hoysaleswara Temple]] at Halebidu, and the [[Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura|Kesava Temple]] at Somanathapura. The Hoysala rulers also patronised the fine arts, encouraging literature to flourish in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]].
{{reflist}}


==History==
[[Kannada language|Kannada]] folklore tells of a young man, Sala, who was instructed by his [[Jain]] guru Sudatta to strike dead a tiger he encountered near the temple of the Goddess Vasantika at Sosevur. The word "strike" literally translates to "hoy" in [[Kannada literature#Old Kannada (haLegannaDa)|Hale Kannada]] (Old Kannada), hence the name "Hoy-sala". This legend first appeared in the Belur inscription of Vishnuvardhana (1117), but owing to several inconsistencies in the Sala story it remains in the realm of folklore.<ref name="legend">Historians feel that Sala was a mythical founder of the empire (Kamath 2001, p123)</ref><ref name="legend1">Derrett in Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p150 Part 1</ref> The legend may have come into existence or gained popularity after King Vishnuvardhana's victory over the [[Cholas]] at [[Talakad]] as the Hoysala emblem depicts the fight between the mythical Sala and a tiger, the emblem of the Cholas.<ref name="emblem">The myth and the emblem was a creation of King Vishnuvardhana. Another opinion is the emblem symbolically narrates the wars between the early Hoysala chieftains and the Cholas, (Settar in Kamath 2001, p123)</ref>


{{Tyler Perry}}
Early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas were descendants of the [[Yadava]] by referring to the Yadava ''vamsa'' (clan) as Hoysala ''vamsa''. But there are no early records directly linking the Hoysalas to the Yadavas of North India.<ref name="yadava">Quote:"There was not even a tradition to back such poetic fancy"(William Coelho of ''Hoysala Vamsa'' - 1950 in Kamath). Quote:"All royal families in South India in the 10th and 11th century deviced [[Puranas|puranic]] genealogies" (Kamath 2001, p122)</ref><ref name="yadava1">Quote:"There was a craze among the rulers of the south at this time (11th century) to connect their families with dynasties from the north" (Moraes 1931, p10&ndash;11)</ref>


Historians refer to the founders of the dynasty as natives of [[Malnad]] [[Karnataka]], based on numerous inscriptions calling them ''Maleparolganda'' or "Lord of the Male (hills) chiefs" (''Malepas'').<ref name="male">Rice B.L. et al. (''Mysore and Coorg from Inscriptions''- 1909) in Kamath (2001), p123</ref><ref name="karorg">Quote:"A purely Karnataka dynasty" (Moraes 1931, p10)</ref><ref name="male1">Keay (2000), p251</ref><ref name="male2">Thapar (2003), p367</ref><ref name="west">Stien (1989), p16</ref><ref name="rice">Rice, B.L. (1897), p335</ref><ref name="chop">Natives of south Karnataka (Chopra 2003, p150 Part 1)</ref> This title in the Kannada language was proudly used by the Hoysala kings as their royal signature in their inscriptions. Literary sources from that time in Kannada (''Jatakatilaka'') and Sanskrit (''Gadyakarnamrita'') have also helped confirm they were natives of the region known today as Karnataka.<ref name="early origin">The Hoysalas originated from Sosevuru, identified as modern Angadi in [[Mudigere]] [[taluk]] (Kamath 2001, p123)</ref><ref name=earlyorigin2"> An indigenous ruling family of Karnataka from Sosevuru (modern Angadi) (Ayyar 1993, p600)</ref>
{{Hoysala Kings Infobox}}
The first Hoysala family record is dated 950 and names Arekalla as the chieftain, followed by Maruga and Nripa Kama I (976). The next ruler, Munda (1006&ndash;1026), was succeeded by Nripa Kama II who held such titles as ''Permanadi'' that show an early alliance with the [[Gangas|Western Ganga dynasty]].<ref name="Early Chiefs">Seetharam Jagirdhar, M.N. Prabhakar, B.S. Krishnaswamy Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p123</ref> From these modest beginnings, the Hoysala dynasty began its transformation into a strong subordinate of the [[Western Chalukyas]].<ref name="strong">During the rule of Vinyaditya (1047&ndash;1098), the Hoysalas established themselves as a powerful feudatory (Chopra 2003, p151, part 1)</ref> Through [[Vishnuvardhana]]'s expansive military conquests, the Hoysalas achieved the status of a real kingdom for the first time.<ref name="dignity"> King Vishnuvardhana made many military conquests later to be further expanded by his successors into one of the most powerful empires of [[South India]] (Coelho in Kamath, p124). The true maker of the Hoysala kingdom as this was a period of significant religious and cultural activity (B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath p126). Vishnuvardhana was practically an independent king by the latter part of his rule, (P.B. Desai in Kamath 2001, p126)</ref> He wrested [[Mysore State|Gangavadi]] from the Cholas in 1116 and moved the capital from Belur to Halebidu.<ref name="gangavadi">The Kadambas of Banavasi, Nolambas, Pandyas of Uchchangi, Alupas of Canara paid king Vishnuvardhana tribute. The territories of Talakad and [[Nilgiris]] came under his control (Chopra 2003, p152&ndash;153, part 1)</ref>


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Vishnuvardhana's ambition of creating an independent empire was fulfilled by his grandson Veera Ballala II, who freed the Hoysalas from subordination in 1187.<ref name="freedom">Coelho in Kamath (2001), p126</ref><ref name="imp">The consolidator of Vishnuvardhana's conquests and the founder of Hoysasla imperialism (Chopra 2003, p154, part1)</ref> Thus the Hoysalas began as subordinates of the [[Western Chalukyas]] and gradually established their own empire in Karnataka with such strong Hoysala kings as Vishnuvardhana, [[Veera Ballala II]] and later [[Veera Ballala III]]. During this time, [[Deccan Plateau|peninsular India]] saw a four way struggle for hegemony - [[Pandya]], [[Kakatiya]] and [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] being the other kingdoms.<ref name="hegemony"> Their mutual competition and antagonisms were the main feature during this period (Sastri 1955, p192)</ref> Veera Ballala II defeated the aggressive Pandya when they invaded the Chola kingdom and assumed the title "Establisher of the Chola Kingdom" (''Cholarajyapratishtacharya''), "Emperor of the south" (''Dakshina Chakravarthi'') and "Hoysala emperor" (''Hoysala Chakravarthi'').<ref name="greatest">The most outstanding of all the Hoysala kings (Derrett in Kamath 2001, p126)</ref> He founded the city of [[Bangalore]] according to Kannada folklore.<ref name="legend>{{cite web|title=The City of Boiled Beans|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|author=K. Chandramouli|publisher=The Hindu|work=The Hindu, Thursday, Jul 25, 2002|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref>
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[[Category:Black television drama series]]
The Hoysalas extended their foothold in areas known today as [[Tamil Nadu]] around 1225, making the city of Kannanur Kuppam near [[Srirangam]] a provincial capital and giving them control over South Indian politics that began a period of Hoysala hegemony in the southern Deccan.<ref name="arbiters">B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p128</ref><ref name="arbiters1">Keay (2000), p252</ref><ref name="mama">Vira Narasimha II rescued the Cholas from Pandya aggression, levied tribute on the Pandays and earned the title "refounder of the Chola Kingdom" (Chopra 2003, p155, part 1)</ref>. [[Vira Narasimha II]]'s son [[Vira Someshwara]] earned the honorific "uncle" (''Mamadi'') from the Pandyas and Cholas. The Hoysala influence spread over Pandya kingdom also.<ref>Sastri (1955), p195</ref> Toward the end of 13th century, [[Veera Ballala III]] recaptured territory lost to the Pandya uprising and expanded his kingdom to encompass all areas south of the [[Krishna River]].<ref name="Ballala">Thapar (2003), p368</ref><ref name="unite">The two branches of the Hoysala kingdom, whose capitals were Halebidu and Kannanur (near Srirangam) was merged by Veera Ballala III (Chopra 2003, p156, part 1)</ref>
[[Category:First-run syndicated television programs in the United States]]

[[Category:TBS network shows]]
Major political changes were taking place in the Deccan region in the early 14th century when significant areas of [[North India|northern India]] were under Muslim rule. [[Alla-ud-din Khilji]], the Sultan of Delhi, was determined to bring isolated [[South India]] under his domain and sent his commander, [[Malik Kafur]], on a southern expedition to plunder the Seuna capital [[Devagiri]] in 1311.<ref name="kafur">Sastri (1955), pp206&ndash;208</ref> The Seuna empire was subjugated by 1318 and the Hoysala capital Halebidu (also called Dorasamudra or Dwarasamudra) was sacked twice, in 1311 and 1327.<ref name="change">Kamath (2001), p129</ref>
[[Category:Television series by Lionsgate Television]]

[[Category:Television shows set in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
By 1336, the Sultan had conquered the Pandyas of Madurai, the Kakatiyas of [[Warangal]] and the tiny kingdom of Kampili. The Hoysalas were the only remaining Hindu empire who resisted the invading armies.<ref name="remaining">Sastri (1955), pp212&ndash;214</ref> Veera Ballala III stationed himself at [[Tiruvannamalai]] and offered stiff resistance to invasions from the north and the [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultanate of Madurai]] to the south.<ref name"stiff">Quote:"The greatest hero in the dark political atmosphere of the south" (Kamath 2001, p130)</ref> Then, after nearly two decades of resistance, Veera Ballala III was killed at the battle of Madurai in 1343 and the sovereign territories of the Hoysala empire were merged with the areas administered by [[Harihara I]] in the [[Tungabhadra]] region.<ref name="tunga">Chopra (2003), p156, part 1</ref><ref name="commander">While many theories exist about the origin of Harihara I and his brothers, collectively known as the Sangama brothers, it is well accepted that they administered the northern territories of the Hoysala empire in the 1336–1343 time either as Hoysala commanders or with autonomous powers (Kamath 2001, pp159–160)</ref> This new Hindu kingdom resisted the northern invasions and would later prosper and come to be known as the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="patronage">A collaboration between the waning Hoysala kingdom and the emerging Hindu Vijayanagara empire is proven by inscriptions. The queen of Veera Ballala III, Krishnayitayi, made a grant to the [[Sringeri]] monastery on the same day as the founder of the Vijayanagara empire, Harihara I in 1346. The Sringeri monastic order was patronised by both Hoysala and Vijayanagara empires (Kamath 2001, p161)</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of the Hoysala Empire}}
{{KarnatakaHistory}}

The Hoysala administration supported itself through revenues from an agrarian economy.<ref name="irr">Kamath (2001), p132</ref> The kings gave grants of land as rewards for service to beneficiaries who then became landlords to tenants producing agricultural goods and forest products. There were two types of landlords (''gavunda''); ''gavunda'' of people (''praja gavunda'') was lower in status than the wealthy lord of ''gavundas'' (''prabhu gavunda'').<ref name="gowda">Thapar (2003), p378</ref> The highlands (''[[malnad]]'' regions) with its [[temperate]] climate was suitable for raising cattle and the planting of orchards and spices. [[Paddy field|Paddy]] and corn were staple crops in the [[tropical]] plains (''Bailnad''). The Hoysalas collected taxes on irrigation systems including tanks, reservoirs with [[sluice]]s, [[canal]]s and wells which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers. [[Irrigation tank]]s such as ''Vishnusagara'', ''Shantisagara'', ''Ballalarayasagara'' were created at the expense of the state.<ref name="sagara">Kamath (2001), p132</ref>

Importing horses for use as general transportation and in army cavalries of Indian kingdoms was a flourishing business on the western seaboard.<ref name="horses">Marco Polo who claims to have travelled in India at this time wrote of a monopoly in horse trading by the Arabs and merchants of South India. Imported horses became an expensive commodity because horse breeding was never successful in India, perhaps due to the different climatic, soil and pastoral conditions (Thapar 2003, p383)</ref> The forests were harvested for rich woods such as [[teak]] which was exported through ports located in the area of present day [[Kerela]]. [[Song Dynasty|Sung dynasty]] records from [[China]] mention the presence of Indian merchants in ports of South China, indicating active trade with overseas kingdoms.<ref name="china">Thapar (2003), p382</ref> South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, rhino horn, [[ebony]], [[Agarwood|aloe wood]], perfumes, [[sandalwood]], [[camphor]] and condiments to China, [[Dhofar]], [[Aden]], and [[Siraf]] (the entryport to [[Egypt]], [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]]).<ref name="Persia">Thapar (2003), p383</ref> Architects (''Vishwakarmas''), sculptors, quarry workers, goldsmiths and other skilled craftsmen whose trade directly or indirectly related to temple construction were also prosperous due to the vigorous temple building activities.<ref name="gold"> Some 1500 monuments were built during these times in about 950 locations- {{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=S. Settar|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref><ref name="gold1">More than 1000 monuments built by the Hoysalas creating employment for people of numerous guilds and backgrounds (Kamath 2001, p132)</ref>

The village assembly was responsible for collecting government land taxes. Land revenue was called ''Siddhaya'' and included the original assessment (''Kula'') plus various cesses.<ref name="cess">Kamath (2001), p132</ref> Taxes were levied on professions, marriages, goods in transit on chariots or carriages, and domesticated animals. Taxes on commodities (gold, precious stones, perfumes, sandalwood, ropes, yarn, housing, hearths, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses) as well as produce (black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts, sugar) are noted in village records.<ref name="tax">Thapar (2003), p382</ref> The village assembly could levy a tax for a specific purpose such as construction of a [[Irrigation tank|water tank]].

==Administration==
{{main|Hoysala administration}}
[[Image:Hoysalesvara garuda pillar.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Garuda'' pillar at [[Halebidu]] with ''old Kannada'' inscription]]
[[Image:Hero Stone with old-Kannada inscription at Arasikere.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hero stone]] (''virgal'') with ''old Kannada'' inscription, 1220 CE at [[Arasikere]], Karnataka]]
In its administrative practices, the Hoysala Empire followed some of the well-established and proven methods of its predecessors covering administrative functions such as cabinet organisation and command, the structure of local governing bodies and the division of territory.<ref name="govern">Kamath (2001), p130–131</ref> Records show the names of many high ranking positions reporting directly to the king. Senior ministers were called ''Pancha Pradhanas'', ministers responsible for foreign affairs were designated ''Sandhivigrahi'' and the chief treasurer was ''Mahabhandari'' or ''Hiranyabhandari''. ''Dandanayakas'' were in charge of armies and the chief justice of the Hoysala court was the ''Dharmadhikari''.<ref name="govern"/>

The kingdom was divided into provinces named ''Nadu'', ''Vishaya'', ''Kampana'' and ''Desha'', listed in descending order of geographical size.<ref name="Administration">It is not clear which among ''Vishaya'' and ''Nadu'' was bigger in area and that a ''Nadu'' was under the supervision of the commander (''Dandanayaka'') (Barrett in Kamath 2001, pp 130–31)</ref> Each province had a local governing body consisting of a minister (''Mahapradhana'') and a treasurer (''Bhandari'') that reported to the ruler of that province (''Dandanayaka''). Under this local ruler were officials called ''Heggaddes'' and ''Gavundas'' who hired and supervised the local farmers and labourers recruited to till the land. Subordinate ruling clans such as [[Alupas]] continued to govern their respective territories while following the policies set by the empire.<ref name="hereditery">Kamath (2001), p131</ref>

An elite and well trained force of bodyguards known as ''Garudas'' protected the members of the royal family at all times. These servants moved closely yet inconspicuously by the side of their master, their loyalty being so complete that they committed suicide after his death.<ref name="light">Shadow like, they moved closely with the king, lived near him and disappeared upon the death of their master - {{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=S. Settar|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> Hero stones (''virgal'') erected in memory of these bodyguards are called Garuda pillars. The Garuda pillar at the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebidu was erected in honor of Kuvara Lakshma, a minister and bodyguard of King Veera Ballala II.

King Vishnuvardhana's coins had the legends "victor at Nolambavadi" (''Nolambavadigonda''), "victor at Talakad" (''Talakadugonda''), "chief of the Malepas" (''Maleparolganda''), "Brave of Malepa" (''malapavira'') in [[Kannada script|Hoysala style Kannada]] script.<ref name="Nolamba">Many Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Hoysalas (Kamath 2001, p12, p125)</ref><ref name="Nolamba1">{{cite web|title=Indian coins-Dynasties of South-Hoysalas|url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/hoysala/south_hoysalacat.html|author=Govindaraya Prabhu, S|publisher=Prabhu's Web Page On Indian Coinage, November 1, 2001|work=|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> Their gold coin was called ''Honnu'' or ''Gadyana'' and weighed 62&nbsp;[[Grain (measure)|grains]] of gold. ''Pana'' or ''Hana'' was a tenth of the ''Honnu'', ''Haga'' was a fourth of the ''Pana'' and ''Visa'' was fourth of ''Haga''. There were other coins called ''Bele'' and ''Kani''.<ref name="bele">Kamath (2001), p131</ref>

==Culture==
===Religion===
{{See also|Ramanujacharya|Basavanna|Madhvacharya}}

The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty by the Cholas in early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of [[Vaishnava|Vaishnava Hinduism]] and [[Virashaivism]] in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in [[Jainism]].<ref name="jain">Kamath (2001), p112, p132</ref> Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory were [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]]. The decline of [[Buddhism]] in South India began in the 8th century with the spread of [[Adi Shankara]]'s [[Advaita]] philosophy.<ref name="decrease">A 16th century Buddhist work by Lama Taranatha speaks disparagingly of Shankaracharya as close parallels in some beliefs of Shankaracharya with Buddhist philosophy was not viewed favourably by Buddhist writers (Thapar 2003, pp 349–350, p397)</ref> The only places of Buddhist worship during the Hoysala time were at [[Dambal]] and [[Balligavi]]. Shantala Devi, queen of Vishnuvardhana was a Jain but nevertheless commissioned the Hindu Kappe Chennigaraya temple in Belur, evidence that the royal family was tolerant of all religions. During the rule of the Hoysalas, three important religious developments took place in present day Karnataka inspired by three philosophers, [[Basavanna]], [[Madhvacharya]] and [[Ramanujacharya]].<br/>

While the origin of [[Virashaiva]] faith is debated, the movement grew through its association with Basavanna in the 12th century.<ref name="basava">It is said five earlier saints Renuka, Daruka, Ekorama, Panditharadhya and Vishwaradhya were the original founders of Virashaivism, a sect that preaches devotion to Lord Shiva (Kamath 2001, p152)</ref> Basavanna and other Virashaiva saints preached of a faith without a [[Indian caste system|caste system]]. In his [[Vachanas]] he appealed to the masses in simple Kannada and wrote "work is worship" (''Kayakave Kailasa''). Madhvacharya was critical of the teachings of [[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharya]] and argued the world is real and not an illusion.<ref name="maya">Madvacharya upheld the virtues of Lord [[Vishnu]] and propounded the [[Dvaita]] philosophy (dualism) and condemned the "mayavada" (illusion) of Shankaracharya and maintained there was a distinction between ''Paramathma'' (supreme being) and the dependent principle of life (Kamath 2001, p155)</ref> His philosophy gained popularity enabling him to establish eight [[Mathas]] (monastery) in [[Udupi]]. Ramanujacharya, the head of the Vaishnava monastery in [[Srirangam]], preached the way of devotion (''bhakti marga'') and wrote ''Sribhashya'', a critique on the [[Advaita]] philosophy of Adi Shankara.<ref name="critic">He criticised Adi Shankara as a "Buddhist in disguise" (Kamath 2001, p151)</ref>
[[Image:Somanathapura Keshava temple altered.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Vaishnava temple of 1268 CE at [[Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura|Somanathapura]]]]
The impact of these religious developments on culture, literature, poetry and architecture in South India was profound. Important works of literature and poetry based on the teachings of these philosophers were written during the coming centuries. The [[Saluva]], [[Tuluva]] and Aravidu dynasties of Vijayanagar empire were followers of Vaishnavism and a Vaishnava temple with an image of Ramanujacharya exists in the Vitthalapura area of Vijayanagara.<ref name="vij">Fritz and Michell (2001), pp35–36</ref> Scholars in later [[Mysore Kingdom]] wrote Vaishnavite works upholding the teachings of Ramanujacharya.<ref name="vishnu">Kamath (2001), p152</ref> King Vishnuvardhana built many temples after his conversion from Jainism to Vaishnavism.<ref name="chenna">{{cite web|title=Hoysala Temples of Belur |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala/belur.htm|author=K.L. Kamath, November 04,2006 |publisher=1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|work=|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref><ref name="chenna1"> {{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=S. Settar|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> The later saints of Madhvacharya's order, [[Jayatirtha]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vadirajatirtha]] and devotees (''dasa'') such as [[Vijaya Dasa]], Gopaladasa and others from the Karnataka region spread his teachings far and wide.<ref name="madhwa">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp192&ndash;200</ref> His teachings inspired later day philosophers like [[Vallabhacharya]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[Chaitanya]] in [[Bengal]].<ref name="vallabha">The worldwide [[ISKON]] movement is an outcome of the efforts of the followers of Chaitanya (Kamath 2001, p156)</ref> Another wave of devotion (''bhakti'') in the 17th century&ndash;18th century found inspiration in his teachings.<ref name="teach">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp200&ndash;201</ref>

===Society===
{{main|Society of the Hoysala Empire}}
[[Image:Belur shilabalika1.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Dancer, 1117 CE, (''Madanika'') at Belur]]
Hoysala society in many ways reflected the emerging religious, political and cultural developments of those times. During this period, the society became increasingly sophisticated. The status of women was varied. Some royal women were involved in administrative matters as shown in contemporary records describing Queen Umadevi's administration of Halebidu in the absence of Veera Ballala II during his long military campaigns in northern territories. She also fought and defeated some antagonistic [[Feudalism|feudal rebels]].<ref name="progress">This is in stark contrast to the literature of the time (like ''Vikramankadeva Charita'' of Bilhana) that portrayed women as retiring, overly romantic and unconcerned with affairs of the state (Thapar 2003, p392)</ref> Records describe the participation of women in the fine arts, such as Queen Shantala Devi's skill in dance and music, and the 12th century [[Vachana]] poet and [[Virashaiva]] mystic [[Akka Mahadevi]]'s devotion to the ''bhakti'' movement is well known.<ref name="temporal">She was not only a pioneer in the era of Women's emancipation but also an example of a transcendental world-view (Thapar 2003, p392)</ref> Temple dancers (''[[Devadasi]]'') were common and some were well educated and accomplished in the arts. These qualifications gave them more freedom than other urban and rural women who were restricted to daily mundane tasks.<ref name="deva">Thapar (2003), p391</ref> The practice of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] in a voluntary form was prevalent and prostitution was socially acceptable.<ref name="prostitute">{{cite web|title=Administration, Economy and Society in Hoysala Empire|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|work=|accessdate=2006-12-08}}</ref> As in most of India, the [[Indian caste system]] was conspicuously present.

Trade on the west coast brought many foreigners to India including Arabs, Jews, [[Persians]], Chinese and people from the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref name="foreign">Sastri (1955), p286</ref> Migration of people within Southern India as a result of the expansion of the empire produced an influx of new cultures and skills.<ref name="migrate">Royal patronage of education, arts, architecture, religion and establishment of new forts and military outposts caused the large scale relocation of people (Sastri 1955, p287)</ref> In South India, towns were called ''Pattana'' or ''Pattanam'' and the marketplace, ''Nagara'' or ''Nagaram'', the marketplace serving as the nuclei of a city. Some towns such as [[Shravanabelagola]] developed from a religious settlement in the 7th century to an important trading center by the 12th century with the arrival of rich traders, while towns like Belur attained the atmosphere of a regal city when King Vishnuvardhana built the Chennakesava Temple there. Large temples supported by royal patronage served religious, social, and judiciary purposes, elevating the king to the level of "God on earth".

Temple building served a commercial as well as a religious function and was not limited to any particular sect of Hinduism. [[Shaiva]] merchants of Halebidu financed the construction of the Hoysaleswara temple to compete with the Chennakesava temple built at Belur, elevating Halebidu to an important city as well. Hoysala temples however were secular and encouraged pilgrims of all Hindu sects, the Kesava temple at Somanathapura being an exception with strictly Vaishnava sculptural depictions.<ref name="merchant">{{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=S. Settar|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> Temples built by rich landlords in rural areas fulfilled fiscal, political, cultural and religious needs of the agrarian communities. Irrespective of patronage, large temples served as establishments that provided employment to hundreds of people of various guilds and professions sustaining local communities as Hindu temples began to take on the shape of wealthy Buddhist monasteries.<ref name="loan">Thapar (2003), p389</ref>
<!--[[Image:Chennakeshava tank belur.jpg|thumb|Temple tank in Belur]]-->

===Literature===
[[Image:Jain Temple at Halebidu.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Jain temple at [[Halebidu]]]]
{{Main|Literature in the Hoysala Empire}}
Although [[Sanskrit literature]] remained popular during the Hoysala rule, royal patronage of local Kannada scholars increased.<ref name="inc">Ayyar (1993), p600</ref><ref name="inc1">Kamath (2001), p132</ref><ref name="localscholar">Narasimhacharya (1988), p19</ref> In the 12th century some works were written in the ''Champu'' style,<ref name="mixstyle">A composition which is written in a mixed prose-verse style is called ''Champu'', Narasimhacharya (1988), p12</ref> but distinctive Kannada metres became more widely accepted. The ''Sangatya'' metre used in compositions,<ref name="sangatya">A ''Sangatya'' composition is meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument (Sastri 1955), p359)</ref> ''Shatpadi'' (seven line), ''[[Tripadi]]'' (three line) metres in verses and ''Ragale'' (lyrical poems) became fashionable. Jain works continued to extol the virtues of [[Tirthankaras]] (Jain ascetics).<ref name="vogue">Sastri(1955), p361</ref>

The Hoysala court supported scholars such as [[Janna]], Rudrabhatta, Harihara and his nephew Raghavanka, whose works are enduring masterpieces in Kannada. In 1209, the [[Jain]] scholar Janna wrote ''Yashodharacharite'', the story of a king who intends to perform a ritual sacrifice of two young boys to a local deity, Mariamma. Taking pity on the boys, the king releases them and gives up the practice of human sacrifice.<ref name="scarifice">Sastri (1955), p359</ref><ref name="jan">E.P. Rice (1921), p43-44</ref> In honour of this work, Janna received the title "Emperor among poets" (''Kavichakravarthi'') from King Veera Ballala II.<ref name="kavichakra">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</ref>

[[Rudrabhatta]], a [[Smartha]] Brahmin (believer of monistic philosophy), was the earliest well known [[Brahminical]] writer whose patron was Chandramouli, a minister of King Veera Ballala II.<ref name="brahmin">Sastri (1955), p364</ref> Based on the earlier work of ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', he wrote ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' in the ''Champu'' style relating the life of Lord [[Krishna]] leading up to his fight with the demon [[Banasura]].

[[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]], (also known as Harisvara) a [[Virashaiva]] writer and the patron of King Narasimha I, wrote the ''Girijakalyana'' in the old Jain ''Champu'' style which describes the marriage of Lord [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] in ten sections.<ref name="Parvati">Sastri (1955), p362</ref><ref name="Parvati1">Narasimhacharya, (1988), p20</ref> He was one of the earliest Virashaiva writers who was not part of the ''[[Vachana]]'' literary tradition. He came from a family of accountants (''Karanikas'') from Halebidu and spent many years in [[Hampi]] writing more than one hundred ''Ragales'' (poems in blank verse) in praise of Lord [[Virupaksha]] (a form of Lord Shiva).<ref name="har">E.P.Rice (1921), p60</ref> [[Raghavanka]] was the first to introduce the ''Shatpadi'' metre into Kannada literature in his ''Harishchandra kavya'' which is considered a classic even though it occasionally violates strict rules of Kannada grammar.<ref name="hari">Sastri (1955), p362</ref><ref name="hari1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</ref><ref name="har"/>

In Sanskrit, the philosopher [[Madhvacharya]] wrote ''Rigbhshya'' on [[Brahma Sutras|Brahmasutras]] (a logical explanation of Hindu scriptures, the Vedas) as well as many polemical works rebutting the doctrines of other schools of [[Vedas]]. He relied more on the [[Puranic]] literature than the Vedas for logical proof of his philosophy.<ref name="sutra">Sastri (1955), p324,</ref> Another famous writing was ''Rudraprshnabhashya'' by Vidyatirtha.

===Architecture===
{{main|Hoysala architecture}}
[[Image:Shrine (Vimana) at Isvara Temple in Arasikere.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Star shaped ''Vimana'', 1220 CE at [[Ishvara Temple (Arasikere)]]]]
The modern interest in the Hoysalas is due to their patronage of art and architecture rather than their military conquests. The brisk temple building throughout the kingdom was accomplished despite constant threats from the Pandyas to the south and the Seunas Yadavas to the north. Their architectural style, an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style,<ref name="mainstream">Hardy (1995), p215, p243</ref><ref name="pre">Kamath (2001), p115, p118</ref> shows distinct [[Indian architecture#Hindu architecture|Dravidian]] influences.<ref name="inf">Sastri (1955), p429</ref> The Hoysala architecture style is described as ''Karnata Dravida'' as distinguished from the traditional ''Dravida'',<ref name="Karnatadravida">Hardy (1995), pp6&ndash;7</ref> and is considered an independent architectural tradition with many unique features.<ref name="Temple">Hoysala style has negligible influences of the Indo-Aryan style and owing to its many independent features, it qualifies as an independent school of architecture (Brown in Kamath 2001, p134)</ref><ref name="Temple1">An independent tradition, according to Havell, Narasimhachar, Sheshadri and Settar - {{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture in Hoysala Empire|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|work=|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref>
A feature of Hoysala temple architecture is its attention to exquisite detail and skilled craftsmanship. The tower over the temple shrine (''vimana'') is delicately finished with intricate carvings, showing attention to the ornate and elaborately detailed rather than to a tower form and height.<ref name="helmet">Foekema (1996), pp27&ndash;28</ref><ref name="Vimana">Though the Hoysala ''vimana'' have rich texture, yet they are formless and lacks structural strength, according to Brown - {{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Architecture of Hoysala Empire|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|work=|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> The stellate design of the base of the shrine with its rhythmic projections and recesses is carried through the tower in an orderly succession of decorated tiers.<ref name="tier">This is a Hoysala innovation (Brown in Kamath 2001, p135)</ref><ref name="tier1">Foekema (1996), pp21&ndash;22</ref> Hoysala temple sculpture replicates this emphasis on delicacy and craftsmanship in its focus on depicting feminine beauty, grace and physique.<ref name="feminine">Quote:"Their sculptured figures, especially the bracket figures, have been objects of praise at the hands of art critics of the whole world. They include ''Sukhabhasini'', ''Darpanadharini'' and other damsels in various dancing poses". (Kamath 2001, p 136)</ref> The Hoysala artists achieved this with the use of [[Soapstone]] (Chloritic schist), a soft stone as basic building and sculptural material.<ref name="fem">Sastri (1955), p428</ref><ref name="fem1">Hardy (1995), p37</ref>

The Chennakesava Temple at Belur (1117),<ref name="notable1">Foekema (1996), p47</ref> the Hoysaleswara temple at Halebidu (1121),<ref name="notable2">Foekema (1996), p59</ref> the Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura (1279),<ref name="notable3">Foekema (1996), p87</ref> the temples at [[Ishvara Temple (Arasikere)|Arasikere]] (1220),<ref name="notable4">Foekema (1996), p41</ref> [[Amruthapura]] (1196),<ref name="notable5">Foekema (1996), p37</ref> [[Belavadi]] (1200)<ref name="notable6">Foekema (1996), p53</ref> and [[Nuggehalli]] (1246)<ref name="notable7">Foekema (1996), p83</ref> are all notable examples of Hoysala art. While the temples at Belur and Halebidu are the best known because of the beauty of their sculptures, the Hoysala art finds more complete expression in the smaller and lesser known temples.<ref name="convey">Foekema (1996), preface, p47, p59</ref> The outer walls of all these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures and horizontal friezes (decorative mouldings) that depict the Hindu epics. These depictions are generally clockwise in the traditional direction of circumambulation (''[[pradakshina]]''). The temple of Halebidu has been described as an outstanding example of Hindu architecture<ref name="Advocate">Foekema (1996), p61</ref> and an important milestone in Indian architecture.<ref name="Hoysaleshwara">Brown in Kamath (2001), p135</ref> The temples of Belur and Halebidu are a proposed [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites|world heritage sites]].<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|title=Belur for World Heritage Status|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm |author=Staff Correspondent|publisher=The Hindu|work=The Hindu, Sunday July 25, 2004|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref>

===Language===
[[Image:Doddagaddavalli kannada inscription.JPG|right|thumb|upright|[[Kannada]] inscription, 1114 CE at [[Doddagaddavalli]]]]
The support of the Hoysala rulers for the Kannada language was strong, and this is seen even in their [[Epigraphy|epigraph]]s, often written in polished and poetic language, rather than prose, with illustrations of floral designs in the margins.<ref name="floral">Ayyar (2006), p. 600</ref> Temples served as local schools where learned Brahmins taught in Sanskrit, while Jain and Buddhist monasteries educated novice monks. Schools of higher learning were called ''Ghatikas''. The local Kannada language was widely used in the rising number of devotional movements to express the ecstatic experience of closeness to the deity (''vachanas'' and ''devaranama''). Literary works were written in it on palm leaves which were tied together. While in past centuries Jain works had dominated Kannada literature, Shaiva and early Brahminical works became popular during the Hoysala reign.<ref name="jainwritings">Narasimhacharya (1988), p17</ref> Writings in Sanskrit included poetry, grammar, lexicon, manuals, rhetoric, commentaries on older works, prose fiction and drama.<ref name="works">The ''Manasollasa'' of king [[Somesvara III]] is an early encyclopedia in Sanskrit (Thapar 2003, p393)</ref> Inscriptions on stone (''Shilashasana'') and [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plates]] (''Tamarashasana'') were written in Kannada, Sanskrit or were bilingual. The sections of bilingual inscriptions stating the title, genealogy, origin myths of the king and benedictions were generally done in Sanskrit. Kannada was used to state terms of the grants, including information on the land, its boundaries, the participation of local authorities, rights and obligations of the grantee, taxes and dues, and witnesses. This ensured the content was clearly understood by the local people without ambiguity.<ref name=bilingual">However by the 14th century, bilingual inscriptions lost favour and inscriptions became mostly in the local language (Thapar 2003, pp393–95)</ref>

{{-}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
'''Book'''

*{{cite book |last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|title=South Indian Shrines |origyear=1993 |year=1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120601513}}
*{{cite book |last= Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian|first= P.N., T.K., N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|origyear=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples|origyear=1996|year=1996|publisher= Abhinav|location= New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-345-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD|origyear=2003|year=2003|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-215-1089-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries|origyear=1995|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=|isbn= 8170173124}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|origyear=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041|id= {{LCCN|809|0|5179}}}}
*{{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= India: A History|origyear=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= ISBN 0-8021-3797-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Moraes|first=George M. |title= The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka|origyear=1931|year= 1990|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0595-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|origyear=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= ISBN 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Fritz, John M. and George Michell (editors)|title= New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagar|year= 2001|publisher=MARG |location= Mumbai|isbn= ISBN 81-85026-53-X}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= B.L.|title= Mysore Gazatteer Compiled for Government-vol 1|origyear=1897|year=2001|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0977-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first=E.P. |title=Kannada Literature|origyear=1921|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn= 8120600630}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= K.A. Nilakanta|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|origyear=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Shiva Prakash|first=H.S.|editor=Ayyappapanicker|title=Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology |year= 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=8126003650|chapter= Kannada}}
*{{cite book |last= Stien|first= Burton|title= Vijayanagara|origyear=1989|year=1989|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Wiltshire|isbn= 0521266939}}
*{{cite book |last= Thapar|first= Romila|title= The Penguin History of Early India|origyear=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
'''Web'''

* {{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|title=History of Karnataka, Arthikaje, Mangalore|accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work=© 1998–00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc}}
*{{cite web |url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/hoysala/south_hoysalacat.html |title=Hoysala Coinage-Southern India, Govindaraya Prabhu, 1st Nov 2001|accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work= }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm |title=Hoysala Heritage, Prof. Settar|accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work=Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The City of Boiled Beans |accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work=The Hindu, Thursday, Jul 25, 2002 }}
*{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm|title=Belur proposal for World Heritage Status|accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work= The Hindu, Sunday July 25, 2004}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala/belur.htm|title=Hoysala Temples of Belur, by K. L. Kamat, November 04,2006|accessdate=2006-12-03 |format= |work=© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala.htm |title=Hoysala Dynasty, Jyothsna Kamat|accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work=© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri }}
*{{cite web |url=http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/|title=Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, (vols 9, 15,17,18)|accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work= What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd, Saturday, November 18, 2006}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no10217.htm|title=Indian Temple Architecture : Form and Transformation—The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries/Adam Hardy, 1995 |accessdate=2006-11-17 |format= |work=Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd, Vedams Books from India}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/26/stories/2006062608550500.htm|title=Coin in memory of Basaveshwara |accessdate=2006-12-02|format= |work=The Hindu, Monday, Jun 26, 2006 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/04/27/stories/2003042701431000.htm|title=Kalam calls for corruption-free society |accessdate=2006-12-02|format= |work=The Hindu, Sunday, Apr 27, 2003}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/|title=Karnataka Haridasas'|accessdate=2006-12-02|format= |work=haridasa@dvaita.net}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Hoysala Empire| ]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Historical Hindu empires]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]

[[de:Hoysala]]
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[[hi:होयसल राजवंश]]
[[id:Kekaisaran Hoysala]]
[[it:Impero Hoysala]]
[[kn:ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ]]
[[lv:Hoisalas impērija]]
[[ml:ഹൊയ്സാല സാമ്രാജ്യം]]
[[nl:Hoysala]]
[[ja:ホイサラ朝]]
[[ru:Хойсала]]
[[simple:Hoysala Empire]]
[[fi:Hoysala]]
[[sv:Hoysala]]
[[ta:ஹோய்சாலப் பேரரசு]]
[[te:హొయసల సామ్రాజ్యం]]
[[tr:Hoysala İmparatorluğu]]
[[zh:曷萨拉王朝]]

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