Chuck Close and Chinese Americans: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Ethnic group
{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
|group = Chinese Americans
{{Infobox Artist
|image = [[Image:TD Lee-med.jpg|79px|Tsung-Dao Lee]][[Image:Michelle Kwan.jpg|70px|Michelle Kwan]][[Image:Lucy Liu crop.jpg|79px|Lucy Liu]][[Image:BruceLeecard.jpg|72px|Bruce Lee]]<br>[[Image:StevenChu.jpg|80px|Steven Chu]][[Image:Elaine Chao large.jpg|76px|Elaine Chao]][[Image:Jerry Yang.jpg|80px|Jerry Yang]]<br><small>[[Tsung-Dao Lee]], [[Michelle Kwan]], [[Lucy Liu]], [[Bruce Lee]], [[Steven Chu]], [[Elaine Chao]], [[Jerry Yang]]</small>
| bgcolour = #6495ED
|poptime ='''3,538,407'''<br/><small>1.2% of the US population (2007)</small><ref name="Census2006">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-reg=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR:035;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T:035;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:035&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Selected Population Profile in the United States|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref>
| name = Chuck Close
|langs = [[English language|English]], [[Chinese languages|Chinese]]
| image =
|rels = [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Christianity]], [[Taoism]]
| imagesize = 200px
|related=[[Overseas Chinese]]
| caption = Chuck Close
| birthname =Charles Thomas Close
| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1940|07|05}}
| location = [[Monroe, Washington]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| field = [[photorealistic]] painter, photographer,
| training = B.A., [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]], 1962
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}
}}
'''Chuck fagface Close''' (born [[July 5]], [[1940]], [[manplowe, Washington]])<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Chuck Close | date= | publisher=Art in the Allen Center his ass | url =http://www.cs.washington.edu/building/art/ChuckClose/ | work = | pages = | assdate = 2007-08-15 | language = }}</ref> is an American painter and photographer who achieved fame as a [[photorealist]], through his massive-scale portraits. Though a catastrophic spinal artery collapse in 1988 left him severely paralyzed, he has continued to paint and produce work which remains sought after by museums and collectors.


'''Chinese Americans''' are [[United States|Americans]] of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] descent. Chinese Americans constitute one group of [[Overseas Chinese]] and also a subgroup of [[East Asia]]n Americans, which is further a subgroup of [[Asian American]]s. Within this community, the term Chinese American is often broadly defined to include not only immigrants from [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] and their descendants but also immigrants and descendants of people from [[Taiwan]] as well as [[overseas Chinese]] who have immigrated to the United States from places as diverse as Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Mexico. The inclusion of [[Taiwanese American]]s in the classification of Chinese American is somewhat controversial owing to differences of opinion as to the relationship of [[Taiwan]] to [[China]]. Supporters of [[Taiwan independence]] often object to classification of Taiwanese Americans as [[Chinese Americans]] and [[overseas Chinese]] while opponents of [[Taiwan independence]] often object if [[Taiwanese American]]s are not included in those groups.


The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820 according to U.S. government records. Fewer than 1,000 are known to have arrived before the 1848 [[California Gold Rush]] which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who performed menial work for the [[Gold prospecting|gold prospectors]].


There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. Most of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from the [[Guangdong]] province.<ref name=historyworld>International World History Project. [http://history-world.org/asian_americans.htm Asian Americans]. Accessed 2007-07-07.</ref>
==Life and work==
[[Image:Chuck Close 1.jpg|thumb|350px|''Mark'' (1978 - 1979), acrylic on canvas. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York, New York]]. Detail at right of eye. ''Mark'', a painting that took Close fourteen months to complete, was constructed from a series of airbrushed layers that imitated [[CMYK color model|CMYK color printing]]. Compare the picture's integrity close up with the later work below, executed through a different technique.]]
[[Image:Chuck Close 2.jpg|thumb|350px|''Lucas'' (1986 - 1987), acrylic on canvas. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York, New York]]. Detail at right of eye. The pencil grid and thin undercoat of blue is visible beneath the splotchy "pixels." The painting's subject is fellow artist [[Lucas Samaras]].]]


Chinese people were some of the early immigrants to live in the U.S., but then were banned from emigrating between 1885 and 1943 - when the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed. Immigration of Chinese was heavily restricted until 1965. During the 1970s, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese immigration into the United States was from [[Hong Kong]] and followed by the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]] with relatively few immigrants coming from [[mainland China]]<ref>Yearbook of Immigraiton Statistics, Department of Homeland Security:2007 - Table 2 - Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Region and Selected Country of Last Residence: Fiscal Years 1820 to 2007 - http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm</ref>, which almost completely banned emigration for most of the 1960s<ref>[http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/publications/Working%20papers/Frank%20Pieke%20WP0524.pdf Introduction:<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. The second group created a group of [[Taiwanese American]]s. During the 1980s, in part due to the liberalization of emigration restrictions in the mid-1970s, immigration from the [[mainland China]] became a larger fraction of ethnic Chinese immigration into the United States.<ref>Yearbook of Immigratoon Statistics, Department of Homeland Security:2007 - Table 2 - Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Region and Selected Country of Last Residence: Fiscal Years 1820 to 2007 - http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm</ref>
Most of his early works are very large portraits based on photographs ([[Photorealism]] or [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] technique). In 1962, he received his B.A. from the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]]. He then attended graduate school at [[Yale University]], where he received his [[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]] in 1964. After Yale, he lived in [[Europe]] for a while on a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] grant. When he returned to the US, he worked as an art teacher at the [[University of Massachusetts]].


'''==History=='''
In 1969 his work was included in the [[Whitney Biennial]]. His first one man show was in 1970. Close's work was first exhibited at the [[New York Museum of Modern Art]] in early 1973. One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like [[Richard Estes]], [[Denis Peterson]], [[Audrey Flack]], and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs. The everyday nature of the subject matter of the paintings likewise worked to secure the painting as a realist object.<ref>Thompson, Graham: American Culture in the 1980s (Twentieth Century American Culture) Edinburgh University Press, 2007</ref>
{{main|Asian American}}
{{main|Chinese immigration to the United States|Chinese immigration to Hawaii}}
[[Image:Chinese railroad workers in snow.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[China|Chinese]] railroad workers in the snow – 19th century]]


Chinese immigration to the [[United States]] has come in great numbers. Similar to other [[Immigration to the United States|American immigration experiences]], Chinese immigration has resulted in both hardship and success.
One photo of [[Philip Glass]] was included in his black and white series in 1969, redone with water colors in 1977, again redone with stamp pad and fingerprints in 1978, and also done as gray handmade paper in 1982.


==="The Event"===
==Citizenship==
Legally all ethnic Chinese born in the United States are American citizens as a result of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] and the 1898 [[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]] Supreme Court decision. Upon naturalization, immigrants are must take an oath of loyalty to the United States but are not required to formally renounce their former citizenship.<ref>[http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1753.html U.S. State Department]</ref> The [[People's Republic of China]] does not recognize dual citizenship and considers naturalization of an person as an American citizen to implying a renounciation of PRC citizenship. The [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]] allows [[dual citizenship]], and it does not recognize the American naturalization, by itself, as renouncing citizenship.


According to the 2006 American Community Survey, 1,330,361 or 37% of Chinese Americans (including Taiwanese and multiracial people) are native-born citizens, and a further 1,319,137 or 59% of foreign-born Chinese Americans are naturalized citizens.<ref name="census2006">{{cite web
On Dec. 7, 1988, Close felt a strange pain in his chest. That day he was in New York about to give an art award. He begged to present first, went on stage, quickly read his speech and then ran to the hospital. Within a few hours, Close was paralyzed from the neck down. At first the doctors were confused but eventually they diagnosed a rare spinal artery collapse. Close called that day, "The Event". For months Close was in rehab strengthening his muscles, he soon had slight movement in his arms and could walk, yet only for a few steps. He has relied on a wheelchair since. The doctors and art experts both agreed on one thing, his career was over.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|title=2006 American Community Survey: Selected Population Profile in the United States
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR:035;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T:035;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR:035&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=
}}</ref>


==Major contributions==
However, Close continued to paint with a brush strapped onto his fingers, creating large portraits in low-resolution grid squares created by an assistant. Viewed from afar, these squares appear as a single, unified image which attempt photo-reality, albeit in pixelated form. Eventually Close managed to recover some movement in his arm and legs, and now paints with a brush strapped to his hand. Although the paralysis restricted his ability to paint as meticulously as before, Close had, in a sense, placed artificial restrictions upon his hyper-realist approach well before the injury. That is, he adopted materials and techniques that did not lend themselves well to achieving a photorealistic effect. Small bits of irregular paper or inked fingerprints were used as mediums to achieve, nonetheless, astoundingly realistic and interesting results. Close proved able to create his desired effects even with the most difficult of materials to control.
[[Image:StevenChu.jpg|thumb|Professor [[Steven Chu]] is among the several Chinese Americans to have won the [[Nobel Prize]]. The others are [[Tsung-dao Lee]], [[Samuel C. C. Ting]], [[Daniel Chee Tsui]], and [[Chen Ning Yang]].]]
*Building Western half of the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|Transcontinental railroad]]
*Building levees in the [[Sacramento River Delta]]
*Developing and cultivating much of the [[heartland|Western US]] farmland
*[[Chinese food]] (see ''[[American Chinese cuisine]]'')
*Recent technological developments (especially in the [[Bay Area]])


The Chinese who immigrated to America in the earlier decades were mainly from the area of Guangdong (Canton) and later Hong Kong. However, recently, more Chinese from mainland began to arrive to perform skilled jobs. Most of these Chinese Americans hold high educational degrees and value education.
Although his later paintings differ in method from his earlier canvases, the preliminary process remains the same. To create his [[grid]] work copies of photos, Close puts a grid on the photo and on the canvas and copies cell by cell. Typically, each square within the grid is filled with roughly executed regions of color (usually consisting of painted rings on a contrasting background) which give the cell a perceived 'average' hue which makes sense from a distance. His first tools for this included an airbrush, rags, razor blade, and an eraser mounted on a power drill. His first picture with this method was ''Big Self Portrait'', a black and white enlargement of his face to a 107.5&nbsp;in by 83.5&nbsp;in (2.73&nbsp;m by 2.12&nbsp;m) canvas, made in over four months in 1968. He made seven more black and white portraits during this period. He has been quoted as saying that he used such diluted paint in the airbrush that all eight of the paintings were made with a single tube of mars black acrylic.


==Influence on American culture==
Later work has branched into non-rectangular grids, [[topographic map]] style regions of similar colors, [[CMYK]] color grid work, and using larger grids to make the cell by cell nature of his work obvious even in small reproductions. The ''Big Self Portrait'' is so finely done that even a full page reproduction in an art book is still indistinguishable from a regular photograph.
{{seealso|American Chinese cuisine|Chinatown|Chinese character tattoos|Model Minority}}


Analysis indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not differentiate between Chinese Americans and Asian Americans generally, and stereotypes towards both groups are nearly identical.<ref name=c100>{{cite web|url=http://www.committee100.org/media/media_eng/042501.html |author=Committee of 100 |title=Committee of 100 Announces Results of Landmark National Survey on American Attitudes towards Chinese Americans and Asian Americans |date=2001-04-25 |accessdate=2007-06-14}}</ref> A 2001 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that 68% of the respondents had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.<ref name=sfgate>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2001/04/27/MN199998.DTL |author=Matthew Yi, et al. |title=Asian Americans seen negatively |accessdate=2007-06-14}}</ref> The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as business people (77%); high value on education (67%).<ref name=c100/>
Close currently lives and paints in [[Bridgehampton, New York]].


==Demographics==
===Some of his subjects===
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Chinatown F.jpg|left|thumb|160px|San Francisco [[Chinatown]]]] -->
{{seealso|Demographics of the United States}}


The Chinese American community is the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising of 22.4% of the Asian American population. They constitute 1.2% of the [[United States]] as a whole. In 2006, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.6 million.<ref name="Census2006" />
*[[Philip Glass]]

*[[Nancy Graves]]
As a whole, Chinese American populations continue to grow at a rapid rate due to immigration. However, they also on average have birth rates lower than those of White Americans, (citation needed) and as such their population is aging relatively quickly. In recent years, [[adoption]] of young children, especially girls, from China has also brought a boost to the numbers of Chinese Americans, although most of the adoptions appear to have been done by white parents.
*[[Alex Katz]]

*[[Kate Moss]]
===Locations===
*[[Michael Phelps]]
{{see|List of U.S. cities with large Chinese American populations}}
*[[John Roy]]
Cities with large Chinese American populations include (the following is the top 15 Chinese-American populations):
*[[Richard Serra]]

*[[Cindy Sherman]]
* [[Boston]], [[Flushing, Queens]], [[New York City|New York]], [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Plano, Texas|Plano]] in the [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] area, [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Chicago]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[San Diego]], [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] and [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]].

In these cities, there are often multiple Chinatowns, an older one and a newer one which is populated by immigrants from the 1960s and 1970s. In some areas, Chinese Americans maintain close relationships with other Asian groups (i.e. [[Koreans]], [[Filipinos]], [[Vietnamese]] and so on).

In Other areas, the Chinese American community is connected with other non-Asian ethnic groups: New York City's [[Lower East Side]], San Francisco's [[North Beach]] and Los Angeles' [[Olvera Street]] are good examples of Chinese-Americans intermingled with other races and cultures.

Even though most of the immigrants from the 1960s and 1970s tend to gather around Chinatowns, immigrants of the recent decades are no longer clustered in Chinatowns. They tend to settle down where their jobs are, and most will consider the school district so as to provide their children with quality education.

In addition to the big cities, smaller pockets of Chinese Americans are also dispersed in rural towns, often university-college towns, throughout the United States. Chinese Americans formed nearly 3 percent of California's population in 2000, and over one percent in the Northeast. [[Hawaii]], with its historically heavily-Asian population, was nearly 10 percent Chinese American.

===Language===
[[Chinese language|Chinese]], mostly of the [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese variety]], is the third most-spoken language spoken in the United States, almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in [[California]].<ref name="Lai">{{cite book | last = Lai | first = H. Mark | title = Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions | publisher = AltaMira Press | date = 2004 | isbn = 0759104581}}</ref> Over 2 million Americans speak [[identification of the varieties of Chinese|some variety of Chinese]], with the [[Standard Mandarin]] becoming increasingly more prevalent due to immigration from mainland China and Taiwan.<ref name="Lai"/>

In [[New York City]] at least, although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them and is on its way to replace Cantonese as their [[lingua franca]].<ref>{{cite book | last = García | first = Ofelia | coauthors = Fishman, Joshua A. | title = The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | date = 2002 | isbn = 311017281X}}</ref> In addition, the immigration from Fujian is creating an increasingly large number of [[Min]] speakers.

Although Chinese Americans grow up learning [[English language|English]], some teach their children Chinese for a variety of reasons such as of pride in their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with other relatives, and the perception that Chinese will be a very useful language to know as China's economic strength increases. However, some Chinese American parents believe their children will fit in better with English speaking peers if they do not learn Chinese, and instead immerse themselves in an English-speaking environment.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

==Life in America==

Chinese Americans have made many large strides in American society. Today, Chinese Americans engage in every facet of American life including the military, elected offices, media, academia, and sports. Over the years, many Chinese Americans have blended the American lifestyle with a more natively Chinese one.

Perhaps the most common landmark of the Chinese impact in America are the prolific Chinese restaurants that have cropped up in every corner of the U.S. Along with these culinary traditions, Chinese heritage is celebrated not only by most Chinese Americans, but also mainstream America; the most prominent of these is the [[Chinese New Year]] celebration.

Chinese American income and social status varies widely. Although many Chinese Americans in [[Chinatowns]] of large cities are often members of an impoverished working class, others are well-educated upper-class people living in affluent suburbs. The upper and lower-class Chinese are also widely separated by social status. In California's [[San Gabriel Valley]], for example, even though the cities of [[Monterey Park, California|Monterey Park]] and [[San Marino, California|San Marino]] are both Chinese American communities lying geographically close to each other, they are separated by a large socio-economic and income gap.

===Festivals===
In most American cities with Chinese populations, the new year is celebrated with cultural festivals and parties. At other times of the year, Chinese cultural festivals provide a gathering point for the Chinese community, and help to educated others. In [[Seattle]], the [[Festál#China: Chinese Culture and Arts Festival| Chinese Culture and Arts Festival]] is held every year.

Other important festivals include the [[Dragon Boat Festival]] and the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]].

==Politics==
[[Image:Elaine Chao large.jpg|thumb|Secretary of Labor [[Elaine Chao]] is the first (and to date, only) Chinese American to serve in the federal cabinet. She is also the first Asian American woman and second Asian American in the Cabinet.]]
{{seealso|Racism in the United States|Anti-Chinese sentiment}}

Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on factors such as a generation, place of origin, socio-economic level, and do not have uniform attitudes about the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Republic of China]], the [[United States]], or [[Chinese nationalism]], with attitudes varying widely between active support, hostility, or indifference. Different subgroups of Chinese Americans also have radically different and sometimes very conflicting political priorities and goals. It is for this reason that Chinese Americans do not have any unified political groups or any unified political viewpoints.

In the days leading up to the [[2004 U.S. Presidential Election]], [[John Kerry]] was favored by 58% of Chinese Americans, with [[George W. Bush]] being favored by 23% of Chinese Americans and 19% undecided.<ref name="Kerry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/FI16Aa01.html|title=Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry|publisher=Asia Times|date=[[2004-09-16]]|accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref>

In recent decades, many Chinese Americans have started pursuing careers in politics, and succeeded in getting elected into political offices. The most prominent is [[Gary Locke (politician)|Gary Locke]] who became the first Chinese American governor in U.S. history. Others include [[Hiram Fong]], [[Daniel Akaka]], [[March Fong Eu]], [[Matt Fong]], [[Thomas Tang]], [[Norman Bay]], [[Elaine Chao]], [[Leland Yee]], [[John Liu]] and [[David Wu]].

During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Chinese Americans, like all [[overseas Chinese]], generally speaking, were viewed as [[capitalism| capitalist]] traitors by the [[People's Republic of China]] [[government]]. This attitude changed completely in the late 1970s with the reforms of [[Deng Xiaoping]]. Increasingly, Chinese Americans were seen as sources of business and technical expertise and [[capital]] who could aid in China's [[Economic development|economic]] and other [[International development|development]].

==American-born==
{{main|American-born Chinese}}

==Notable Chinese Americans==
:''See [[List of Chinese Americans]].''


==See also==
==See also==
{{Chinese American|state=uncollapsed}}
* [[The Portrait Now]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}

* {{cite book | last = William | first = Bartman|coauthors=Joanne Kesten (editors) |authorlink = William Bartman| title = The Portraits Speak: Chuck Close in Conversation with 27 of his subjects| series = | year = 1997 | publisher = A.R.T. Press, New York | isbn = 0923183183}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Greenberg | first = Jan |last = Jordan | first = Sandra |authorlink = Jan Greenberg | Sandra Jordan | title = Chuck Close Up Close| series = | year = 1998 | publisher = DK Publishing | isbn = 0789426587}}
* ''Chinese American Understanding: A Sixty-Year Search'', [[Chih Meng]], China Institute in America, 1981, hardcover, 255 pages, OCLC: 8027928
* ''Chinese Americans and Their Immigrant Parents: Conflict, Identity, and Values'', [[May Pao-May Tung]], Haworth Press, 2000, paperback, 112 pages, ISBN 0-7890-1056-9
* ''Chinese Americans: The Immigrant Experience'', [[Dusanka Miscevic]] and Peter Kwong, Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 2000, hardcover, 240 pages, ISBN 0-88363-128-8
* ''Compelled To Excel: Immigration, Education, And Opportunity Among Chinese Americans'', [[Vivian S. Louie]], Stanford University Press, 2004, paperback, 272 pages, ISBN 0-8047-4985-X
* <cite>The Chinese in America: A Narrative History</cite>, [[Iris Chang]], Viking, 2003, hardcover, 496 pages, ISBN 0-670-03123-2
* ''Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American'', Shehong Chen, University of Illinois Press, 2002 ISBN 0-252-02736-1 [http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/chen/toc.html electronic book]
* [http://www.leadershipadvice.com ABC Struggles in the Church]
* ''On Gold Mountain: The One-Hundred-Year Odyssey of My Chinese American Family'', Lisa See, 1996. ISBN 0-679-76852-1. See also the website for an exhibition based on this book [http://www.apa.si.edu/ongoldmountain] from the [[Smithsonian]] Asian Pacific American Program.


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons|Category:Chinese Americans}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:016;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:016;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:016;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:016&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=Census Factfinder Chinese Americans 2005 American Community Survey]
*Watch Chuck Close and Robert Storr in Conversation on [http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/buniverse/videos/view/?id=153 BUniverse]
* [http://www.moca-nyc.org Museum of Chinese in the Americas]
*[http://web.mac.com/c_anderson/Site/Urban-Muse_-_Chuck_Close_Interview.html URBAN-MUSE.COM interview with Chuck Close at his NYC Studio (Young Artists and 9/11)]
* [http://www.c-c-c.org Chinese Culture Center & Chinese Culture Foundation of San Francisco]
*[http://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/june97/close1.html "Close Call" By Jon Marmor]
* [http://www.ocanatl.org Organization of Chinese Americans]
*[http://collections.walkerart.org/item/agent/42 Chuck Close at the Walker Art Center]
* [http://www.chsa.org/ Chinese Historical Society of America]
*[http://www.aaa.si.edu/oralhist/close87.htm Smithsonian Archives of American Art: Interview, 1987]
* [http://www.asiansinamerica.org/directory/dir_e_ch.html The Asians in America Project - Chinese American Organizations Directory]
*[http://www.chuckclose.coe.uh.edu Chuck Close: Process & Collaboration]
* [http://www.paperson.com/history.htm "Paper Son" - one Chinese American's story of coming to America under the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882]
*[http://www.mensvogue.com/arts/articles/2007/10/chuck_close Chuck Close Q&A with Men's Vogue]
* [http://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ Becoming American: The Chinese Experience] a PBS Bill Moyers special. Thomas F. Lennon, Series Producer.
*[http://www.haberarts.com/close.htm Habits of Disbelief: Chuck Close by John Haber]
* [http://cprr.org/Museum/Chinese.html Chinese American Contribution to Transcontinental Railroad] - Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8127091529031459011&q=tvshow%3ACharlie_Rose+chuck+close One hour interview with Charlie Rose at Google Video (March 15, 2007)]
* [http://www.EITC.org Emerging Information Technology Conference (EITC), organized by several Chinese American organizations]
*[http://www.lensculture.com/close.html Book Review of "A Couple Ways of Doing Something"]
* [http://www.yellowbridge.com/people/whoswho.html Famous Chinese Americans] Comprehensive list of famous Chinese Americans organized by professions. Includes short biographical notes and Chinese names.
* [http://www.cina.org/ Chinese Information and Networking Association (CINA)]
* [http://www.nwchp.org/ Northwest Chinese Professionals Association]
* [http://web.pdx.edu/~lorz/index.htm The Yung Wing Project] hosts the memoir of the first Chinese American graduate of an American university (Yale 1854).
* [http://www.camla.org Chinese American Museum]
* [http://www.goldenventuremovie.com Documentary about the Golden Venture tragedy]

{{Asian Americans}}
{{Overseas Chinese2}}


[[Category:Chinese American history]]
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[[Category:American painters]]
[[Category:Asian Americans]]
[[Category:American printmakers]]
[[Category:Chinese Americans| ]]
[[Category:American photographers]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Overseas Chinese groups|Americans]]
[[Category:Members of The American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients]]
[[Category:Photorealism]]
[[Category:Postmodern artists]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Portrait artists]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]
[[Category:People with quadriplegia]]


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Revision as of 03:55, 11 October 2008

Chinese Americans
Tsung-Dao LeeMichelle KwanLucy LiuBruce Lee
Steven ChuElaine ChaoJerry Yang
Tsung-Dao Lee, Michelle Kwan, Lucy Liu, Bruce Lee, Steven Chu, Elaine Chao, Jerry Yang
Languages
English, Chinese
Religion
Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Christianity, Taoism
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Chinese

Chinese Americans are Americans of Chinese descent. Chinese Americans constitute one group of Overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Within this community, the term Chinese American is often broadly defined to include not only immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau and their descendants but also immigrants and descendants of people from Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese who have immigrated to the United States from places as diverse as Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Mexico. The inclusion of Taiwanese Americans in the classification of Chinese American is somewhat controversial owing to differences of opinion as to the relationship of Taiwan to China. Supporters of Taiwan independence often object to classification of Taiwanese Americans as Chinese Americans and overseas Chinese while opponents of Taiwan independence often object if Taiwanese Americans are not included in those groups.

The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820 according to U.S. government records. Fewer than 1,000 are known to have arrived before the 1848 California Gold Rush which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who performed menial work for the gold prospectors.

There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. Most of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from the Guangdong province.[2]

Chinese people were some of the early immigrants to live in the U.S., but then were banned from emigrating between 1885 and 1943 - when the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed. Immigration of Chinese was heavily restricted until 1965. During the 1970s, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese immigration into the United States was from Hong Kong and followed by the Republic of China on Taiwan with relatively few immigrants coming from mainland China[3], which almost completely banned emigration for most of the 1960s[4]. The second group created a group of Taiwanese Americans. During the 1980s, in part due to the liberalization of emigration restrictions in the mid-1970s, immigration from the mainland China became a larger fraction of ethnic Chinese immigration into the United States.[5]

==History==

Main article: Asian American
Main articles: Chinese immigration to the United States and Chinese immigration to Hawaii
Chinese railroad workers in the snow – 19th century

Chinese immigration to the United States has come in great numbers. Similar to other American immigration experiences, Chinese immigration has resulted in both hardship and success.

Citizenship

Legally all ethnic Chinese born in the United States are American citizens as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment and the 1898 United States v. Wong Kim Ark Supreme Court decision. Upon naturalization, immigrants are must take an oath of loyalty to the United States but are not required to formally renounce their former citizenship.[6] The People's Republic of China does not recognize dual citizenship and considers naturalization of an person as an American citizen to implying a renounciation of PRC citizenship. The Republic of China on Taiwan allows dual citizenship, and it does not recognize the American naturalization, by itself, as renouncing citizenship.

According to the 2006 American Community Survey, 1,330,361 or 37% of Chinese Americans (including Taiwanese and multiracial people) are native-born citizens, and a further 1,319,137 or 59% of foreign-born Chinese Americans are naturalized citizens.[7]

Major contributions

Professor Steven Chu is among the several Chinese Americans to have won the Nobel Prize. The others are Tsung-dao Lee, Samuel C. C. Ting, Daniel Chee Tsui, and Chen Ning Yang.

The Chinese who immigrated to America in the earlier decades were mainly from the area of Guangdong (Canton) and later Hong Kong. However, recently, more Chinese from mainland began to arrive to perform skilled jobs. Most of these Chinese Americans hold high educational degrees and value education.

Influence on American culture

See also: American Chinese cuisine, Chinatown, Chinese character tattoos, and Model Minority

Analysis indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not differentiate between Chinese Americans and Asian Americans generally, and stereotypes towards both groups are nearly identical.[8] A 2001 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that 68% of the respondents had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.[9] The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as business people (77%); high value on education (67%).[8]

Demographics

See also: Demographics of the United States

The Chinese American community is the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising of 22.4% of the Asian American population. They constitute 1.2% of the United States as a whole. In 2006, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.6 million.[1]

As a whole, Chinese American populations continue to grow at a rapid rate due to immigration. However, they also on average have birth rates lower than those of White Americans, (citation needed) and as such their population is aging relatively quickly. In recent years, adoption of young children, especially girls, from China has also brought a boost to the numbers of Chinese Americans, although most of the adoptions appear to have been done by white parents.

Locations

Further information: List of U.S. cities with large Chinese American populations

Cities with large Chinese American populations include (the following is the top 15 Chinese-American populations):

In these cities, there are often multiple Chinatowns, an older one and a newer one which is populated by immigrants from the 1960s and 1970s. In some areas, Chinese Americans maintain close relationships with other Asian groups (i.e. Koreans, Filipinos, Vietnamese and so on).

In Other areas, the Chinese American community is connected with other non-Asian ethnic groups: New York City's Lower East Side, San Francisco's North Beach and Los Angeles' Olvera Street are good examples of Chinese-Americans intermingled with other races and cultures.

Even though most of the immigrants from the 1960s and 1970s tend to gather around Chinatowns, immigrants of the recent decades are no longer clustered in Chinatowns. They tend to settle down where their jobs are, and most will consider the school district so as to provide their children with quality education.

In addition to the big cities, smaller pockets of Chinese Americans are also dispersed in rural towns, often university-college towns, throughout the United States. Chinese Americans formed nearly 3 percent of California's population in 2000, and over one percent in the Northeast. Hawaii, with its historically heavily-Asian population, was nearly 10 percent Chinese American.

Language

Chinese, mostly of the Cantonese variety, is the third most-spoken language spoken in the United States, almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California.[10] Over 2 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese, with the Standard Mandarin becoming increasingly more prevalent due to immigration from mainland China and Taiwan.[10]

In New York City at least, although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them and is on its way to replace Cantonese as their lingua franca.[11] In addition, the immigration from Fujian is creating an increasingly large number of Min speakers.

Although Chinese Americans grow up learning English, some teach their children Chinese for a variety of reasons such as of pride in their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with other relatives, and the perception that Chinese will be a very useful language to know as China's economic strength increases. However, some Chinese American parents believe their children will fit in better with English speaking peers if they do not learn Chinese, and instead immerse themselves in an English-speaking environment.[citation needed]

Life in America

Chinese Americans have made many large strides in American society. Today, Chinese Americans engage in every facet of American life including the military, elected offices, media, academia, and sports. Over the years, many Chinese Americans have blended the American lifestyle with a more natively Chinese one.

Perhaps the most common landmark of the Chinese impact in America are the prolific Chinese restaurants that have cropped up in every corner of the U.S. Along with these culinary traditions, Chinese heritage is celebrated not only by most Chinese Americans, but also mainstream America; the most prominent of these is the Chinese New Year celebration.

Chinese American income and social status varies widely. Although many Chinese Americans in Chinatowns of large cities are often members of an impoverished working class, others are well-educated upper-class people living in affluent suburbs. The upper and lower-class Chinese are also widely separated by social status. In California's San Gabriel Valley, for example, even though the cities of Monterey Park and San Marino are both Chinese American communities lying geographically close to each other, they are separated by a large socio-economic and income gap.

Festivals

In most American cities with Chinese populations, the new year is celebrated with cultural festivals and parties. At other times of the year, Chinese cultural festivals provide a gathering point for the Chinese community, and help to educated others. In Seattle, the Chinese Culture and Arts Festival is held every year.

Other important festivals include the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Politics

Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao is the first (and to date, only) Chinese American to serve in the federal cabinet. She is also the first Asian American woman and second Asian American in the Cabinet.
See also: Racism in the United States and Anti-Chinese sentiment

Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on factors such as a generation, place of origin, socio-economic level, and do not have uniform attitudes about the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, the United States, or Chinese nationalism, with attitudes varying widely between active support, hostility, or indifference. Different subgroups of Chinese Americans also have radically different and sometimes very conflicting political priorities and goals. It is for this reason that Chinese Americans do not have any unified political groups or any unified political viewpoints.

In the days leading up to the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election, John Kerry was favored by 58% of Chinese Americans, with George W. Bush being favored by 23% of Chinese Americans and 19% undecided.[12]

In recent decades, many Chinese Americans have started pursuing careers in politics, and succeeded in getting elected into political offices. The most prominent is Gary Locke who became the first Chinese American governor in U.S. history. Others include Hiram Fong, Daniel Akaka, March Fong Eu, Matt Fong, Thomas Tang, Norman Bay, Elaine Chao, Leland Yee, John Liu and David Wu.

During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese Americans, like all overseas Chinese, generally speaking, were viewed as capitalist traitors by the People's Republic of China government. This attitude changed completely in the late 1970s with the reforms of Deng Xiaoping. Increasingly, Chinese Americans were seen as sources of business and technical expertise and capital who could aid in China's economic and other development.

American-born

Main article: American-born Chinese

Notable Chinese Americans

See List of Chinese Americans.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Selected Population Profile in the United States http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-reg=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR:035;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T:035;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:035&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Selected Population Profile in the United States. Retrieved 2008-09-29. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ International World History Project. Asian Americans. Accessed 2007-07-07.
  3. ^ Yearbook of Immigraiton Statistics, Department of Homeland Security:2007 - Table 2 - Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Region and Selected Country of Last Residence: Fiscal Years 1820 to 2007 - http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm
  4. ^ Introduction:
  5. ^ Yearbook of Immigratoon Statistics, Department of Homeland Security:2007 - Table 2 - Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Region and Selected Country of Last Residence: Fiscal Years 1820 to 2007 - http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm
  6. ^ U.S. State Department
  7. ^ "2006 American Community Survey: Selected Population Profile in the United States". United States Census Bureau.
  8. ^ a b Committee of 100 (2001-04-25). "Committee of 100 Announces Results of Landmark National Survey on American Attitudes towards Chinese Americans and Asian Americans". Retrieved 2007-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Matthew Yi; et al. "Asian Americans seen negatively". Retrieved 2007-06-14. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  10. ^ a b Lai, H. Mark (2004). Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0759104581.
  11. ^ García, Ofelia (2002). The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 311017281X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry". Asia Times. 2004-09-16. Retrieved 2007-09-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Further reading

  • Chinese American Understanding: A Sixty-Year Search, Chih Meng, China Institute in America, 1981, hardcover, 255 pages, OCLC: 8027928
  • Chinese Americans and Their Immigrant Parents: Conflict, Identity, and Values, May Pao-May Tung, Haworth Press, 2000, paperback, 112 pages, ISBN 0-7890-1056-9
  • Chinese Americans: The Immigrant Experience, Dusanka Miscevic and Peter Kwong, Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 2000, hardcover, 240 pages, ISBN 0-88363-128-8
  • Compelled To Excel: Immigration, Education, And Opportunity Among Chinese Americans, Vivian S. Louie, Stanford University Press, 2004, paperback, 272 pages, ISBN 0-8047-4985-X
  • The Chinese in America: A Narrative History, Iris Chang, Viking, 2003, hardcover, 496 pages, ISBN 0-670-03123-2
  • Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American, Shehong Chen, University of Illinois Press, 2002 ISBN 0-252-02736-1 electronic book
  • ABC Struggles in the Church
  • On Gold Mountain: The One-Hundred-Year Odyssey of My Chinese American Family, Lisa See, 1996. ISBN 0-679-76852-1. See also the website for an exhibition based on this book [1] from the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program.

External links

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