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This formulation emphasized the continuity of the two legal Acts. The Act of February 16, 1918 and its successor, the Act of March 11, 1990, are two of the most important developments of Lithuanian society in the [[20th century]].<ref name=VAR> {{lt icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.voruta.lt/article.php?article=726 |title=Vasario 16-osios Akto reikšmė lietuvių tautos politinei raidai| accessdate=2007-01-30| author=Antanas Tyla| year=2005}}</ref>
This formulation emphasized the continuity of the two legal Acts. The Act of February 16, 1918 and its successor, the Act of March 11, 1990, are two of the most important developments of Lithuanian society in the [[20th century]].<ref name=VAR> {{lt icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.voruta.lt/article.php?article=726 |title=Vasario 16-osios Akto reikšmė lietuvių tautos politinei raidai| accessdate=2007-01-30| author=Antanas Tyla| year=2005}}</ref>


Every year on February 16 in Lithuania is official holiday. During this day various ceremonies hosted across Lithuania, but the main commemoration held in [[House of Signatories]], Vulnius, where Act was sign back in 1918.
February 16 in Lithuania is official holiday. During this day every year various ceremonies are hosted across Lithuania, but the main commemoration held in [[House of Signatories]], Vulnius, where Act was sign back in 1918.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 12:26, 7 February 2007

Facsimile of the Act of February 16
Facsimile of the Act of February 16

The Act of Independence of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktas) or Act of February 16 was signed by the Council of Lithuania on February 16, 1918, proclaiming the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania, governed by democratic principles, with Vilnius as its capital. The Act was signed by twenty representatives, chaired by Jonas Basanavičius.

The Act of February 16 was the end result of a series of resolutions on the issue, including one issued by the Vilnius Conference and the Act of January 8. The path to the Act is long and complicated because the German Empire exerted pressure onto the Council to form an alliance or union. The Council had to carefully manneuver between the Germans, whose troops were present in Lithuania, and demands of Lithuanian people.

The immediate effects of the announcement of Lithuania's independence re-establishment were limited. Publication of the Act was prohibited by the German authorities, and the text was distributed and printed illegally. The work of the Council was hindered and Germans remained in control over Lithuania. The situation changed only when Germany lost the World War I in the fall of 1918.

The signatories of the Act were to see a number of different futures; five of them died before World War II stared. In its aftermath, several emigrated to Western countries. After Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, six of the signatories became political prisoners.[1] The Act's original document has been lost. Historians and adventurers continue to search for it. The Act itself was a key element in the foundation of Lithuania's re-establishment of independence in 1990.[2]

Historic background and Council of Lithuania

Main article: Council of Lithuania
The original 20 members of the Council of Lithuania

After the last Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire.[3] During the 19th century, both the Lithuanians and the Poles attempted to restore their independence. They rebelled during the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863, but the first realistic opportunity came when both Russia and Germany were weakened during World War I.

In 1915, Germany occupied Lithuania as its troops marched towards Russia. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Germany conceived the geopolitical strategy of Mitteleuropa – a regional network of puppet states that would serve as a buffer zone – and agreed to allow the Vilnius Conference, hoping that it would proclaim that the Lithuanian nation wanted to detach itself from Russia and establish a closer relationship with Germany.[4] However, this strategy backfired; the conference, held between September 18 and 22, 1917, adopted a resolution that an independent Lithuania should be established and that a closer relationship with Germany would be conditional on Germany's formal recognition of the new state.[5] On September 21, 214 attendees at the conference elected a 20-member Council of Lithuania to codify this resolution.[6] The German authorities did not allow that resolution to be published, but they did permit the Council to proceed.[4] The Vilnius Conference also resolved that a constituent assembly should be elected by popular vote as soon as possible.

Path to the Act of February 16

Act of December 11, 1917

The Act of December 11 was the second stage in the progression towards the final Act of Independence. The first draft, demanded by chancellor Georg von Hertling, was prepared by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs on December 1.[7] Further changes were jointly prepared by the German chancellery and by a delegation of the Council of Lithuania. The delegation's members consisted of Antanas Smetona, Steponas Kairys, Vladas Mironas, Jurgis Šaulys, Petras Klimas and Aleksandras Stulginskis.[8] After discussion amongst the parties, a compromise was reached on the document's text. The German representative, Kurt fon Lersner, insisted that not a letter would be changed in the agreed upon text and that all the Council members sign the document.[8]

After the delegation returned to Vilnius, a session of the Council was held on December 11th in order to discuss the Act. It was adopted without changes. Fifteen voted in favor of the Act, three voted against it, one member abstained, and one did not participate.[8] It is not entirely clear whether every member of the Council signed this document.[8] The Act was written in German and it seems that no official Lithuanian translation was prepared. Therefore different sources provide a bit different translations.[8] The Act of December 11 pronounced Lithuania's independence, but also called for "a firm and permanent alliance" with Germany.[5] Since the Act specified that the alliance was to be formed based on conventions concerning military affairs, transportation, customs, and currency, many argued that the Council overstepped its authority: resolution adopted by the Vilnius Conference clearly demanded that a constituent assembly would decide such crucial matters of Lithuanian state.[7]

Act of January 8, 1918

Jonas Basanavičius, the chairman of the Council when the Act of February 16 was signed

When peace talks started between Germany and Russia in 1918, German authorities asked the Lithuanian representatives to prepare two notifications of the independence – one for Russians, in which Lithuania's ties with Russia would be denounced and nothing would be mentioned about an alliance with Germany, and a version to be released in Germany that would essentially repeat the Act of December 11.[8] The Council decided to amend the first part of the Act of December 11. Petras Klimas included a sentence calling for the Constituent Assembly.[9] Another important change was inclusion of mention of democratic principles as the basic principles governing the new state.[8] The second part, about the alliance with Germany, was completely omitted.[9] Its final version was approved on January 8, 1918, the same day as Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points.

However, Ober Ost rejected the changes. On January 26, in compliance with the request earlier, the two versions of the notification were approved, but it did not include the changes of January 8.[9] The adaptation of the notification created tensions among the Council members because it was too favorable to the Germans.[10] Four members – Mykolas Biržiška, Steponas Kairys, Stanislovas Narutavičius and Jonas Vileišis – resigned from the Council in protest.[7] The chairman of the Council, Antanas Smetona, stepped down. Jonas Basanavičius, who would later be called the patriarch of independence, was elected as the chairman.[11]

Act of February 16, 1918

Germany failed to recognize Lithuania as an independent state and Lithuanian delegation was not invited to the Brest-Litovsk negotiations.[10] During the first and final official joint session between the Council and the German authorities, it was made clear that the Council would serve only as an advisory board.[9] This situation gave additional backing to those Council members who were seeking independence without any ties to other countries. The prime concern at this point was to invite back those members who had left the Council. Negotiations were undertaken that led to the reformulation of previous versions of the Act.

The four withdrawn members demanded that the Council returned to the Act of January 8 and omit the mention of any alliance with Germany.[8] After heated and lengthy back-and-forth, on February 15, at 10 o'clock AM, the new revision of the Act was ready. It included, with minor stylistic changes, wording of the Act of January 8 and promulgation and notification, drafted on February 1. Promulgation and notification do not carry legal weight and do not change the meaning of a legal document.[8] The Council, including the withdrawn members, was invited to return the next day for its finalization. On the next day, February 16, 1918, at 12:30 PM, all twenty Council members met at 30 Didžioji Street in Vilnius, unanimously approved and signed the Act of Independence of Lithuania.[9] Today February 16 is celebrated as the Independence Day in Lithuania. The building is known as the "House of the Signatories" (Lithuanian: signatarų namai) and hosts a museum.

Final text of the Act

Line Original text[12] English translation[13]
1
NUTARIMAS
RESOLUTION
2 Lietuvos Taryba savo posėdyje vasario 16 d. 1918 m. vienu balsu nuta- The Council of Lithuania in its session of February 16, 1918 decided unanimously
3 rė kreiptis: į Rusijos, Vokietijos ir kitų valstybių vyriausybės šiuo to address the governments of Russia, Germany, and other states with the following
4 pareiškimu: declaration:
5 Lietuvos Taryba, kaipo vienintelė lietuvių tautos atstovybė, remdamos The Council of Lithuania, as the sole representative of the Lithuanian nation, based on
6 pripažintaja tautų apsisprendimo teise ir lietuvių Vilniaus konferencijos the recognized right to national self-determination, and on the Vilnius Conference's
7 nutarimu rugsėjo mėn. 18-23 d. 1917 metais, skelbia atstatanti nepriklau- resolution of September 18-23, 1917, proclaims the restoration of the independent
8 somą demokratiniais pamatais sutvarkytą Lietuvos valstybę su sostine state of Lithuania, founded on democratic principles, with Vilnius as its capital,
9 Vilniuje ir tą valstybę atskirianti nuo visų valstybinių ryšių, kurie and declares the termination of all state ties which formerly
10 yra buvę su kitomis tautomis. bound this State to other nations.
11 Drauge Lietuvos Taryba pareiškia, kad Lietuvos valstybės pama- The Council of Lithuania also declares that the foundation of the Lithuanian State and
12 tus ir jos santykius su kitomis valstybėmis privalo galutinai nustatyti its relations with other countries will be finally determined by the
13 kiek galima graičiau sušauktas steigiamasis seimas, demokratiniu budu visų Constituent Assembly, to be convoked as soon as possible, elected democratically
14 jos gyventojų išrinktas. by all its inhabitants.
15 Lietuvos Taryba pranešdama apie tai ..................... The Council of Lithuania by informing the Government of ..................... to this effect
16 vyriausybei, prašo pripažinti nepriklausomą Lietuvos valstybę. requests the recognition of the Independent State of Lithuania.
 
17 Dr. Jonas Basanavičius Dr. Jonas Basanavičius
18 Saliamonas Banaitis Saliamonas Banaitis
19 Mykolas Biržiška Mykolas Biržiška
20 Vilniuje, vasario 16 d. 1918 m. Kazys Bizauskas In Vilnius, February 16, 1918 Kazys Bizauskas
21 Pranas Dovydaitis Pranas Dovydaitis
22 Jurgis Šaulys Steponas Kairys Jurgis Šaulys Steponas Kairys
23 Jokūbas Šernas Petras Klimas Jokūbas Šernas Petras Klimas
24 Antanas Smetona Donatas Malinauskas Antanas Smetona Donatas Malinauskas
25 Jonas Smilgevičius Vladas Mironas Jonas Smilgevičius Vladas Mironas
26 Justinas Staugaitis Stanislovas Narutavičius Justinas Staugaitis Stanislovas Narutavičius
27 Aleksandras Stulginskis Alfonsas Petrulis Aleksandras Stulginskis Alfonsas Petrulis
28 Jonas Vailokaitis Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys Jonas Vailokaitis Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys
29 Jonas Vileišis Jonas Vileišis


Path to the Act: graphic representation

Note: the colors of the functional sections correspond to the colored lines in the original text above.

  Part I      
Resolution of Vilnius Conference
September 18 - 22, 1917 		 
Part II  
 
 
    Part I  
Act of December 11, 1917    
  Part II  
   
   
Edited in session Edited by Petras Klimas
       
   
Act of January 8, 1918 Disposition Clause
   
Edited by Steponas Kairys, Stanislovas Narutavičius, Jonas Vileišis
         
       
Draft of February 1, 1918 Promulgation Disposition Clause Notification
       
Edited by the Council and four withdrawn members
       
Draft of February 15, 1918 Promulgation Disposition Clause Notification
       
Edited by Petras Klimas          
     
         
Act of Independence of Lithuania
Act of February 16, 1918 		Promulgation Disposition Clause Notification Eschatocol
 
Source: Raimundas Klimavičius (2004-02-17). "Vasario 16-osios aktas: teksto formavimo šaltiniai ir autorystės problema". History. A Collection of Lithuanian Universities’ Research Papers (59–60). Vilnius Pedagogical University: 65. Retrieved 2007-01-27.

Aftermath

Fate of Lithuania

The front cover of Lietuvos aidas with the text of the Act. The bulk of the issue was confiscated by German authorities.

Soon after the signing, the Act was taken to Germany and handed to parties in the Reichstag. On February 18, the text was reprinted in German newspapers, including Das Neue Litauen, Vossische Zeitung, Taegliche Rundschau, and Kreuzzeitung.[4] In Lithuania a text of the proclamation was prepared for printing in newspapers, particularly in Lietuvos aidas, the Council's newspaper established by Antanas Smetona, but the German authorities prohibited this publication and confiscated the prepared issue containing the Act's text.[14] Although the majority of the printing was confiscated, the newspaper's editor, Petras Klimas, managed to hide about 60 copies.[9] This censorship meant that the distribution and dissemination of the Act was illegal in Lithuania.

On March 3, 1918, Germany and the now-Bolshevik Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It declared that the Baltic nations were in the German interest zone and that Russia renounced any claims to them. On March 23, Germany recognized independent Lithuania on the basis of the December 11 declaration.[4] However, in substance, nothing had changed either in Lithuania or in Council's status: any efforts to establish an administration were hindered.[10] This situation changed when the German Revolution started and Germany lost the war in the fall of 1918 – it was no longer in a position to dictate the terms. On November 2, the Council of Lithuania adopted the first provisional constitution. The functions of government were entrusted to a three-member presidium, and Augustinas Voldemaras was invited to form the first Cabinet of Ministers of Lithuania.[7] The first government was formed on November 11, 1918, on the day that Germany signed the armistice in Compiègne. The Council immediately began to organize an army, police, municipalities, and other institutions. The proclaimed independence was established.

Fate of the Act

Two copies of the Act were signed: the original and a duplicate. The original was given to Jonas Basanavičius to safeguard and protect. The original was never published or used in any public matters; its existence was first mentioned in the press in 1933.[15] The whereabouts of the original remain unknown. The duplicate was used in day-to-day business, and was stored in the president's archives until June 15, 1940, the day when Lithuania lost its independence and was occupied by the Soviets.[15] After that date the document disappeared. Neither the original or the duplicate has been located - historians and adventurers continue to hunt for it. In 2006 a team of engineers searched the walls of the former house of the signatory Petras Vileišis.[16] Two facsimiles of the duplicate were produced, one in 1928 and the other in 1933. The 1928 facsimile is a closer reproduction of the Act in its original state; there are spelling errors, and the background is visually "noisy", while the 1933 facsimile shows the Act in an "improved" condition.[15]

Fate of the signatories

Jonas Vileišis went on to serve in the Seimas and as mayor of Kaunas;[17] Saliamonas Banaitis founded several banks;[18] Justinas Staugaitis was ordained the Bishop of Telšiai;[19] Aleksandras Stulginskis served in the Seimas and as the second President of Lithuania;[20] and Jokūbas Šernas served in the Ministry of the Interior.[21] Jonas Basanavičius returned to an academic life, pursuing his research in Lithuanian culture and folklore.[22]

Those signatories of the Act who lived to witness World War II paid a steep price for their participation in Lithuanian political life after Lithuania once again lost its independence. Aleksandras Stulginskis and Petras Klimas were sent to prison in Siberia, by Soviet authorities, but survived and returned to Lithuania;Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Pranas Dovydaitis[23] and Vladas Mironas[24] were also sent to Siberia and died there. Kazys Bizauskas disappeared during the summer of 1941 while being transported to a Soviet prison in Minsk; he is presumed to have been shot along with a number of other prisoners.[25] Donatas Malinauskas disappeared during the mass deportations to Siberia that occurred in Lithuania on June 14, 1941; his fate and his burial site have never been determined.[26]

Several of the signatories went into exile. Jurgis Šaulys and Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys died in Switzerland.[27][28] Antanas Smetona, Mykolas Biržiška, and Steponas Kairys died in the United States.[29][30][31]

Legacy

The Act of February 16 proclaimed the re-establishment of Lithuanian state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[32] Severely reduced in size, the state was re-created only in ethnic Lithuanian lands.[32] The principles of sovereignty and continuity of Duchy's legacy were stressed by the Council of Lithuania. The termination of the ties bonding Lithuania to other states was addressed to Germany, Russia, and Poland, all of which had their own plans for Lithuania.[32][5] Even though not addressed directly, the Act denounced any attempts to resurrect the old Polish-Lithuanian union.[9]

The Act of February 16, 1918, became one of the key elements during the restoration of Lithuania's independence from the Soviet Union in 1990.[33][34] One of the paragraphs in the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, delivered on March 11, 1990, stated:

The Act of Independence of 16 February 1918 of the Council of Lithuania and the Constituent Assembly (Seimas) decree of 15 May 1920 on the re-established democratic State of Lithuania never lost their legal effect and comprise the constitutional foundation of the State of Lithuania.[34]

This formulation emphasized the continuity of the two legal Acts. The Act of February 16, 1918 and its successor, the Act of March 11, 1990, are two of the most important developments of Lithuanian society in the 20th century.[2]

February 16 in Lithuania is official holiday. During this day every year various ceremonies are hosted across Lithuania, but the main commemoration held in House of Signatories, Vulnius, where Act was sign back in 1918.

References

  1. ^ Template:Lt icon Sigitas Jegelavičius. "Vasario 16-osios Akto signatarai". Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  2. ^ a b Template:Lt icon Antanas Tyla (2005). "Vasario 16-osios Akto reikšmė lietuvių tautos politinei raidai". Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  3. ^ Template:En icon Grenoble, Lenore (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. p.104. ISBN 1402012985. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Council of Lithuania". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 581–585. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  5. ^ a b c Template:Lt icon Kulikauskienë, Lina (2003). Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis/1917 metų Lietuvos Taryba. Vilnius. ISBN 9986921694.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Template:Lt icon Jonas Jusaitis (2002). "Kelio į Vasario 16-tąją pradžia ir vyriausybės sudarymas". Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  7. ^ a b c d Template:En icon Eidintas, Alfonsas (1999). "Chapter 1: Restoration of the State". In Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 24–31. ISBN 0-312-22458-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Template:Lt icon Raimundas Klimavičius (2004-02-17). "Vasario 16-osios aktas: teksto formavimo šaltiniai ir autorystės problema". History. A Collection of Lithuanian Universities’ Research Papers (59–60). Vilnius Pedagogical University: 57–66. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Template:Lt icon Skirius, Juozas (2003). Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis/Lietuvos nepriklausomybės akto paskelbimas. Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986921694.
  10. ^ a b c Template:En icon Gerutis, Albertas (1984). "Independent Lithuania". In Ed. Albertas Gerutis (ed.). Lithuania: 700 Years. translated by Algirdas Budreckis (6th ed.). New York: Manyland Books. pp. 151–162. LCC 75-80057. ISBN 0-87141-028-1.
  11. ^ Template:Lt icon Nezabitauskas, Adolfas (1990). Jonas Basanavičius. Vilnius. pp. p.6. ISBN 5415006400. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Medieval Lithuania (2005). "Nutarimas". Retrieved 2007-01-27.
  13. ^ Template:En icon Medieval Lithuania (2005). "Resolution". Retrieved 2007-01-27.
  14. ^ Template:En icon Lietuvos Aidas (2005). "About Us". Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  15. ^ a b c Template:Lt icon "1918 m. vasario 16 d. Lietuvos nepriklausomybės akto pasirašymas". Naujausių laikų Lietuvos valstybingumo istorija. National Museum of Lithuania. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  16. ^ Template:Lt icon "Viltis rasti Vasario 16-osios akto originalą vis labiau blėsta". Lietuvos rytas. 2006-02-13. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  17. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Viliešis, Jonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. VI. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 124–125. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  18. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Banaitis, Saliamonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 282. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  19. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Staugaitis, Justinas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. V. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 299. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  20. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Stulginskis, Aleksandras". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. V. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 314–316. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  21. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Šernas, Jokūbas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. V. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 123. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  22. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Basanavičius, Jonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 307–310. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  23. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Dovydaitis, Pranas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. II. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 101–103. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  24. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Mironas, Vladas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 545–546. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  25. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Bizauskas, Kazimieras". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 372–373. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  26. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Malinauskas, Donatas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 459–460. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  27. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Bizauskas, Kazimieras". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 372–373. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  28. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Malinauskas, Donatas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 459–460. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  29. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Smetona, Antanas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. V. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 231–235. LCC 74-114275.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  30. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Biržiška, Mykolas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. LCC 74-114275. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Text "pages 364-365" ignored (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
  31. ^ Template:En icon Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Steponas Kairys". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. LCC 74-114275. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Text "pages 17-19" ignored (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
  32. ^ a b c Template:Lt icon Vytautas Landsbergis. "Vasario 16-oji - modernios Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimo simbolis ir pamatas". Seimas. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  33. ^ Template:En icon Ziemele, Ineta (2002). Baltic Yearbook of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. p.9. ISBN 9041117369. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ^ a b Template:En icon "Supreme Council - Reconstituent Seimas 1990 - 1992". Seimas. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-30.


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