100 mm anti-tank gun T-12
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The 100 mm tank gun T-12 is one in the Soviet army introduced from 1955 Panzerabwehrkanone . It is primarily used to fight armored moving targets. The Russian name is 100-мм противотанковая пушка Т-12 , the GRAY index 2A19. It replaced the 85 mm D-48 anti-tank gun and the 100 mm M1944 (BS-3) gun . The weapon was used in all major conflicts in the second half of the 20th century, such as the Vietnam War and the various military clashes between the Arab states and Israel. For the most part, it has now been replaced by its further development, the MT-12 .
development
Movable combat management based on battle tanks and armored combat vehicles had already developed during the Second World War . In many cases, the protection of one's own flanks and the sealing off of opposing breakthroughs proved to be problematic after a breakthrough with a subsequent impact into the depths. The increasing thickness of the armor required a weapon with primarily high penetration power. In order to be used appropriately, an anti-tank gun had to be tactically mobile and have the lowest possible silhouette. The BS-3 and SD-48, which were used as anti-tank guns in the 1950s, had been developed in the mid and late 1940s and no longer met the increased requirements; the possibilities for increasing performance were largely exhausted. The use of anti-tank guided missiles developed from the mid-1950s, but the systems available at the time were complicated to operate and prone to failure. Therefore, an anti-tank gun was used again, but new constructive paths were taken. The required ballistic performance should be achieved by using a smooth-barreled cannon .
Development of the T-12 began in 1955 in the design office of Plant No. 75 in Jurga . After testing, it was taken over into the armament of the Soviet Army in 1961. Production was discontinued in 1970 in favor of the successor MT-12.
construction
gun
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The T-12 is a smooth barrel cannon, so the barrel has neither fields nor trains. The one-piece barrel has a length of 63 calibres and is equipped with a multi-hole muzzle brake. A vertically running semi-automatic drop block lock is used as the lock , in which a spring supports the opening of the lock. The shutter must be closed manually. Manual opening is only required before the first shot is fired, after which the semi-automatic shutter opens after the shot has been fired. The charging cradle is located behind the breech, in which the grenade cartridges to be fired are inserted. The hydraulic pipe brake and the hydraulic pipe retractor are located at the level of the base piece directly above the pipe. The construction allows a rate of fire of 6 to 14 rounds per minute. The weapon is aimed purely mechanically in terms of height and side, the aiming drives are to the left of the breech.
Visor
The rifle scope OP4M-40 (ОП4M-40) is used as a sight . The riflescope has a field of view of 11 ° at 5.5x magnification. The aiming device S71-40 (С71-40) with the panoramic telescope PG-1 (ПГ-1) and the collimator K-1 (K-1) are used for shooting in indirect aiming . The passive night vision devices APN 5-40 (AПН 5-40) or APN 6-40 (AПН 6-40) are available for combat at night . While the APN 5-40 has a 6-fold magnification with a field of view of 5 ° 30 ', the APN 6-40 magnifies 6.8-fold with a field of view of 6 ° 50'.
Mount
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The carriage of the D-48 was taken over. This spreading carriage is a box-spar construction. Both spars are each provided with a ground spur. For the march, the bars are folded up and locked, the lock also takes the eye for the towing vehicle. In the marching position, the pipe is lashed to the stiles at the base. For easier maneuvering without a towing vehicle, a foldable wheel is attached to the left handle. The chassis has torsion springs with hydraulic shock absorbers. The crew is protected against rifle ammunition and fragments by a shield. The LO-7 (ЛO-7) ski chassis is available for use in winter conditions.
In the marching position the gun is 9.480 m long, 1.795 m wide and 1.565 m high, the ground clearance is 0.38 m. The Ural-375D and ZIL-131 trucks were used as traction devices, and MT-L and later MT-LB chain traction devices in difficult terrain . On the road, the carriage construction allows a cruising speed of 60 km / h, in the field a maximum speed of 15 km / h must not be exceeded.
ammunition
Wing-stabilized, cartridged ammunition is fired . Available are sub-caliber shells of the types BM1 and BM2 and shaped charge grenades BK2. For the fight against semi-hard and soft targets, fragmentation grenades UOF3 are available.
The BM2 sub-caliber shells penetrate armor with a thickness of 230 mm at a distance of 500 m, 180 mm at a distance of 2,000 m and 140 mm at a distance of 3,000 m. The shell weight 19.34 kg, the bullet 5.65. These shells reach a muzzle velocity of 1,575 m / s and a maximum range of 3,000 m.
An OF3 fragmentation explosive shell weighs 28.9 kg with a bullet weight of 16.7 kg. These shells reach a muzzle velocity of 700 m / s and a maximum range of 8,200 m.
variants
There are no known Soviet versions of the T-12. The further development, initially called T-12A, was given the designation MT-12 and the GRAU index 2A29 due to the numerous changes.
Type 73
The Type 73 is the version of the weapon made in China.
Technical specifications
| 100 mm anti-tank gun T-12 | |
| General properties | |
| classification | Anti-tank gun |
| Chief designer | |
| Name of the manufacturer | T-12 |
| Manufacturer | Zavod No. 75 (Plant No. 75, Russian Завод № 75) in Jurga |
| Weight in firing position | 2,800 kg |
| Weight in driving position | 2,750 kg |
| team | 6 men (gun leader, K1 directional gunner, K2 locking and loading gunner, K3 ammunition and fuse gun, K4 ammunition gunner, driver) |
| Years of construction | 1955-1970 |
| number of pieces | |
| pipe | |
| caliber | 100 mm |
| Pipe length | 6,300 mm (L / 60) |
| Fire dates | |
| Elevation range | −6 ° to + 20 ° |
| Side straightening area | 54 ° |
| Maximum range | 8,200, direct shot 1,880 m |
| Maximum muzzle velocity | 700-1,575 m / s |
| fire rate | 6-14 rounds / min |
| agility | |
| Top speed in tow | 60 km / h |
commitment
Operational principles
Basically, the T-12 was used in the Soviet Army in the tank destroyer departments of the army corps and the various division types. The ballistic performance was sufficient, but the tactical maneuverability showed deficiencies. Therefore, the T-12 was replaced in the Soviet Army from 1970 by the successor MT-12.
The weapon was exported to numerous countries and some of it is still in use there today.
Use in the NVA
The NVA used the T-12 from the mid-1960s. With this cannon, the NVA had a modern anti-tank weapon available for the first time. Ballistic properties and tactical agility made it possible to quickly shift the focus, and the tactical concepts were revised accordingly. Tank destroyer divisions were formed in the armies and motorized rifle divisions of the NVA. In 1965 the PJA-5 was set up in the military district V in Drögeheide , in 1971 the PJA-1 of the 1st motorized rifle division , in 1974 the PJA-8 of the 8th motorized rifle division . Corresponding associations were also formed in Military District III. The tank divisions of the NVA also received anti-tank batteries in their motorized rifle regiment, but with fewer guns. From the beginning of the 1970s, the T-12 was also replaced by the MT-12 in the NVA. The weapons that were released were preserved for a long time and assigned to the mobilization divisions.
The guns were not taken over by the Bundeswehr in 1990.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christopher F. Foss (Ed.): Jane's Armor and Artillery 2003-2004. Jane's Publishing Company, London / New York 2003, ISBN 0-7106-2539-1
- ↑ Information according to the RWD technical catalog
- ^ Copenhagen: The land forces of the NVA. P. 34, p. 48f, p. 189.
Web links
- IHS Jane's Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis, 100 mm anti-tank gun T-12 (2A19) and MT-12 (2A29) (Russian Federation) (Russian)
- Missile and weapons service in Kdo.MB III, technical catalog, 100 mm anti-tank gun T-12 (2A19)
literature
- Wilfried Copenhagen : The land forces of the NVA. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-613-02297-4 .
- Christopher F. Foss (Ed.): Jane's Armor and Artillery 2003-2004. Jane's Publishing Company, London / New York 2003, ISBN 0-7106-2539-1 .
- 100-мм противотанковая пушка МТ-12. Руководство службы. Военное издательство Министерства обороны СССР, Москва 1980. (Russian)
- А. Б. Широкорад : Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. Харвест, Минск 2000, ISBN 985-433-703-0 .
- А. Б. Широкорад: Отечественная противотанковая артиллерия.