Weekly working hours

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The working week is the average number of hours that an employee in a week without holidays working. It is often the subject of collective bargaining and special working time models . A distinction must be made between a collective and an individual level of observation:

  • In an individual area, the weekly working time is usually the number of agreed working hours and can therefore also be an expression of a part-time employment relationship .
  • In the collective field, it usually refers to full-time employment relationships and normal or average working hours are regulated or measured.

Corporate Health Management

In connection with company health management , work-life balance and health promotion , the length of the weekly working time plays an important role. For example, as a result of a secondary analysis of the data published in 2005 from a representative survey in 15 European countries by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, it was found that the longer the weekly working hours, the more pronounced the health complaints recorded. The study comes to the conclusion “that a general extension of working hours does not appear harmless from an ergonomic perspective because of the increased risk of health impairments”.

European framework

According to an amendment to Directive 2003/88 / EC on certain aspects of the organization of working hours planned by the labor ministers of the EU member states, weekly working hours in EU countries should be limited to 48 hours. However, there are exceptions (so-called exit clauses). For example, an upper limit of 60 hours is provided for the individual employee, but weekly working hours of up to 65 hours should be possible, provided that part of this is performed as on- call duty in the form of “active standby time”. The EU Parliament rejected many of these clauses on December 17, 2008.

Germany

Legal situation in Germany

Due to the autonomy of collective bargaining agreements , the German Working Hours Act as a law for the protection of employees does not explicitly regulate weekly working hours, but defines maximum permissible working hours and work bans on certain days. This means that there is a broad framework, essentially based on health protection, in which the collective bargaining parties can move with their agreements. Paragraph 3 of the ArbZG stipulates that employees' working hours may not exceed eight hours. According to Section 9 ArbZG, employees are generally not allowed to be employed on Sundays. However, there are many exceptions to the Sunday work ban. This results in a maximum regular weekly working time of 48 hours. Daily working hours can be extended to up to ten hours if an average of eight hours are not exceeded on working days within six calendar months or within 24 weeks. This results in a maximum possible short-term working week of 60 hours.

Important weekly working time regulations in Germany

The following weekly working hours are specified for full-time positions by various agreements, contracts or other regulations:

Duration Explanation
28.8 hour week It is a so-called 4-day week at Volkswagen . It would correspond to 36 hours over 5 days. This regulation has been repealed.
35-hour week Has been in force in the West German metal industry since 1995, also agreed in collective bargaining agreements in the steel, electrical, printing and wood and paper processing industries
37-hour week Applies to Vattenfall Europe since 2006
37.5 hour week Applies to retail since 1991.
38.5 hour week Has been valid in the public service since 1990 , but only in tariff zone West. According to TVöD , the 40-hour week continues to apply in the east tariff zone . Today only applies to employees in the municipal hospitals in the western tariff zone - with the exception of Baden-Württemberg .

(Note: Due to the Federalism Reform I , different working hours of 40 to 42 hours per week apply to civil servants according to the working time regulations ). Dbw-online.de offers an overview of public services.

39 hour week Applies since January 1, 2006 in the public service for federal employees . Applies since October 1st, 2006 in the public service for employees in the area of ​​the KAV Baden-Württemberg - including the employees of the hospitals. Applies since July 1, 2008 in the public service for employees of the municipalities in the western tariff zone (except for hospital employees).
40-hour week Previously normal working hours and currently the general working hours sought again by various employer groups . It was introduced in the printing industry in 1965 and in the metal industry in 1967 . In October 2004, the 40-hour week was reintroduced for all federal civil servants in Germany and also applies to state civil servants (and thus also to municipal civil servants) in most federal states.
41-hour week Applies since September 1, 2003 for civil servants in the state of Baden-Württemberg . Applies to civil servants in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2004 . Applies since October 1, 2005 for all federal civil servants without children or with children over 12 years of age (for federal civil servants with children under 12 years of age the weekly working time of 40 hours applies) see: Working time regulations
42-hour week Has been in force since January 1, 2004 for Hessian and until 2011 for Thuringian state officials. From September 1, 2004 to July 31, 2013, it was valid for Bavarian state officials up to 60 years old .

The actual weekly working hours may differ from these formal weekly working hours depending on the industry and position (usually upwards), it is regulated differently in the employment contract (e.g. with regard to overtime) or is not subject to any restrictions (e.g. for self-employed).

In the case of part-time positions, weekly working hours are agreed that are below the stated values.

Historical development of weekly working hours in Germany

In a long-term perspective, the weekly working time has decreased significantly. The information in the table relates to the regulation in key sectors, mostly metal and electrical industries. Many industries followed the changes years later (or in the case of the 38.5-hour or 35-hour week, not at all).

  • 1825: 82 hours
  • 1875: 72 hours
  • 1900: 60 hours (in 6 days)
  • 1913: 57 hours
  • 1918: 48 hours (8-hour day)
  • 1932: 42 hours
  • 1941: 50 hours (extension in World War II )
  • 1950: 48 hours
  • 1956: transition to the 5-day week
  • 1965: 40 hours (printing industry)
  • 1967: 40 hours (metal industry)
  • 1984: 38.5 hours (metal industry, in connection with flexible working hours and different working hours , and printing industry)
  • 1995: 35 hours (printing, metal and electrical industry)

The reduction in working hours ( eight-hour day , 40-hour week ) was enforced by the labor movement , namely the trade unions , mostly with strikes against the resistance of the employers. Since the mid-1990s, weekly working hours have risen significantly again in many industries - mostly under the heading of "taking back the reduction in working hours".

It was not until February 25, 1990 that the five-day teaching week was introduced in the education system of the GDR . Margot Honecker had resisted this change for a long time , only her resignation on October 20, 1989 made this possible.

See also

Austria

Section 3 (1) of the Working Hours Act regulates that normal weekly working hours must not exceed 40 hours. However, § 4 ff. Regulates a number of exceptions, the most important of which is the possibility of stipulating different regulations in collective agreements. The longest possible weekly working time is 60 hours in the case of on-call duty.

According to Section 11 of the Child and Youth Employment Act (KJBG), the weekly working time of young people is limited to 40 hours.

Switzerland

The regulation of working hours in Swiss labor law is largely standardized at federal level for private employers , but is still regulated in a large number of cantonal laws for public employers. In particular, civil law standardization is spread across a large number of laws. Of greater importance are the Federal Constitution , the Code of Obligations , the Labor Act and, in the public sector, the Federal Personnel Act .

Weekly work time

Usually 38.5 to 42.5 hours per week are worked in Switzerland. The weekly working time must not exceed 45 hours for employees in industrial companies, for office staff, for technical and other employees including sales staff in large retail establishments with 50 or more employees. For all other employees a maximum weekly working time of 50 hours applies. However, there are a number of exceptions that allow working hours of over 50 hours a week.

Special regulations apply to night work. Young people are allowed to work a maximum of 9 hours a day. Overtime is possible to a certain extent. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, they must be offset by free time of the same duration or paid with a wage supplement of at least 25%.

Usual weekly working hours

At most legally permissible

Maximum weekly working time (Art. 9 ArG):

  • 45 hours for employees in industrial companies as well as for office staff, technical and other employees, including sales staff in large retail companies
  • 50 hours for all other employees

part time jobs

Every third active person in Switzerland has a reduced workload, which puts them in second place after the Netherlands in a European comparison. The generally high, and still (slightly) rising, wage level is one of the reasons for this - more and more people and families can afford part-time work.

In 2017, almost 6 out of 10 employed women and almost 2 in 10 men (58.6% and 17.5%) worked part-time. In the past two and a half decades, part-time work has increased, both among employed women and men. Since the beginning of the 10s it has stabilized at a share of around 60% among women.

Part-time work (2017), degree of employment (%):

  • Women: 58.6%, of whom worked
    • 33.9% part-time from 50-89%
    • 24.7% part-time of less than 50%
  • Men: 17.5%, of whom worked
    • 10.7% part-time from 50-89%
    • 6.8% part-time of less than 50%

The campaign Der Teilzeitmann (c / o teilzeitkarriere.ch) has set itself the goal of increasing the part-time share among employed men to 20% by 2020.

France

Weekly working hours of 35 hours were introduced nationwide under the government of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in 2002, promoted by Minister Martine Aubry . Previously, the weekly working time was 39 hours, which had been introduced under the government of François Mitterrand . A gradual introduction of the 35-hour week was already part of the election manifesto of the socialist party in 1981 as part of the 110 propositions pour la France . The law loi Aubry du 13 juin 1998 (" Aubry I ") stipulated a working week of 35 hours per week for companies with more than 20 employees from February 1, 2000 and the same for smaller companies from January 1, 2002. At the same time, relief was provided under certain conditions with regard to social security contributions for those companies that reduced their weekly working hours before the reference date. The law loi Aubry du January 19, 2000 ("Aubry II") regulated the details of the introduction of the 35-hour week.

The law was subsequently amended several times, which made it easier to work overtime in excess of 35 hours, mainly driven by Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin . On December 22, 2004, the annual maximum number of overtime hours was increased from 180 to 220. For small companies, regulations regarding overtime have been made somewhat more relaxed. In August 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy introduced tax breaks for overtime with the loi TEPA . In July 2008, the French parliament passed a labor market reform, according to which companies can negotiate longer working hours with their employees, whereby a general limitation of working hours to 35 hours remains only formally.

The actual average weekly working time of full-time workers was 41 hours in 2007; it varied from 38 for workers to 59 for farmers. For part-time workers, the average was 23 hours a week.

The competitiveness of the French economy and many of its sectors has been seen for years as in need of improvement; this was z. B. thematized in the course of the financial crisis from 2007 and the euro crisis. Emmanuel Macron criticized the 35-hour week immediately after taking office in Valls II (August 2014), to which he was a member of the Minister for Economic Affairs. The Macron Reform Act of 2015 (called “Loi Macron” ) did not, however, fundamentally affect the 35-hour week.

A draft law by Labor Minister Myriam El Khomri , which is due to be presented to the Council of Ministers on March 9, provides large leeway for companies that circumvent this limitation, provided that employer and employee so agree. The daily working time should then be up to 12 hours, the weekly working time up to 48 hours and in certain exceptional cases up to 60 hours. The media rated this flexibilisation as a de facto end of the 35-hour week.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Nachreiner, Janßen and Schomann, 2005. Quoted from: Eberhard Ulich: Arbeitsspsychologie. vdf Hochschulverlag AG and Schäffer Poeschel Verlag, 6th edition, 2005, ISBN 3-7281-2998-4 , ISBN 3-7910-2442-6 , p. 582 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  2. ↑ EU agreement on a maximum working time of 48 hours. Reuters, June 10, 2008, accessed June 11, 2008 .
  3. ↑ Trade unionists mobilize around 65 hours a week. Spiegel Online, June 10, 2008, accessed June 11, 2008 .
  4. ↑ EU citizens should only work 48 hours. In: welt.de. December 17, 2008, accessed December 29, 2008 .
  5. ↑ Vattenfall agrees on a 37-hour week. In: berliner-zeitung.de. January 2, 2006, accessed June 30, 2016 .
  6. ↑ Regulations on the working hours of employees and civil servants. In: dbw.de. Deutscher Beamtenwirtschaftsring e. V. (DBW), 2019, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  7. ↑ As of August 1, 2013, civil servants will once again have a 40-hour week. In: bayern.dgb.de. DGB Bayern, May 13, 2013, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Christoph Strawe: Working time, social time, free time: A contribution to overcoming unemployment. In: dreigliederung.de. Institute for Social Threefolding, December 1, 1994, accessed December 29, 2008 .
  9. ↑ Working time calendar 2008. Data from 25 branches of industry. (PDF; 2.0 MB) In: boeckler.de. Economic and Social Science Institute in the Hans Böckler Foundation (WSI), August 2008, accessed on December 29, 2008 .
  10. ↑ Law Gazette of the German Democratic Republic Part 1. (German) Berlin 1949 - 1990 with it Publ. adjusted In: tib.eu. Retrieved May 29, 2018 .
  11. ↑ § 11 KJBG. In: jusline.at. ADVOKAT Unternehmensberatung Greiter & Greiter GmbH, January 1, 2016, accessed on December 29, 2008 .
  12. ↑ a b working hours. (in Switzerland). In: gaav.de. Cross-border commuters 'employers' association ( GAAV ), accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  13. ↑ working hours. In: stelle.admin.ch. Swiss Confederation. Federal job portal, February 22, 2016, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Working hours / vacation / vacation. Canton of Zurich, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  15. ↑ working hours. Canton of Bern, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  16. ↑ SR 822.11 Federal Act on Work in Industry, Commerce and Trade (Labor Act, ArG). In: admin.ch . Systematic compilation of federal law , December 9, 2018, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  17. ^ A b Nicole Rütti: Why part-time work is so popular. In: NZZ . May 13, 2013, accessed February 11, 2020 .
  18. ↑ a b part-time work. In: bfs.admin.ch. Federal Statistical Office ( FSO ), 2019, accessed on February 11, 2020 . and full time and part time. In: bfs.admin.ch. 2019, accessed February 11, 2020 .
  19. ↑ a b Compare 35 heures . In: French Wikipedia.
  20. ↑ 110 propositions pour la France. (PDF; 85 kB) Retrieved September 18, 2008 (French).
  21. ↑ Loi n ° 98-461 du 13 June 1998 d'orientation et d'incitation relative à la réduction du temps de travail (dite loi Aubry). In: legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved February 11, 2020 .
  22. ^ Les dispositions successives sur la durée du travail. (PDF) Retrieved September 18, 2008 (French).
  23. ↑ Christoph Hermann: The 35-hour week in France - background, introduction, effects. (PDF; 424 kB) In: FORBA series 4/2000. 2000, accessed September 18, 2008 .
  24. ↑ France's prime minister attacks 35-hour week. In: Spiegel Online. July 28, 2004, accessed September 18, 2008 .
  25. ↑ Heures supplémentaires. Relèvement du contingent légal de 180 à 220 heures (Décret n ° 2004-1381 du 21 decembre 2004, JO du 22 decembre 2004). (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: SA I - NOTE N ° January 12 , 2005, archived from the original on November 11, 2008 ; Retrieved September 18, 2008 (French). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gmi.fr
  26. ↑ Paris abolishes the 35-hour week. www.sueddeutsche.de, May 10, 2010, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
  27. ↑ Une photographie du marché du travail en 2007. Insee, accessed on September 26, 2008 (French).
  28. ^ Stefan Simons: France's Minister of Economic Affairs Macron. Hollandes taboo breaker. In: spiegel.de. August 18, 2014, accessed February 11, 2020 .
  29. ↑ Thomas Pany: France: 35-hour week is being outmaneuvered. Telepolis, February 19, 2016, accessed February 20, 2016 .
  30. ↑ Kareen Janselme, Paule Masson: Une bombe contre le monde du travail. l'Humanité, February 18, 2016, accessed February 20, 2016 (French).