Abū Jafar at-Tūsī

Abū Jaʿfar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan at-Tūsī ( Arabic أبو جعفر محمد بن الحسن الطوسي, DMG Abū Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan aṭ-Ṭūsī ; born 995 in Tūs ; d. 1066 / 1067 in Najaf , Iraq ), also known as Sheikh Tusi , al-Sheikh as well as due to its importance for the Twelver Shi'a Sheikh Tā'ifa [al-Imamiya] was a zwölferschiitischer scholar, collector of traditions, jurist and theologian. He was a student of Sheikh Mufid .

Life

Abū Dschaʿfar at-Tūsī was born in 995 in the Iranian city of Tūs. In 1017 Muhammad at-Tūsī left his homeland Khorasan , which was ruled by the Ghaznavid Mahmud of Ghaznī , for Baghdad, which was under the rule of the Shiite Buyids . There he settled in the Shiite district of Karch and studied with important Shiite scholars of his time such as Sheikh al-Mufid and al-Sharif al-Murtadā . Ash-Sharīf al-Murtadā had inherited Shaikh al-Mufīd as the highest Shiite scholar in Baghdad after his death, before Abū Jaʿfar at-Tūsī again followed in 1044 asch-Sharīf al-Murtadā. In Baghdad, Abū Jaʿfar at-Tūsī had access to huge library holdings, and over time his own house developed into the center of Shiite scholarship. It is reported that many scholars and students from all regions have flocked to him. 300 Shiite Mujtahidun and innumerable scholars were his students. It was the Abbasid caliph al-Qāʾim bi-amri 'llāh (1031-1075) who finally appointed him the highest theologian at the court in Baghdad.

In 1056 the Seljuq Tughrul Beg conquered Baghdad. In the course of the conquest, many Shiite quarters, especially Karch and Bāb at-Tāq, were devastated by the Hanbalites. Muhammad at-Tūsī was therefore forced to flee to Najaf, where he continued to teach a small group of his students . However , he did not lose his fame as "Imām of his time" ( imām ʿaṣri-hi ). On the contrary, with his arrival, Najaf became the center of the 12 Shiites. In 1066/7 at-Tūsī finally died in Najaf.

Teaching

The main concern of his teaching was the modification of the radical rationalist and pragmatic position of the twelfth Shiite scholar al-Sharif al-Murtadā, his predecessor as the leader of the Baghdad Shiites.

Hadith

Abū Dschaʿfar at-Tūsī thus set new standards in terms of hadith studies . He wrote that such hadiths should be recognized that are only guaranteed by a narrator ( ḫabar al-wāḥid ), provided that the hadith is transmitted in a reputable source. Hadiths from narrators who attach "heretical" doctrines (for example Sunnis) are said to be conditionally valid.

politics

In the absence of Muhammad al-Mahdī , Shiites do not have to obey any government according to Abu Jafar at-Tūsī. In doing so, he indirectly addressed the Abbasids and the Buyids. Because on the one hand, cooperation with an illegitimate government is desirable for him in certain situations (ʿAbbasiden), on the other hand, cooperation with a government that follows the tradition of the hidden imām is only considered meritorious.

Law

In exceptional cases, according to Abū Jafar at-Tūsī, Shiite scholars have the right to claim the privileges of the imams for themselves. This is called "general representation" ( an-niyāba al-ʿāmma ). Abū Jaʿfar at-Tūsī has created a framework within which Shiite law can be adapted to the respective situation independently of the imāms. He is therefore considered the founder of the rationalistic Shiite current, the Usūlīya.

Works

• He is the author of two of the four books (kutub al-arbaʿa) of traditions of the Twelve Shiites:
  • "The revision of the decisions" (تهذيب الأحكام, DMG Taḥḏīb al-ʾaḥkām ), digitized . This book is often referred to in the Twelve Shiite literature with the title aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ .
  • "The contemplation of the disputed traditions" ( Arabic الاستبصار فيما اختلف فيه من الأخبار, DMG al-Istibṣār fīmā ḫtulifa fihi min al-aḫbār ), Part 1 , Part 2 , Part 3 and Part 4 .
• His commentary on the Koran "The Explanation in the Koran Exegesis" (التبيان في تفسير القرآن, DMG At-Tibiyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān , digitized version ) is considered the first complete commentary on the Koran by the Twelve Shīʿa. Abū Dschaʿfar at-Tūsī wrote it during his time in Buyidic Baghdad. The book reflects the time in which it was written. In the work Abū Jaʿfar at-Tūsī always first names the readings of a verse known to him before he analyzes the meaning of words and expressions as well as the syntax . In conclusion, Abū Jafar at-Tūsī call the Asbāb an-Nuzūl , wherever it is available. Because of this procedure and its scope, the Islamic scholar Jane Dammen McAuliffe sees the Tafsīr Abū Dschaʿfar at-Tūsīs as the Shiite counterpart to at-Tabarīs commentary on the Koran.
• "Register of Shiite Books" (فهرست كتب الشيعة, DMG Fihrist Kutub aš-Šīʿa ). Digitized .
• "Book of Concealment" (كتاب الغيبة, DMG Kitāb al-Ġaiba ), his work on the secrecy of the twelfth Imām Muhammad al-Mahdī. Digitized
• "The economy that adheres closely to the faith" (الاقتصاد فيما يتعلق بالاعتقاد, DMG Al-Iqtiṣād fīmā yataʿallaq bi-l-Iʿtiqād ). Digitized
• "The Tool in Usūl al-Fiqh " (العدة في اصول الفقه, DMG Al-ʿUddat fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh ). Part 1 and Part 2 .

literature

• Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi : al-Ṭūsī in Encyclopaedia of Islam 2, Online .
• Hassan Ansari and Sabine Schmidtke : Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī: His Writings on Theology and their Reception . Digitized
• Hassan Ansari: Twelver Shīʿite Theology in 6th / 12th century Syria. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī and his Commentary on al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī's Muqaddima . Digitized
• Al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Muṭahhar al-Ḥillī: Muntahā al-maṭlab fī taḥqīq al-maḏhab . Mašhad, Al-Maǧmuʿ al-Buḥūṯ al-Islāmīya, 3rd edition 1967. Digitized
• Mortażā Karīmī Niyā: Tafsīr-e Ṭūsī - Shaiḫ Ṭūsī wa-Manāyeʿ-e Tafsīrīye Wey dar at-Tibyān . Digitized
• Moojan Momen: An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press, New Haven et al. a. 1985. ( online excerpt )
• Muhammad Ismail Marcinkowski : The Life and Times of Muhammad Ibn Al-Hasan Al-Tusi 995-1067 . 2001.

supporting documents

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Amir-Moezzi: al-Ṭūsī in Encyclopaedia of Islam 2, Online .
2. ↑ Al-Imām al-Muḥaqqiq aš-Shaiḫ Āġā Bozorg at-Tehrānī: Ḥayāt aš-Shaiḫ Ṭūsī . In Shaiḫ aṭ-Ṭāʾifa Abī Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī: At-Tibiyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān . Dār Iḥiyāʾ at-Turāṯ al-ʿArabī, Beirut. S. dāl. Digitized
3. ↑ Al-Imām al-Muḥaqqiq aš-Shaiḫ Āġā Bozorg at-Tehrānī: Ḥayāt aš-Shaiḫ Ṭūsī . In Shaiḫ aṭ-Ṭāʾifa Abī Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī: At-Tibiyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān . Dār Iḥiyāʾ at-Turāṯ al-ʿArabī, Beirut. S. dāl-wāw. Digitized
4. ↑ al-Ḥillī: Muntahā al-maṭlab fī taḥqīq al-maḏhab . Vol. I, p. 9. Digitized
5. ↑ Karīmī Niyā: Tafsīr-e Ṭūsī - Shaiḫ Ṭūsī wa-Manāyeʿ-e Tafsīrīye Wey dar at-Tibyān . P. 24. Digitized
6. ^ McAuliffe, Jane Dammen: Qurʾānic Christians - An Analysis of Classical and Modern Exegesis . Cambridge [u. a.], Cambridge University Press 1991. pp. 48-49.

Web links

• ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Shaykh Tusi )

Abū Dschaʿfar at-Tūsī (alternative names of the lemma)
Abū Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad b. Ḥasan aṭ-Ṭūsī; Sheikh Tusi; Muhammad ibn al-Hasan at-Tusi; Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan aṭ-Ṭūsī; Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn al-Hasan at-Tusi; Shaykh Muhammad at-Tusi; Sheikh al-Tusi; Abu Dschafar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan at-Tusi