Mining
Degradation referred to mining on the one hand a mining activity, on the other hand the underground workings to which this activity is taking place. The dismantling of the deposit is the core of all mining activities; it can be carried out in open pit as well as underground mining . The mining activity of dismantling is divided into several work steps. It begins with the complete extraction of the usable content of the deposit from the host rock . Then the loading and removal conveyance which takes place in gained minerals. In addition, safety measures such as the installation of the extension are required. The mine workings include the extraction chambers , the longwall face and the associated mining sections .
Basics
The actual purpose of mining is fulfilled by mining. The overriding principle is that the deposit is used with care. This means that the deposit is as fully exploited as possible. Deposits that are economically worthwhile to mine are what the miner calls worth building . With mining production as a production type of mining the raw material is called. If a working method is used when mining the deposit, which is geared towards achieving the greatest benefit at the moment without paying attention to sustainability, this is referred to as overexploitation . The type of adjacent rock and its properties also play a major role in mining. In particular, when mining soft minerals such as coal, the inclusion of salvage material has an influence on the level of the loosening resistance. The hardness and cohesion of the mineral are determining factors for the extractability of the respective mineral.
In order for a deposit to be mined, it is divided into individual sections according to a specific system. These sections are called the overall height . Another name for this is wing or pillar. The mining of the deposit takes place according to a certain method, which is known as the mining process or mining method. The parts of the deposit that cannot be mined by the respective mining process are referred to as mining losses . The boundary line ( mine sheath ), which is determined according to technical, economic, ecological or political aspects, is called the building boundary . In mining, a mining area is an underground mine in which the raw material is extracted and loaded for extraction. A Abbausee is water accumulation in artificially created cavities, as they occur (a, for example, in raw materials extraction in an open pit Stretch ). The underground mining creates cavities that are then thrown off . The miner calls these mine workings an old man .
Dismantling planning
Every dismantling activity is preceded by a dismantling plan. The aim of mining planning is to prepare the mining operations. Here, the timing for the individual mining operations is determined first. The focus is particularly on economic and safety-related aspects. Since the minerals to be extracted usually generate a certain amount of income, it is of great importance for the mining company to keep the extraction costs as low as possible. First of all, taking economic efficiency into account, it is determined whether the deposit is to be mined in open-cast or underground . This depends, among other things, on the thickness of the overlying cover layers. Another criterion is the relationship between the amount of spoil and the usable mineral. The more valuable the mineral and the larger the deposit, the greater the relationship between the amount of spoil and the natural resource . Additional criteria must be observed when mining in underground mining. In particular, one has to consider the pressure conditions and the heat development at the respective depth when planning the dismantling. Furthermore, security aspects such as B. the risk of mine fires must be considered. In the case of hard coal mines, there is also the risk of firedamp and the formation of coal dust. Appropriate ventilation must be taken into account to ensure that there is sufficient weather in the underground mining operations . It must be specified which mining method is used and which extraction method is used. In addition, the corresponding funding and funding systems still need to be planned. Ultimately, the need drainage in the respective mining operation be ensured.
Dismantling activities
In order for mining to take place at all, the deposit must first be opened up. In open-cast mining, this is done by removing the overburden using an excavator and depositing the pre-excavation space that is created in another location. In the case of underground mining, the deposit must first be aligned and prepared . Now that the deposit has been subdivided into mining fields suitable for mining by means of the device, the actual mining activities begin. The ways in which the respective extraction sites are created or parts of the deposit are extracted are very different. Several mining processes have been developed in accordance with the different deposits . In addition to the ongoing mining operations, it is also necessary to set up corresponding affiliate operations. In particular, in order to ensure or achieve uniform conveyance, a larger number of mining fields must always be prepared. These activities often run in parallel and develop with increasing depth and area-related expansion of the mining. Factors such as the nature of the mining areas also play a role. The mining activities begin with the extraction of the minerals. There are different extraction methods for this . The way how a deposit part is processed here, called the miner as Verhieb . The direction in which the slap takes place is called the slap direction. The mined mineral is then extracted ; in the case of underground mining, this is done via one of the mining routes . In the open pit, the mined mineral is extracted via appropriately designed conveyor systems. In the underground construction, the hanging wall is then secured by appropriate expansion . These activities run continuously, so that the dismantling front continues to advance. The direction in which mining progresses is called the mining direction .
Pre- and aftercare
Every mining activity has consequences for the surface area and the neighboring mines and deposits. The cavities created by underground mining close again over time due to the rock pressure . This affects up to the surface, so that it comes to subsidence . Depending on the nature of the mountains, the effects can be so extreme that it leads to daybreak . In order to reduce the consequential damage caused by the mining, the cavities are filled with an offset . The decisive factor here is what damage the mining activities can cause to the surface of the earth. Especially in the case of buildings that are particularly worthy of protection, the effort that is carried out underground will be greater in order to reduce the subsequent costs. In individual cases, this can mean that certain parts of the reservoir are not dismantled and that these parts of the reservoir are left standing as safety pillars. In order not to excessively increase the cost of mining, mining must be restricted to a limited field. In addition to protecting the surface of the surface from the effects of mining, it is also often necessary to protect the neighboring deposits from mining. This is particularly the case when the deposits are close together. Here, protection is made possible by suitable mining methods and safety pillars. But a coordinated chronological order of the individual mining operations is also often useful. So z. B. in coal mining, the uppermost seams are usually mined first. When mining in opencast mining, it is necessary that the excavated areas are processed again for subsequent use.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d e f g h i Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining encyclopedia. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining studies with a special focus on hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908
- ^ Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 , SV
- ^ A b B. W. Boki, Gregor Panschin: Bergbaukunde. Kulturfond der DDR (Ed.), Verlag Technik Berlin, Berlin 1952, pp. 331–383.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h F. Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908
- ↑ a b Carl Hartmann: Concise dictionary of the mountain, hut and Salt works together with the French synonymy and a French register. First AK department, Bernhard Friedrich Voigt bookstore, Ilmenau 1825
- ↑ a b c d e Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 .
- ↑ Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon: Mining Production. Retrieved December 16, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903
- ↑ a b Heinz Kundel: coal production. 6th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1983, ISBN 3-7739-0389-8 .
- ^ A b c Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
- ↑ a b c d e f Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962
- ↑ a b c d e Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau eV: The mining manual. 5th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1994, ISBN 3-7739-0567-X .
- ^ Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961.
- ↑ a b E. Frey (Ed.): Luegers Lexicon of the entire technology and its auxiliary sciences. First volume A to drilling, third completely revised edition, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart, Berlin and Leipzig 1926
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener basin near Dresden, geology and mining. Saxon State Office for Environment and Geology (LfUG), Saxoprint GmbH Dresden, Dresden 1983, ISBN 3-9811421-0-1 .
- ^ J. Niederist: Fundamentals of mining science . kk court book and art dealer FA Credner, Prague 1863.