Alfredo Rocco

Alfredo Rocco (born September 9, 1875 in Naples , † August 28, 1935 in Rome ) was an Italian politician and lawyer who developed the fascist theory of the corporate state and revised the penal code and criminal procedure law .

Life

Rocco's father was an engineer and had four sons, all of whom became eminent lawyers. Alfredo was first professor of commercial law at the University of Parma and again in 1906 for civil procedural law , in 1899 professor at the University of Urbino , in 1902 at the University of Macerata , in 1910 at the University of Padua , in 1925 at the University of La Sapienza in Rome, where he worked from 1932 to 1935 the principal was. An important achievement was the elaboration of an idea of corporatism that became a fascist ideology. Mussolini later had the Italian economy divided into 22 corporations , all of which were represented in the Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni .

In an article in 1913 he called for the liberal Partito Radicale Italiano , led by Francesco Saverio Nitti , to take a more nationalist course and founded a local branch of the Associazione Nazionalista Italiana in Padua . He demanded entry into the war in 1914 and became an officer in the propaganda department during the Second World War. He was also the editor of the trench newspaper "L'astico". In 1920 he took over the management of the nationalist daily newspaper “L'idea nazionale” as part owner until he was hired in 1922. In 1921 he was elected to the Italian parliament , and in 1922 as undersecretary in various ministries. He followed the growth of the fascists with interest , whom he and Luigi Federzoni joined in 1923 with their ANI and thus formed a bourgeois counterweight against the black shirts.

In 1924/25 Rocco was President of Parliament and from 1925 to 1932 Italian Minister of Justice . With Federzoni as Minister of the Interior , two key ministries were in the hands of the former ANI leaders. In office, Rocco redesigned the legal system in the fascist sense and was regarded as the guardasigillo (keeper of the seal) of the redesign, so in 1926 to the syndicalist structure of the economy with only 12 syndicates . In 1928 the Chamber of Estates was created instead of Parliament, and in 1928 the Fascist Grand Council . During his time as Minister of Justice, the Italian Concordat with the Vatican , the Lateran Treaty, fell . In 1929 he belonged to the "Cabinet of All Talents".

After the end of office in 1932, behind which a concentration of power stuck on the Duce , he was appointed senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1934. The 1930 Criminal Code, which he influenced, is still in force in Italy today. The Criminal Procedure Law , however, was eventually re-created for a reform in 1955 1988/9.

Rocco represented Italy in the League of Nations , in the International Commission for Spiritual Cooperation .

Teaching

In 1914, the ANI joined the Rocco doctrine of the authoritarian corporate state. The parliament should be replaced by an assembly of estates in which the various economic and social groups should be represented. This differed from the Catholic status order in the renunciation of the traditional order, which originated in the Middle Ages . The existing industrial elites were not questioned. The tasks of the state would be the establishment of social harmony, the economic and military modernization and the expansive expansion to the empire. A total state without conflicts was not the goal. Rocco represented this direction in the PNF against the more radical right-wing squadristi .

Rocco contrasted two political principles in history, that of organization and that of individuality. In the fascist state both were ideally combined.

Broadcasts of his teaching can be seen in Action française and in Spain with José Calvo Sotelo .

Fonts

• Che cosa è il nazionalismo e che cosa vogliono i nazionalisti, 1914
• The political doctrine of fascism: recent legislation in Italy , Carnegie Endowment for Intern. Peace, New York 1926
• La trasformazione dello stato dallo stato liberale allo stato fascista , 1927

literature

• Karin Brachmann: The significance of the fascist ideology for the restructuring process of Italian capitalism: Benito Mussolini and Alfredo Rocco, Diss. West Berlin 1970
• Stanley Payne : History of Fascism: Rise and Fall of a European Movement , (London 1995) Ullstein, Berlin 2001
• Nazareno Mezzetti: Alfredo Rocco, Il Giurista Di Mussolini, 2012
• Giulia Simone: Alfredo Rocco , 2013 ISBN 978-8871157948