At the Spiegelgrund

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Grave site of child euthanasia victims at Vienna's central cemetery

From 1940 to 1945 there was a youth welfare institution at Spiegelgrund on the premises of the sanatorium and nursing home "Am Steinhof" (today's Otto Wagner Hospital ) on Baumgartner Höhe in Vienna . This was divided into a reform home and a “ mental hospital for children”, which also included a so-called children's department , in which sick, disabled and “uneducable” children and young people were subjected to medical experiments and tortured. At least 789 of them were murdered. Today the name Am Spiegelgrund is synonymous with crimes committed by National Socialist medicineand " a threatening, humiliating, in many cases also fatal" healing "pedagogy ".

In the time of National Socialism

From the spring of 1938, a close-knit network of facilities for the observation, recording, evaluation, correction and selection of children and young people, who or whose parents did not correspond to the human image of capable, adaptable national comrades, was built up. For example, doctors and midwives across the country were asked by an unofficial circular to report mental and physical abnormalities in newborns and children to the health authorities. Like the entire NS sisterhood , the staff of the Vienna Welfare Service was sworn in to Hitler and adjusted to an anthropological, racist and racial hygienic point of view (but before that they were already acting in a biological sense, i.e. it was just a drastic tightening of the usual practice). It was enough for a relative to be an alcoholic; because alcoholism was one of the hereditary diseases that should be "eradicated". For the “hereditary inventory”, data of all those who came into contact with health or welfare institutions were systematically recorded in the “hereditary card index” and thus “family maps” were created. In addition to medical histories, school reviews, employer reports and extracts from criminal records were also evaluated. In 1941, the more than 100 maternity counseling centers in Vienna recorded 72% of newborns in their first year of life. In total, card files were created with data from over 700,000 Viennese, and 70 people were employed for this purpose.

One of the pavilions that had been cleared as part of the T4 campaign: In pavilion 23 there were violent male patients.

Action T4

The establishment of the Am Spiegelgrund youth welfare institution only became possible after around 3200 or two thirds of the patients of the psychiatric sanatorium and nursing home were removed as part of the T4 campaign and the pavilions were emptied as a result. Some of the patients were transferred to the Hartheim killing center and gassed there after a stopover in the Niedernhart asylums near Linz or Ybbs an der Donau . Conversely, the Steinhof was probably a stopover for patients from other institutions, such as B. the Lainz care home . The intermediate transfers served to deceive the relatives of the patients. Both the selection of the patients (purely on the basis of the patient data with “+” or “-”, without having seen the people beforehand) as well as the organization and implementation of the campaign were carried out by Werner Heyde's commission from the Berlin T4 headquarters. The institutions themselves were only informed that “for reasons of defense of the Reich” it was necessary “to carry out large-scale relocations of inmates of the sanatoriums and nursing homes in the near future”.

The director of the institution, Alfred Mauczka, knew nothing about the murder plans. However, he protested against transport plans of this magnitude as he was being transported away, as he was afraid that the loss of the foster workers would not allow the institution to continue operating, which was already on the verge of collapse due to the call of many nurses. After looking at the medical histories, the transport manager found that the patients in question were very fit for work. The wagons in question were finally taken down in Linz and sent back. This probably explains why only 0.2 percent of those deported from Steinhof were alcoholics. In addition, some prison doctors have tried to prevent evacuations by moving them across the prison or to delay them so far that the patients concerned could be taken into home care by their relatives, which has succeeded in some cases.

On July 23, 1940, the Viennese nurse Anna Wödl, ​​mother of Alfred Wödl , a handicapped child murdered in the Gugging state mental hospital , protested in vain to Herbert Linden against the removal of the Steinhof fosterlings. She also encouraged their relatives to write letters of protest, whereupon “laundry baskets full of mail” were received in Berlin. Demonstrations in front of the institution against the transports were ended by the police and the SS. After another transport on August 30, 1940, the illegal Graz KPÖ around Herbert Eichholzer criticized and condemned the transports and murder of the Steinhof fosterlings in a leaflet.

The entrance to Pavilion 15, the former "children's department"

Am Spiegelgrund welfare institution and children's department

On July 24, 1940, the "Viennese municipal welfare institution Am Spiegelgrund" began operations in pavilions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 with a total of 640 beds. The curative education department of the central children's home and the “school children observation station” that has been housed there since 1934 also “moved” to Spiegelgrund. Pavilion 17 was for children and young people who, as it was euphemistically said, “were there to observe their educability”. In pavilion 15, officially known as the “infant ward”, unofficially known as the “Reichsausschussabteilung”, a children's department was set up, which was the second of its kind in the German Reich. Administratively, the youth welfare institution was subordinate to the "Eradicating Measures" section of the "Inheritance and Racial Care" department of the Main Health Office in Vienna, while the children's department was subordinate to the "Reich Committee for the Scientific Recording of Hereditary and Constitutional Serious Ailments" in Berlin, which was based on the incoming reports on life and death of the children decided . When the instruction was "treatment," it usually meant a slow, agonizing death for the child. The remedial pedagogue Franz Winkelmayer was appointed as the administrative director of the welfare institution. He was responsible for educational counseling in Red Vienna until 1922 and was already in favor of “sifting through” the children.

In March 1942 the institution was renamed the “Curative Pedagogical Clinic of the City of Vienna Am Spiegelgrund”. After the main department “Youth Welfare and Youth Care” was established a few months later, pavilions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 were “temporarily” handed over to it on June 16, 1942 “to run an educational institution”. On July 1, 1942, Hans Krenek , who had been the educational director until then, was the head of the educational institution . In the same year he stated in an article:

"Am Spiegelgrund" welfare institution has the task of instructing all mentally abnormal children and adolescents from infancy to the age of majority after careful observation and examination of their psychological and physical knowledge and abilities after an assessment to the appropriate institution or foster home. In addition, the experience gained here is to be collected for later scientific work. [...] All detachment groups, but especially the infant and toddler department, primarily serve the purpose of observation and assessment and also have the task of recording and recording all of the available pupil material from a medical-psychological as well as hereditary and psychiatric point of view for later scientific processing. "

- Hans Krenek

Pavilions 15 and 17 were subordinated to the Asylum Authority on July 1, 1942, as an “institution for the admission and observation of psychologically absurd children and adolescents of all types and levels” and renamed as “Viennese urban mental hospital for children” on November 11, 1942. With the frequent renaming, attempts were made to simulate a special clinic in which sick, handicapped, and allegedly hereditary children and adolescents were treated.

Two thirds of the children admitted to the children's department had previously been in public care facilities, only one third came to the institution directly from their parents' home. Forty percent have already been admitted with negative medical reports such as “disabled”, “mentally inferior” etc. From July 24, 1940 to July 23, 1941, a total of 1,583 children from educational institutions in Vienna were transferred to Spiegelgrund; there is no information on this for the following years.

The senior staff and the patient murders

Letter to the parents of one of the children murdered in the children's department
  • The medical director of the mental hospital from July 24, 1940 to January 1942 was Erwin Jekelius , who in October 1940 is proven to be one of 30 participants in a conference on the “euthanasia” law. In September 1941, the Royal Air Force dropped leaflets explaining the murder of Jekelius.
  • For half a year he was followed by Hans Bertha, who played a major role in the T4 campaign .
  • On July 1, 1942, Ernst Illing , who had previously worked as a senior physician in the first children's department at Hans Heinze in the Brandenburg-Görden State Institution , took over the management .
  • From November 1940, Heinrich Gross , who was also trained by Hans Heinze and was responsible for most of the murders, acted as head of Pavilion 15 . From July 1942 he gave half of the "infant department" to Marianne Türk and kept the leadership for the other half until the end of March 1943. At this point he was called up, but it has been proven that he also worked at the institution in the summer of 1944 was. The doctor, who was never convicted, used the removed brains from the children for his "research" for many years after the war.
  • The senior physician Margarethe Hübsch also gave lethal injections to children by order.
  • Nurses like Anna Katschenka also murdered on orders.
  • The Austrian psychoanalyst Igor Alexander Caruso worked as an educator and psychological expert in the facility in 1942.

For the purpose of instruction, the Spiegelgrund doctors undertook regular selection trips. Erwin Jekelius reported to the institute office in the summer of 1941:

“In this regard I would like to remark that [...] in accordance with my assignment to visit the special institutions for mentally deviated children and adolescents and to examine the foster children there, a whole series of such examinations have been carried out by me. I also visited the Biedermannsdorf institution several times and requested that the children and adolescents who did not belong there be transferred to the special institutions responsible for them [...]. Monday the 14th ds. I intend to go out to Tatzenbach to [...] examine the sick there. […] Monday the 21st ds. the appraisal of pupils is planned in Eggenburg. "

The children were selected primarily according to economic criteria. If the diagnosis was “educationally disabled”, so no social benefit was to be expected, this usually meant a death sentence. The doctors, statistically first Heinrich Gross, followed by Marianne Türk, killed at least 789 children: using sleeping pills (" Luminal "), effectiveness tests of vaccines against tuberculosis (for which the children were artificially infected with tuberculosis pathogens), clinical examinations like the always painful and sometimes fatal pneumencephalography , through torture or simply by starving them. In order to preserve the image, the children were not killed immediately, but their condition gradually deteriorated. The parents, who had to sign a declaration of assumption of the costs for meals and examinations at the time of admission, were first informed of a deterioration in their state of health, then they were told that the child had slipped over gently, and that the child's death was presented as a relief.

Of the 789 killings recorded, 19 took place in 1940 and 94 the following year. In 1942 the number rose to 101 and peaked in 1943 with 274 children murdered. The year 1944 brought 161 and 1945 until the end of the war 50 children violent deaths.

The brains of the murdered children were kept in such jars.

After her death, Barbara Uiberrak's pathology department removed the brains and cords of the spinal cord from the children and kept them for future research. By means of clan research, an attempt was made to find relatives who were also “burdened” as new victims. In the case of the effectiveness tests of the tuberculosis vaccines, the children were infected with the pathogens at the university clinic under the direction of Elmar Türk and killed in the children's department. In these cases, the children's corpses of Barbara Uiberrak and Elmar Türk were autopsied and examined together in the prosthesis at Steinhof.

Uiberrak claims, although every corpse was personally dissected, never found evidence of unnatural causes of death. In her testimony before the Vienna People's Court in 1946, she also said:

“Almost every single case is very interesting from a scientific point of view. At “Am Steinhof” we still have all 700 brains, in most cases also the glands with internal secretion, fixed so that they can be subjected to a scientific pathological examination at any time. I think it would be worthwhile to pick out a few cases from each year. "

It was probably also Uiberrak who gave Heinrich Gross access to the preparations even when he was not employed at the Steinhof himself - for example for his 1952 work "On the morphology of the skull in acrocephalosyndactyly". Uiberrak was responsible for the entire Steinhofer complex as a pathologist until the 1960s.

Contemporary witness reports and the relationships between the reform home and mental hospital

The doctors at the mental hospital (pavilions 15 and 17), especially Heinrich Gross, also worked regularly in the reform home. Children were moved from one facility to the other and rarely back again. This emerges from both medical histories and contemporary witness reports, such as that of Alois Kaufmann:

“Doctors and their friends came to our pavilion once a week. We children, scared and intimidated, now faced the "gods" who decided our weal and woe. During quiet conversations, the doctors were handed index cards by the teachers. After the “child inspection”, usually three to four of us children were separated. The senior physician in particular [meaning Heinrich Gross] showed the greatest interest in children with malformed skulls. Such children were then segregated outside of the usual rounds. None of us dared to ask why and why. We were mostly frozen as if to pillars of salt. "

- Alois Kaufmann

Pavilions 15 and 17 were also used "educationally" in order to break the will of the children in the children's home if they did not meet the requirements of Nazi education or if they rebelled. Alois Kaufmann shows this clearly:

“Only one remained dressed. He watched this strange bathing activity, bored. Didn't make the slightest move to undress and stand under one of the many showers. "Well, Zisel, do you need an extra invitation?" Called the kindergarten teacher Renate Kramer to the tall guy. But he grinned insolently and calmly replied: "I'll strip naked and bathe when we fellows are among us!" The shopkeepers shouted loudly: "Take a bath, or else it will!" Zisel grinned and pulled himself not from. When she threatened to leave the bathroom and report to the director, Zisel went nuts. He knew that reporting to the director would mean severe penalties and the "special treatment injections" that caused terrible convulsions. He pounced on the perplexed, who was surprised and completely helpless exposed to the attacks of the madman. The other pupils widened their eyes and grinned gleefully. As if out of the ground, the senior physician suddenly stood in the bathroom, behind him a nurse, a man's bear. He saw the raging man, grabbed him by the shoulders and threw him to the ground. Everything happened at lightning speed. None of us pupils dared even a paw. Kurt Zisel was taken away. We didn't hear from him for weeks. Neither of us dared to ask where he was. The fear of the male nurse with the boxer gloves hit us in our bones. One day Zisel came into the dining room at lunch and sat quietly and politely. He devoured his food greedily. Neither of us spoke to him, and he was silent like a grave. My later efforts to befriend him also failed. He often stared for hours. He followed the teachers' word. His eyes were dull. Every spark of rebellion was extinguished in the former rebel. "

- Alois Kaufmann

Insults, threats, humiliations, beatings and tortures were on the agenda in the reform home. Medical punitive measures also took place in pavilion 11, known as the penalty group, sometimes during two weeks of solitary confinement. Escape attempts or insubordination were punished with various injections, named for example a so-called "sulfur cure", which caused severe pain in the legs for two weeks, so that an escape was impossible, and the "oral injection" with the active ingredient apomorphine . The survivor Johann Gross went through these oral injections several times because of his escape attempts.

“I felt like I had been hit hard in the stomach, everything spasmed up so that I could hardly breathe. When the nausea started immediately afterwards, I was already at the toilet bowl and my breakfast was gone. Again and again I had to choke and mostly just spat more liquid. So I knelt by the toilet bowl and said I couldn't have had as much in my stomach as I had already spat out. The cramps in the stomach would not and would not stop either. "So that's dying," I thought, because now I was firmly convinced that the doctor had injected me with some deadly poison with his syringe. When the stomach ache and the nausea did not subside, I wouldn't even have cared about dying. "

- Johann Gross

Other means of disciplining were electric shocks or the “wrapping cure”, in which the pupil was wrapped in wet sheets like a mummy and tied to an ambulance bed until the sheets had dried from body heat. Friedrich Zawrel described the "cold water cure":

“The nurses let the water run into the tub until it is freezing. […] When the water is at the right temperature for the carers, I have to go in; if I hesitate, throw me in. They are free-standing cast iron bathtubs. Two attendants hold me, one by one hand and the other by one foot. You submerge me. I only have a very short time in between to catch my breath. They hide me so often that I am almost passed out. As if from far away I hear them say: “The bastard is shitting on itself again.” They keep dipping me into the dirty water. Then they throw me on the floor, leave the room and just let me lie there. I vomit water. Nobody helps me. I can't stand up straight away, I'm hypothermic, crawl into a corner and rub myself. When I'm dry again and can move around, I put on my hospital gown. At some point they will come back and take me back to the cell. "

- Friedrich Zawrel

The death in pavilion 15 did not go unnoticed by many of the children of the reformatory, which means that they were always exposed to a traumatizing threat of death. Contemporary witnesses unanimously report that the “Totenwagen”, which gives the book by Alois Kaufmann its name, has remained indelible in their memories. Johann Gross met him on the way to school (which was in pavilion 13):

“One of them drove past our column in a two-wheeled cart. And in the wagon - lots of little children! They lay all over the place like discarded dolls, their limbs often twisted in an unnatural way. The small bodies mostly had a very peculiar color. It was a kind of red-green-blue. [...] The sister at the end of our column only said: "Quiet over there! Or maybe one of you would like to come along? ""

- Johann Gross

post war period

The appraisals and selections in the reformatory and in the mental hospital for children continued until the end of the war. On June 30, 1945, the children's mental hospital was closed. On July 1, 1945, the entire staff was taken over by the Am Steinhof sanatorium “in status and fee”. The director of the reform home, Hans Krenek, held his position until August 10, 1945. In 1950 the curative educational observation station moved from Spiegelgrund to the nearby Wilhelminenberg Palace . According to the Wilhelminenberg Commission, it can be assumed that children who moved to the Heim am Wilhelminenberg in 1950 brought with them the threat that had recently emerged from the ward on Spiegelgrund as a social trauma. Educators were also taken over with the children and various items from the time of the NSDAP regime were moved to the Heim am Wilhelminenberg. The children had to sleep with blankets marked “Spiegelgrund” for years.

Research on the victims

Gross continued his research on children's brains and published 34 papers between 1954 and 1978, the focus of which continued to be "congenital and early acquired high-grade insane states". Some of these publications were made together with Franz Seitelberger , Barbara Uiberrak, Elfriede Kaltenbäck (one of Gross' employees in the neurohistological laboratory, later in the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute), Hans Hoff and others. Life and death dates referring to the Nazi era were generally avoided, the prosecution of the Steinhof was given as the origin of the "material". The work can be divided into three groups:

  • The first group comprises 13 publications from the years 1952 to 1962 on individual cases that appeared to be of great interest or those that were suitable for demonstrating specific questions.
  • Ten publications from the years 1956 to 1978 form the second group, which deal with unspecific morphological abnormalities (e.g. tower skulls ) or with certain clinical pictures. For this purpose, up to 40 cases were documented and (with a single exception) photos were added.
  • The third group consists of eleven statistical studies, each of which was based on a large number of medical histories and brain preparations.

In addition, Gross passed on body parts of around twenty Spiegelgrund victims to the Neurological Institute of the University of Vienna in the 1950s , which formed the basis for at least two publications. Among the authors are Franz Seitelberger and Hans Hoff. The same preparations were then passed on to the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research , which at the time was under the direction of Julius Hallervorden . Another two papers were published in 1954.

In 1957, Gross became Primarius of the 2nd Psychiatric Department and the Neurohistological Laboratory at Steinhof, in which the brains that had been histologically examined since 1954 and given new protocol numbers were located.

From 1968 he was in charge of the newly founded " Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Research into Malformations of the Nervous System ", which was located in the Neurohistological Laboratory at Steinhof , and whose task he described as follows:

“As far as can be estimated from world literature, the prosecution of the Psychiatric Hospital of the City of Vienna has the largest material on brains with congenital developmental disorders and damage acquired early. The neuropathological processing and evaluation of this unique material is the first task of the institute in the next few years. "

In addition, the uniqueness of the collection was that malformations could already be examined at a stage which under normal circumstances - without euthanasia - would have led to the death of the patient much later or not at all. In 1981, the "LBI for research into malformations of the nervous system" was merged with the "LBI for clinical neurobiology" under this name. From this point on, Gross shared the management with the university professor Kurt Jellinger.

Burials

Only in April 2002 were the remains such as brains and nerve cords of 789 victims buried in the Vienna Central Cemetery .

This was preceded by the registration of the Spiegelgrund victims. The head of the DÖW project was Wolfgang Neugebauer . He had already written several publications on euthanasia in Austria.

  • Names Ackel to Dotter

  • Draskovic to Haberstroh

  • Hacker to Kaspar

  • Kasper to Maly

  • Mandl to Prem

  • Priemer to Schreiber E.

  • Schreiber H to Viereder

  • Quarter to Zwiauer

New finds

Wolfgang Lamsa from the Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance reported that after the burial, another 70 brains were found. Their origin could not be assigned due to the lack of documents. Lamsa explains that there are probably no victims of the Spiegelgrund site and that they cannot be buried without being assigned: "We hope so, so that we can finally bury these brains" .

The memorial for the victims from Spiegelgrund in front of the Art Nouveau theater
The light steles in the dark

Memorial site

With the burial of the remains of the involuntary research objects from Spiegelgrund, a permanent exhibition on National Socialist medicine was set up in Vienna in 2002 at the former Spiegelgrund am Steinhof, today's Otto Wagner Hospital, and memorial days were held. Since November 2003 a memorial in the form of light steles has been commemorating the murdered. For each life extinguished in the institution, a light column was set up, the strict arrangement of which reflects the situation of the children and young people. The memorial is the work of the Viennese architect Peter Schwager.

confrontation

In 2000 the documentary Spiegelgrund by Angelika Schuster and Tristan Sindelgruber was premiered at the Diagonale Festival of Austrian Films . Numerous international festival invitations followed and the film was shown in several cinemas. It sparked an intensive discussion about the shameful way in which official (post-war) Austria dealt with victims of Nazi child and youth welfare and Nazi euthanasia.

In 2005 the theater director Johann Kresnik staged the fate of the children in Spiegelgrund at the Vienna Volkstheater .

Waltraud Häupl documented in her book in 2006 that patients were made sick in order to be able to attest to natural causes of death such as pneumonia or intestinal inflammation. She reports of overdosing with barbiturates , especially with phenobarbital . These drugs caused the "euthanasia", that is, the death of the patient. Häupl explains that brains and other body parts were preserved in jars and used for scientific research and publications, even after the end of the war. Many documents had been destroyed. In its publication, Häupl documents 788 victims by name.

Nikolaus Habjan brought on 23 March 2012 at the Vienna Schubert Theater , the puppet show "F. Zawrel - hereditary and socially inferior ”directed by Simon Meusburger on stage. The piece was written by Habjan and Meusburger in close collaboration with Friedrich Zawrel , a survivor from Spiegelgrund.

In 2015 the documentary novel "The Chosen" (Swedish first edition under the title "De utvalda", 2014) by Steve Sem-Sandberg was published in German, which is based on the biography of Friedrich Zawrel based on the story of the fictional Adrian Ziegler with euthanasia im Spiegelgrund deals. Other people, e.g. B. Doctors and nurses have their real names in the novel.

today

Today the Otto Wagner Hospital is located in this building complex .

See also

literature

  • Karl Cervik: Child murder in the Ostmark. Lit-Verlag 2001. ISBN 3825855511 .
  • Waltraud Häupl : The murdered children from Spiegelgrund . Commemorative documentation for the victims of Nazi child euthanasia in Vienna. 2006. 663 pages, 150 b / w miniature illustrations, ISBN 3-205-77473-6 .
  • Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neugebauer (Ed.): Pioneers of Destruction? From forced sterilization to murder. On the history of Nazi euthanasia in Vienna. Part II, Böhlau. Vienna 2002. ISBN 3-205-77122-2 .
  • Wolfgang Neugebauer: The Lie of Mercy: Medical Mass Murders in Austria from 1938 to 1945, in: Gedenkdienst, Issue 1, Vienna 2001.
  • Wolfgang Neugebauer: The post-war career of the euthanasia doctor Dr. Heinrich Gross, in: Information from the Society for Political Enlightenment, No. 60, March 1999.
  • Florian Klenk: The complaint of the snap-mouth dolls, published in FALTER 15/12 on April 11, 2012.
  • Oliver Lehmann, Traudl Schmidt: In the clutches of Dr. Large. The abused life of Friedrich Zawrel . Czernin Verlag , Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7076-0115-3 .
  • Heinz A. Höver, Josef - the forgotten child. A report, Verlag Landpresse , Weilerswist 2nd edition 2004, ISBN 3-935221-26-6 .
  • Mathias Dahl: Spiegelgrund terminus. The killing of disabled children during National Socialism using the example of a children's department in Vienna from 1940 to 1945 . Erasmus-Verlag, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-9500624-8-3 .
  • Paul Weindling: From Scientific Object to Commemorated Victim: the Children of the "Spiegelgrund" , in: History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 3, (Issue: Microscope Slides: Reassessing a Neglected Historical Ressource) (2013), pp. 415-430.
  • Steve Sem-Sandberg : The Chosen . Novel. Klett-Cotta , Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 3-608-93987-3 (The author has interwoven the available literature and materials on the subject as well as original quotes from interviews into the work; the individual fate of ten-year-old Adrian Ziegler was inspired by the survivor and contemporary witness Friedrich Zawrel with whom the author had several personal conversations.).

Further literature references in the main article: The euthanasia murders in the Nazi era or Action T4

Web links

Commons : Spiegelgrund  - collection of images, videos and audio files

swell

  1. ↑ a b Reinhard Sieder, Andrea Smioski: Violence against children in reform homes of the city of Vienna. Final report . Vienna 2012, p. Winkelmayer: 35 + 47 ( online [PDF; accessed on February 16, 2017]).
  2. ↑ a b c Peter Malina: Leave to be forgotten . with a historical review by Peter Malina. In: Alois Kaufmann (ed.): Totenwagen - Childhood on Spiegelgrund . Mandelbaum Verlag, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-85476-235-5 , p. 111, citation 1: pp. 21-22, citation 2: pp. 32-33 .
  3. ↑ Herwig Czech: Birth War and Race War. Medicine, "Racial Hygiene" and selective population policy in Vienna 1938 to 1945. (PDF) In: Jahrbuch 2005. DÖW , pp. 59–60 , accessed on February 4, 2014 .
  4. ↑ a b c d Herwig Czech: Research without scruples. The scientific evaluation of victims of the Nazi psychiatric murders in Vienna . In: Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neubauer (ed.): On the history of Nazi euthanasia in Vienna: From forced sterilization to murder . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-205-99325-X , p. 147–187 ( Google preview ).
  5. ↑ The war against the "inferior". Reopening of the permanent exhibition on the history of Nazi medicine in the Otto Wagner Hospital in Vienna. (PDF) In: DÖW-Mitteilungen, Episode 188, September 2008. P. 1 , accessed on February 4, 2014 .
  6. ↑ Steinhof Memorial. Chronology. DÖW , accessed on January 31, 2014 .
  7. ↑ Brigitte Bailer: Murder as an instrument of Nazi youth welfare. (PDF) In: DÖW-Mitteilungen, episode 207. DÖW , July 2012, p. 6 , accessed on February 7, 2014 .
  8. ↑ a b Lukas Vörös: Child and youth euthanasia at the time of National Socialism on the Spiegelgrund in Vienna. (PDF) Diploma thesis. March 2010, p. 97 , accessed February 9, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Susanne Mende: The Viennese sanatorium and nursing home "Am Steinhof" during the Nazi regime in Austria. (PDF) Manuscript of a lecture given on January 30th 1998 in Vienna on the occasion of the scientific symposium "On the history of Nazi euthanasia in Vienna". In: gedenkstaettesteinhof.at. DÖW , pp. 5–11 , accessed on February 4, 2014 .
  10. ↑ a b c Peter Malina: In the safety net of the Nazi "education". Child and youth “welfare” on the “Spiegelgrund” 1940–1945 . In: Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neubauer (ed.): On the history of Nazi euthanasia in Vienna: From forced sterilization to murder . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-205-99325-X , p. 81–97 ( Google preview ).
  11. ^ Susanne Mende: The Viennese sanatorium and nursing home Am Steinhof in the time of the Nazi regime in Austria . In: Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neubauer (eds.): Nazi euthanasia in Vienna . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-205-98951-1 , p. 64–70 ( Google preview ).
  12. ^ A b Barbara Helige, Michael John, Helge Schmucker, Gabriele Wörgötter: Final report of the Wilhelminenberg Commission . Vienna 2013, p. 30, 84 ( PDF ).
  13. ↑ Hans Krenek, quoted in Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neubauer: On the history of Nazi euthanasia in Vienna: From forced sterilization to murder . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-205-99325-X , p. 170 ( Google preview ).
  14. ^ A b Mathias Dahl: The killing of disabled children in the institution Am Spiegelgrund 1940 to 1945 . In: Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neubauer (eds.): Nazi euthanasia in Vienna . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-205-98951-1 , p. 75–90 ( Google preview ).
  15. ^ Karl Cervik: Kindermord in der Ostmark: Child Euthanasia in National Socialism 1938-1945 . 2nd Edition. LIT Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-5551-1 , p. 19, 24-25 ( Google preview ).
  16. ↑ a b Herwig Czech: Selection and Control. The "Spiegelgrund" as the central institution of the Viennese youth welfare between 1940 and 1945 . In: Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neubauer (ed.): On the history of Nazi euthanasia in Vienna: From forced sterilization to murder . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-205-99325-X , p. 171–183 (quotation from Jekelius, p. 182) ( Google preview ).
  17. ↑ Oliver Lehmann, Traudl Schmidt: In the Fangs of Dr. Gross: the abused life of Friedrich Zawrel . Czernin Verlag, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7076-0115-3 , p. 57-58 .
  18. ↑ Birgit Koller: The media processing of the victim-perpetrator role in the Second Republic depicted on the basis of the feature film Mein Mörder . 2009, p. 83 ( PDF ).
  19. ^ Johann Gross: Spiegelgrund. Life in Nazi educational institutions . Ueberreuter, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-8000-3769-6 , p. 67–70, 101, citations: pp. 69, 75 ( Google preview ).
  20. ^ Wolfgang Neugebauer: Living and dying on the Spiegelgrund . In: Johann Gross (Ed.): Spiegelgrund. Life in Nazi educational institutions . Ueberreuter, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-8000-3769-6 , p. 148–149 ( Google preview ).
  21. ↑ Oliver Lehmann, Traudl Schmidt: In the Fangs of Dr. Large. The abused life of Friedrich Zawrel . Czernin Verlag , Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7076-0115-3 , p. 69-70 .
  22. ↑ Registration of the Spiegelgrund victims
  23. ↑ Wolfgang Neugebauer
  24. ↑ Report ORF, April 28, 2005 ( Memento from November 14, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
  25. ^ DÖW, victim databases
  26. ↑ Memorial for the victims from Spiegelgrund ; City hall correspondence of November 27, 2003 (accessed June 1, 2010).
  27. ↑ Information on the film Spiegelgrund ( Memento from February 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive )