Amphritea

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Amphritea
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Oceanospirillales
Family : Oceanospirillaceae
Genre : Amphritea
Scientific name
Amphritea
Gardener 2008

Amphritea is a genus of bacteria .

Appearance

Most types of Amphritea are motile by flagella . Depending on the species, there is a polar flagella or a bipolar cluster of flagella. The species Amphritea ceti has no flagella. The cells are rod-shaped. Amphritea atlantica , A. balenae and A. japonica can in ancient cultures coccoid cells form. The species A. ceti also forms oval cells in addition to rod-shaped cells. Cells longer than 10 μm also occur in this species.

Growth and metabolism

All species grow in the presence of oxygen ( aerobic ), some are also facultatively anaerobic , i.e. show growth even when oxygen is excluded, e.g. B. Amphritea opalescens , A. japonica and A. balenae .

The growth range for the species described up to 2019 is at temperatures between 4 and 42 ° C. So shows z. B. Amphritea opalescens Growth at temperatures between 10 and 42 ° C, best growth occurs at 28 ° C. The species A. balnea tolerates temperatures between 4 and 28 ° C, the optimal growth temperature is between 20 and 22 ° C. The species require salt (NaCl) for growth, with the exception of the species Amphritea opalescens , which also shows growth in the complete absence of NaCl.

The species Amphritea opalescens tolerates pH values ​​from 4 to 11, the species A. atlantica values ​​from 4.6 to 9.5. A. balnea shows growth at pH values ​​between 6.5 and 7.5. The urease test runs differently depending on the species, it is positive for the A. atlantica species and negative for A. opalescens .

The species can use various sugars and carboxylic acids for energy and growth. Some types, such as B. Amphritea atlantica , A. balenae and A. japonica can store polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB) as a nutrient and energy reserve.

Chemotaxonomic Features

Amphritea is gram negative . Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) predominates among the quinones that occur . The most common phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerols (PG) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE).

Systematics

The name Amphritea is derived from Amphrit, a nymph of the ocean in Greek mythology and refers to the marine habitat of the bacteria. Amphritea belongs to the family of the Oceanospirillaceae which is placed in the order Oceanospirillales . The type species is Amphritea atlantica . It was described in 2008 by Andrea Gärtner and colleagues from the Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences .

The following is a list of some species (as of April 2020):

ecology

Representatives of the genus Amphritea were mostly derived from marine organisms such. B. sponges , sea ​​squirts , algae and echinoderms isolated. More rarely, finds come from free sea water or from the sea floor.

The first isolation of a bacterial strain of the A. atlantica type in an investigation of a deep-sea mussel ( Bathymodiolus sp. ) Took place in 2008. The mussel came from a sample from the Logatchev hydrothermal field on the mid-Atlantic ridge at a depth of 3000 meters. The type strain of the species Amphritea spongicola was first isolated from a sponge. Amphritea opalescens was isolated from a sediment sample on Jasper Beach near the Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica . This species does not rely on NaCl.

The isolates for the first description of the species Amphritea balenae and A. japonica come from samples of the seabed near carcasses of sperm whales. The development of the newly forming ecosystem around and in the sperm whale carcasses was studied over a period of three years. Over 800 aerobic bacteria have been isolated from the seabed adjacent to the sperm whale carcasses. Three of these strains were related to members of the Oceanospirillaceae family.

The genus Amphritea is phylogenetically closely related to the symbiotic bacteria found in the beard worm Osedax . The endosymbiotic bacteria are found in the root system of these beard worm species. Osedax lives on the skeletons of dead marine animals in the deep sea. The first find of this bearded worm genus comes from the skeletons of a gray whale ( Eschrichtius robustus ).

The DNA of the bacterial species Neptunomonas japonica is also very similar in terms of its DNA sequence to that of the endosymbiotic bacteria living in Osedax (99.6–99.9% of the sequences match). Neptunomonas japonica is phylogenetically closely related to Amphritea , they both belong to the family of Oceanospirillaceae. The bacterium also comes from the environment of the same sperm whale carcass, where the two bacterial species Amphritea balenae and A. japonica were isolated for the first time.

Single sources

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Xiaoyan Han et al .: Amphritea opalescens sp. nov., isolated from sediment adjacent to Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology (2019) Volume 69, No. 6, pp. 1585-1590. doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.003359
  2. ↑ a b Masayuki Miyazaki et al .: Amphritea japonica sp. nov. and Amphritea balenae sp. nov., isolated from the sediment adjacent to sperm whale carcasses off Kagoshima, Japan. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2008), 58, pp. 2815-2820 doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.65826-0
  3. ↑ a b c Andrea Gärtner, Jutta Wiese and Johannes F. Imhoff: Amphritea atlantica gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium from the Logatchev hydrothermal vent field In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2008), 58, pp. 34-39 doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.65234-0
  4. ^ A b c Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt , Fabiano Thompson: The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. 4th edition, Springer, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-30194-0 . Pp. 504-512.
  5. ↑ a b Hani Jang et al .: Amphritea spongicola sp. nov., isolated from amarine sponge, and emended description of the genus Amphritea In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology (2015), 65, pp. 1866-1870 doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.000188
  6. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Amphritea . In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved April 13, 2020 .
  7. ^ Y. Fujiwara et al .: Three-year investigations into sperm whale-fall ecosystems in Japan. In: Marine Ecology (2007), 28, pp. 219-232 Wiley
  8. ^ Rouse, Greg W .; Shana K. Goffredi, Robert C. Vrijenhoek (2004): Osedax: Bone-Eating Marine Worms with Dwarf Males . Science 305 (5684), pp. 668-671. doi : 10.1126 / science.1098650
  9. ↑ Masayuki Miyazaki et al .: Neptunomonas japonica sp. nov., an Osedax japonicus symbiont-like bacterium isolated from sediment adjacent to sperm whale carcasses off Kagoshima, Japan. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2008), 58, pp. 866-871. doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.65509-0

literature

  • Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt , Fabiano Thompso: The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. 4th edition, Springer, 2014, ISBN 3-642-38923-6 .
  • Xiaoyan Han et al .: Amphritea opalescens sp. nov., isolated from sediment adjacent to Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology (2019) Volume 69, No. 6, pp. 1585-1590. doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.003359