Oceanospirillaceae

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Oceanospirillaceae
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Oceanospirillales
Family : Oceanospirillaceae
Scientific name
Oceanospirillaceae
Garrity et al. 2005

The Oceanospirillaceae are a family of the Proteobacteria . The majority of the species occur in salt water . The name is based on the Latin word "Oceanus" (ocean) and the Greek word "spira" (spiral) and indicates the place where most species and the mostly spiral cells live.

features

Appearance

The cells of the species of the Oceanospirillaceae are rod-shaped or spiral-shaped. Marinospirillum and Oceanospirillum , for example, are spiral-shaped , rods can be found in Oceanobacter , for example . The species are flagellated at the cell ends (polar). Marinospirillum has several flagella on both cell poles, so it is bipolar polytrich flagellated. Oceanobacter kriegii (formerly known as Oceanospirillum kriegii ) is flagellated with only one polar flagellum (monotroch ). Species of the genus Balneatrix have one or two flagella polar flagellated.

Growth and metabolism

All species in the family are chemoorgano-heterotrophic . The species are usually aerobic and use the metabolic pathway of breathing with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. In the species Oleispira antarctica takes place under anaerobic conditions, i. H. with the exclusion of oxygen, nitrate breathing . Here nitrate serves as the terminal electron acceptor. In Neptunomonas also been fermentation observed. The species Marinomonas communis and M. vaga use the Entner-Doudoroff path .

The enzyme catalase is present in most species, e.g. it is absent in species of Oceaniserpentilla and some strains of Marinospirillum . Oxidase is usually present but absent from some strains of Marinomonas . Urease is seldom present, e.g. in various strains of Marinomonas and Amphritea . The hydrolysis of starch also rarely occurs, e.g. in some strains of Marinomonas and Reinekea . Some species reduce nitrate to nitrite , such as Oleibacter and Balneatrix .

Many genera produce poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) intracellularly , e.g. B. Oceanospirillum , Marinospirillum and Pseudospirillum . Examples of species that do not form a PHB are Marinomonas aquimarina and species of Oleispira .

Oceanospirillum canform microcysts ("microcysts")in older cultures. These are forms of persistence. These forms have thin cell walls and resemble spheroplasts . When the microcysts are transferred back to a new, fresh medium with better food supply, some germinate and form spirils again.

Chemotaxonomic Features

Among the quinones that occur, ubiquinone -8 predominates in the majority of species . Menaquinone -6 is also found in some species , but only in small amounts. The phospholipids in the cell membrane mainly consist of phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylglycerins (PD) and diphosphatidylglycerins (DPG).

Systematics

The family Oceanospirillaceae belongs to the order Oceanospirillales which in turn belongs to the Proteobacteria .

Here is a list of some of the genera:

ecology

Most of the members of the Oceanospirillaceae family are found in marine ecosystems and require salt (NaCl) for growth. The majority of the species are halophilic , so they require high salt concentrations. The genus Balneatrix , which used to be part of this family, occurs in fresh water and only tolerates a salt content (NaCl) of up to 1%. In 2019 she was added to the newly established family Balneatrichaceae . This species can also be pathogenic to humans. It can cause pneumonia and meningitis .

Also cold-loving (psychrophil) and cold-tolerant (psychrolerante) species are represented in the family. The species Oleispira antarctica is psychrophilic, best growth occurs at temperatures between 2 and 4 ° C. Marinomonas polaris and M. Ushuaiensis were found in sub-Antarctic regions. Isolates of M. primoryensis come from the sea ice of the Sea of Japan . This species is also halophilic and tolerates up to 20% NaCl. Growth takes place between 4 and 30 degrees. The species Marinomonas arctica found in the Canadian basin of the Arctic Ocean is psychotolerant and shows growth at temperatures between 0 and 37 degrees.

Several species of Marinomonas have been isolated from the seagrass ( Posidonia oceanica ) in the Mediterranean. The location of the species M. brasiliensis is the coral Mussismilia hispida , M. aquamarina was isolated in the Mediterranean in connection with oysters and from the open sea water. The genus Marinospirillum contains 5 species (as of April 2, 2019), all of which are halophilic and alkaliphilic , so they need a habitat with high pH and high salt content. Marinospirillum alkaliphilum comes from a soda lake .

Species of Neptunomonas can use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a source of carbon and energy. For example, the species N. naphthovorans can utilize naphthalene , a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Naphthalene can cause skin irritation and dermatitis in humans .

Phenanthrene

A strain of this type can also break down phenanthrene , an aromatic compound made up of three benzene rings . Oleibacter was found in Indonesian seawater and is capable of breaking down alkane chains , which makes the bacterium interesting for the removal of petroleum pollution in the tropical sea. The cold- loving species Oleispira antarctica and the species Thalassolituus oleivorans can also use long-chain alkanes. Thalassolituus oleivorans uses carbon chains with lengths of 7–20 carbon atoms.

Other species capable of breaking down alkane chains, which are also part of the order Oceanospirillales, are: Alcanivorax (belongs to the family Alcanivoracaceae ), Cobetia and Halomonas (both to the Halomonadaceae ) and Oleiphilus messinensis (Oleiphilaceae). Alcanivorax spp. and Oleiphilus messinensis are always dependent on aliphatic hydrocarbons. They are considered to be bioindicators of oil polluted environments and possible active bioremediators after crude oil accidents. Bacteria that are capable of breaking down long-chain hydrocarbon chains are also known as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e George M. Garrity (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria. Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 0-387-95040-0
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt , Fabiano Thompson: The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. 4th edition, Springer, 2014, ISBN 3642389236
  3. ↑ Michail M. Yakimov, Laura Giuliano, Gabriella Gentile, Ermanno Crisafi, Tatyana N. Chernikova, Wolf-Rainer Abraham, Heinrich Lünsdorf, Kenneth N. Timmis and Peter N. Golyshin: Oleispira antarctica gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a novel hydrocarbonoclastic marine bacterium isolated from Antarctic coastal sea water In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2003), 53, pp. 779-785. doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02366-0
  4. ↑ List of families included in orders: Oceanospirillaceae (as of April 22, 2018).
  5. ↑ R. Krishnan et. al: Isolation and characterization of a novel 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase producing plant growth promoting marine Gammaproteobacteria from crops grown in brackish environments. Proposal for Pokkaliibacter plantistimulans gen. Nov., Sp. nov., Balneatrichaceae fam. nov. in the order Oceanospirillales and an emended description of the genus Balneatrix. In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology. (2018), 41 (6), pp. 570-580. doi : 10.1016 / j.syapm.2018.08.003
  6. ↑ Lyudmila A. Romanenko, Masataka Uchino, Valery V. Mikhailov, Natalia V. Zhukova, Tai Uchimura: Marinomonas primoryensis sp. nov., a novel psychrophile isolated from coastal sea-ice in the Sea of ​​Japan . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2003), 53, pp. 829-832. doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02280-0
  7. ↑ M. Carmen Maciána, b, David R. Arahalb, c, Esperanza Garaya, b, c, Maria J. Pujaltea: Marinomonas aquamarina sp. nov., isolated from oysters and seawater In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology (2005), 28, pp. 145-150 doi : 10.1016 / j.syapm.2004.12.003
  8. ↑ Kenneth N. Timmis: Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, ISBN 9783540775843
  9. ↑ Claudia Ibacache-Quiroga, Juan Ojeda and M. Alejandro Dinamarca: 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing of Seawater Microbiota from Quintero Bay, Chile, Affected by Oil Spills, Shows the Presence of an Oil-Degrading Marine Bacterial Guild Structured by the Bacterial Genera Alcanivorax, Cobetia , Halomonas, and Oleiphilus In: Microbiology Ressource Announcements , (2018), 7, 21. doi : 10.1128 / MRA.01366-18

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