Marinomonas

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Marinomonas
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Oceanospirillales
Family : Oceanospirillaceae
Genre : Marinomonas
Scientific name
Marinomonas
Van Landschoot & De Ley 1984

Marinomonas is a genus of bacteria. It belongs to the class of the Proteobacteria . They mostly occur in sea ​​water .

Appearance

The cell shape of Marinomonas differs depending on the species . The cells of some species are spirally wound ( helical ). These include B. M. alcarazii and M. posidonica . Others form straight rods, e.g. B. M. aquimarina . The species M. communis shows curved rods. The species are motile (motile by flagella ). Depending on the type, the flagella are either polar (at one end of the cell) or bipolar (at both ends). These can be single or clusters of flagella. So have z. B. M. alcarazii and M. mediterranea a single polar flagellum. M. communis is bipolar with a single flagellum each. In M. aquiplantarum bipolar tufts of flagella occur. In the case of M. pontica , besides polar, there is also subpolar flagellation, i.e. a bit laterally and close to the poles.

Growth and metabolism

The types of Marinomonas are aerobic , the metabolism is breathing with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Marinomonas communis and M. vaga use the Entner-Doudoroff route for D- fructose and D- glucose . It is believed that this metabolic pathway is widespread among the marine gammaproteobacteria .

The oxidase test is either positive (e.g. with M. aquimarina ) or negative, as with M. alcarazii . The majority of species require Na + for growth . The strains of Marinomonas usually show good growth in typical marine media such as marine agar (MA).

M. mediterranea forms a brown to black melanin pigment that is derived from L- tyrosine . This pigment also diffuses into the surrounding medium. The genome of this species has been completely sequenced.

Chemotaxonomic Features

The GC content in the DNA is between 45 and 50 mol percent depending on the type (as of 2014). Among the quinones are information only for certain types. In the species described up to 2014, Marinomonas communis , M. vaga and M. dokdonensis are known to produce ubiquinone 8 .

Systematics

Marinomonas is next to Oceanospirillum the second oldest and one of the largest genera of the Oceanospirillaceae .

In 1984, Anita Van Landschoot and Jozef De Leyfest established that the species Arinomonas communis and A. vaga differ greatly from the others of the genus and placed them in the new genus Marinomonas .

An analysis of their iron-containing enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutamine synthetase , however, indicated a relationship between these species and the genus Oceanospirillum and therefore their assignment to this genus under the species names Oceanospirillum commune and O. vagum by Bowditch et al. suggested.

In 1989, Pot et al. found that these strains were not closely related to the type species of Oceanospirillum , further supporting their current classification within Marinomonas . This was later confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Marinomonas vaga is sometimes used as a synonym for Oceanospirillum vagum . A third species, the melanin-producing Marinomonas mediterranea , was later described by Solano and Sanchez-Amat in 1999. In 2014 there were already 20 species in the genus. In March 2020 over 30 species were listed in this genus.

Here is a list of some types:

ecology

Almost all types of Marinomonas require salt, they mostly occur in the sea or salt lakes . They sometimes occur there in extreme habitats, e.g. B. some species tolerate high salinity, high pressure or low temperatures. Some have also been found in marine plants or marine animals.

The species Marinomonas gallaica and M. atlantica described in 2016 were isolated from a marine mussel species . The species Marinomonas arctica , found in the Canadian basin of the Arctic Ocean, is psychrotolerant ( i.e. tolerates relatively low temperatures) and shows growth at temperatures between 0 and 37 ° C. Marinomonas polaris and M. ushuaiensis were found in sub-Antarctic regions. Isolates of M. primoryensis come from the sea ice of the Sea of Japan . This species is also halophilic (salt-loving) and tolerates up to 20% NaCl. Growth takes place between 4 and 30 ° C.

Several species of Marinomonas have been isolated from the seagrass ( Posidonia oceanica ) in the Mediterranean. The location of the species M. brasiliensis is the coral Mussismilia hispida , M. aquamarina was isolated in the Mediterranean in connection with oysters and from the open sea water.

Marinomonas shanghaiensis tolerates NaCl levels of 0–12%, with the best growth occurring at 3–4% NaCl. The species comes from the connection of the freshwater lake Dishui and the East China Sea .

Marinomonas piezotolerans was found in the deep sea. It was isolated from a soil sample at a depth of 6796 m in the Yap Trench in the Pacific Ocean . The species is piezotolerant (also known as barotolerant). It tolerates pressures of 0.1–50 MPa . Best growth is achieved at 0.1 MPa. The bacterium tolerates up to 13% NaCl, the optimum is 5%.

Marinomonas communis and M. vaga can be attacked by the parasitic bacterium Bdellovibrio .

literature

Single sources

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt , Fabiano Thompson: The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. 4th edition, Springer, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-30194-0 . Pp. 504-511.
  2. ↑ a b c George M. Garrity (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria. Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 0-387-95040-0 . Pp. 284-289
  3. ^ A b RD Bowditch, L. Baumann, P. Baumann: Description of Oceanospirillum kriegii sp. nov. and Oceanospirillum jannaschii sp. nov. and assignment of 2 species of Alteromonas to this genus as Oceanospirillum commune comb. nov. and Oceanospirillum vagum comb. nov. In: Curr. Microbiol. Volume 10, 1984, pp. 221-229.
  4. ↑ B. Pot et al. (1989): Intra- and intergeneric relationships of the genus Oceanospirillum. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. (1989) 39. pp. 23-34 doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-39-1-23
  5. ↑ Masataka Satomi, Bon Kimura, Tohru Hamada, Shigeaki Harayama, Tateo Fujii: Phylogenetic study of the genus Oceanospirillum based on 16S rRNA and gyrB genes: Emended description of the genus Oceanospirillum and Pseudospirillum gen. Nov., Oceanobacter gen. Nov., And Terasakiella gen. Nov .; transfer of Oceanospirillum jannaschii, and Pseudomonas stanieri to Marinobacterium with Marinobacterium jannaschii comb. nov., and Marinobacterium stanieri comb. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 52, No. 3, 2002, ISSN  1466-5026 , pp. 739-747, doi: 10.1099 / 00207713-52-3-739 .
  6. ↑ Species Marinomonas vaga , LPSN
  7. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Marinomonas . In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved April 5, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Aide Lasa, Phillip Pichon, Ana L. Diéguez, Jesús L. Romalde: Marinomonas gallaica sp. nov. and Marinomonas atlantica sp. nov., isolated from reared clams (Ruditapes decussatus). In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 66, No. 8, August 1, 2016, ISSN  1466-5026 , pp. 3183-3188, doi: 10.1099 / ijsem.0.001170 .
  9. ↑ Lyudmila A. Romanenko, Masataka Uchino, Valery V. Mikhailov, Natalia V. Zhukova, Tai Uchimura: Marinomonas primoryensis sp. nov., a novel psychrophile isolated from coastal sea-ice in the Sea of ​​Japan. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 53, May 1, 2003, pp. 829-832, doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.02280-0 .
  10. ↑ M. Carmen Maciána, David R. Arahal, Esperanza Garaya, Maria J. Pujaltea: Marinomonas aquamarina sp. nov., isolated from oysters and seawater In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology Volume 28, No. 2, March 16, 2005, ISSN  0723-2020 , pp. 145-150, doi: 10.1016 / j.syapm.2004.12.003 .
  11. ↑ Yuli Wei et al .: Marinomonas shanghaiensissp. nov., isolated from the junction between an ocean and a freshwater lake. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 69, No. 3, January 29, 2019, ISSN  1466-5026 , pp. 805-810, doi: 10.1099 / ijsem.0.003241 .

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