Andrés de Santa Cruz
Andrés de Santa Cruz (born December 5, 1792 in La Paz , Bolivia , † September 25, 1865 in Saint-Nazaire , France ) was a Bolivian general and from January 28, 1827 to June 9, 1827 President of Peru and from 24 May 1829 to February 17, 1839 President of Bolivia, where he was elected after the resignation of Antonio José de Sucre .
Life
Andrés de Santa Cruz was born in La Paz (then Upper Peru, later Bolivia) as the son of the Peruvian Creole Josep de Santa Cruz y Villavicencio and the Bolivian Mara Basilia Calahumana . He studied at the Colegio San Bernardo in Cuzco , which he left in 1820 to go to Lima .
Military career
In the early years of his young military career, he served in the Spanish army. He was stationed in the viceroyalty of Peru, one of the most strongly fortified bases in Spain in South America. Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela promoted him to commander of the south coast and military commander of Port Chorrillos .
In January 1821, he changed sides and volunteered for the independence army of José de San Martín . Here he distinguished himself several times and rose to general, grand marshal and chief of staff.
President of Peru, Bolivia and the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation
After a brief interlude as Peruvian President, he was elected Bolivian President in 1829. Andrés de Santa Cruz's presidency is one of the most stable and successful in Bolivian history. At that time, Bolivia, with its progressive reforms, was a role model for many Latin American countries.
In 1835 he was called to help by the Peruvian President Luis José de Orbegoso, against whom General Felipe Santiago de Salaverry had put up. The forces of Santa Cruz defeated the forces of Salaverry on February 7, 1836 in the Battle of Socabaya. Then Andrés de Santa Cruz united Peru and Bolivia to the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation . The neighboring countries Chile and Argentina, however, saw the union as a threat to power and trade policy and declared war on it. While the German and close comrade of Santa Cruz, Otto Philipp Braun , was able to repel an Argentine invasion, Andrés de Santa Cruz was defeated in Peru by a Chilean expeditionary army. The confederation fell apart. Andrés de Santa Cruz had to flee to Ecuador.
With almost 10 years in office, Santa Cruz is considered to be the longest uninterrupted president of Bolivia, a title that was challenged in the 21st century by Evo Morales, who has ruled since 2006 .
literature
- Oscar de Santa Cruz, Víctor Muñoz Reyes, Víctor Guevara and others: El General Andrés de Santa-Cruz, Gran Mariscal de Zepita y el Gran Perú . Tipografía Salesiana, La Paz 1924.
- Julio Díaz Arguedas: El Mariscal Santa Cruz y sus Generales. Sintesis biographicas . Taller de la Editorial del Estado, La Paz 1965.
- Natalia Sobrevilla Perea: The caudillo of the Andes. Andrés de Santa Cruz . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-89567-5 .
Footnotes
- ↑ Robin Kiera: Otto Philipp Braun (1798–1869). A transatlantic biography . Böhlau, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-412-22378-6 , pp. 267–268.
- ↑ Robin Kiera: The great son of the city of Kassel? The Grand Marshal Otto Philipp Braun as a symbol of local history politics , Kassel 2009.
- ↑ Natalia Sobrevilla Perea: The caudillo of the Andes. Andrés de Santa Cruz . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011, pp. 184 ff.
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Simon Bolivar |
President of Peru 1827 - 1827 |
Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano |
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| José Miguel de Velasco Franco |
President of Bolivia 1829 - 1839 |
José Miguel de Velasco Franco |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Santa Cruz, Andrés de |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | President of Peru and Bolivia |
| DATE OF BIRTH | December 5, 1792 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | La Paz |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 25, 1865 |
| Place of death | Saint-Nazaire , France |