Andrea Gabrieli

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Andrea Gabrieli (* 1532/33 in Venice ; † August 30, 1585 ibid) was a Venetian composer and organist of the Renaissance .

Live and act

The approximate year of birth of Andrea Gabrielis results from the death entry of August 1585, according to which he was about 52 years old (M. Morell 1983); therefore the long suspected year of birth of 1510 or 1515 is incorrect. Because he is often called "Andrea da Cannareggio" in contemporary documents, he apparently comes from the district of the same name in the north of Venice. Other documents show a connection between him and his sister Paola to the local parish of Santa Geremia. There are indications of Gabrieli's activity in Verona or at least for Verona, where Vincenzo Ruffo was Kapellmeister (setting of Petrarch poems for the Accademia Filarmonica there ). From June 1555 to at least July 1557 he was organist in his Venetian home parish and became head of the family after the death of his father. There is also evidence that he had to support his sister's family financially.

When the position of 2nd organist at San Marco became vacant due to the death of G. Parabosco in 1557 , Gabrieli applied for it; however, the position was given to Claudio Merulo . After that, information about Gabrieli is missing for a few years. In October 1562 his name and that of Orlando di Lasso are in a register of the quartermaster of the Bamberg diocese ; both were in the wake of the Bavarian Duke Albert V , who traveled to Frankfurt for the coronation of Emperor Maximilian II . Gabrieli does not seem to have participated in the coronation ceremony itself (November 24, 1562). It is believed that he and Di Lasso became acquainted and that there was a fruitful exchange between them. Shortly afterwards Gabrieli may have returned to Venice and worked temporarily at San Marco; but it is also possible that he was again north of the Alps. In 1565 his Sacrae Cantiones , a collection of 37 five-part sacred chants , appeared in Venice.

Gabrieli probably took up his position at the beginning of 1566 as the first organist at San Marco, an outstanding position in the musical world of Italy, where he remained until the end of his life. This ended the eventful era of the cathedral after the death of Adrian Willaert . In 1574 there was another attempt by the ducal Bavarian court with the participation of Orlando di Lasso to win Gabrieli for Munich, but this did not follow. At San Marco, supported by the unique acoustics of the cathedral, he developed his original compositional style of ceremonial polychoral and concertante style, which was later further developed by his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli . His tasks included the composition of festival music for various occasions, for example "Benedictus Dominus Deus" for the celebration of the victory over the Ottoman Empire in the naval battle of Lepanto in 1571 and for the visits of Japanese princes in Venice in 1585. His students included his Giovanni’s nephews, the composer and music theorist Ludovico Zacconi , Gregor Aichinger , Rogier Michael and Hans Leo Haßler , who then carried his concertante style to Germany.

meaning

Andrea Gabrieli was one of the most respected composers of the second half of the 16th century and an extremely prolific composer, a quality he shares with Orlando di Lasso. Through the influence of the latter, essential elements of Franco-Flemish music found their way into the music of the Venetian school. Gabrieli composed for all musical genres and styles that were present in Venice in the late 16th century: masses , motets , madrigals , mascherate , giustiniane , works for keyboard instruments as well as for instrumental ensembles. Only a small part of it was published during his lifetime, the greater part was printed posthumously in large collections by his nephew Giovanni. An example of a fundamental stylistic principle of Gabrieli is his eight-part madrigal "Felici d'Adria", which was created on the occasion of Archduke Charles of Austria's visit to Venice (1569). This does not rely on the formal distribution of the voices in different choirs, but rather a kaleidoscopic sequence of changing timbres and sonorities is created through the ongoing rearrangement of vocal groups, a process that ultimately follows the example of Di Lasso and is used for many of the large-format works found.

The other technique he uses is more based on the coro-speczato principle (divided or articulated choirs) by Adrian Willaert, in which the voices are divided into two or more clearly defined, spatially separated and opposing groups, which then take turns perform until they are brought together in the final part, often in contrasting three-beats. This multi-choir style was later further developed by his nephew Giovanni. The large number of reprints of Gabrieli's compositions testifies to the popularity of his music in Italy and also north of the Alps. In Northern Europe in particular, his works were copied and performed well into the first decades of the 17th century.

Works (summary)

  • 7 masses of four to sixteen voices
  • 120 motets, psalms and other sacred works in four to twelve voices
  • 184 madrigals with three to twelve voices
  • 46 pieces for instrumental ensemble or keyboard instruments

Audio sample

from Altro Madrigali et Ricercari Di Andrea Gabrieli (posthumously Venice 1589): Ricercar del Sesto Tuono , abridged, Venice 1589, 2.86 MB ? / i
Audio file / audio sample

expenditure

  • Sacrae Cantiones , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1565, new edition Verlag C. Hofius, Ammerbuch 2013, ISMN 979-0-50248-001-1 (search in the DNB portal)
  • Il Primo Libro di Madrigali a cinque voci , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1566, new edition Ricordi, Milan 2008
  • Il Secondo Libro di Madrigali a cinque voci , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1570, new edition Ricordi, Milan 1996
  • Primus Liber Missarum , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1572, new edition Verlag C. Hofius, Ammerbuch 2014, ISMN 979-0-50248-000-4 (search in the DNB portal)
  • Libro Primo de Madrigali a tre voci , 1575, new edition Ricordi 1999
  • Ecclesiasticum Cantionum quatuor vocum omnibus sanctorum solemnitatibus deservientium. Liber primus , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1576, new edition Ricordi, Milan 2001
  • Opere edite in vita: Psalmi Davidici, qui poenitentiales nuncupantur, tum omnis generis instrumentorum , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1583, new edition Ricordi, Milan 1988, new edition Verlag C. Hofius, Ammerbuch 2014, ISMN 979-0-50248-143-8 (search in the DNB portal)
  • Opera posthumous. Concerti di Andrea and di Gio. Gabrieli , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1587, new edition Ricordi, Milan 1989
  • Chori in musica composti sopra li chori della tragedia di Edippo Tiranno: recitati in Vicenza l'anno MDLXXXV , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1588, new edition Ricordi, Milan 1995
  • Il terzo Libro de Madrigali a cinque voci, con alcuni di Giovanni Gabrieli , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1589, new edition Ricordi, Milan 2012
  • Madrigali et ricecari a quattro voci , Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1589/90, new edition Ricordi, Milan 2012
  • Le composizioni vocali di Andrea Gabrieli in intavolature per tastiera e liuto , new edition Ricordi, Milan 1993/99
  • Complete works for keyboard instruments (edited by Giuseppe Clericetti), 6 volumes and critical report, Vienna 1997–1999, Doblinger (Diletto Musicale 1141-46, 09671)

Literature (selection)

  • G. Benvenuti: Foreword to Andrea e Giovanni Gabrieli e la musica strumentale in San Marco , Milan 1931 (= Istituzioni e monumenti dell'arte musicale italiana No. 1)
  • Alfred Einstein: Italian music and Italian musicians at the imperial court and at the ducal courts in Innsbruck and Graz. In: Studies on musicology (supplements of the DTÖ) No. 21, 1934, pages 3–52
  • D. Arnold: Ceremonial Music in Venice at the Time of the Gabrielis. In: Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association No. 82, 1955/56, pages 47-59
  • W. Yeomans: Andrea Gabrieli's Canzoni et Ricercari (Libro primo). In: The Monthly Musical Record No. 88, 1958, pages 16-21
  • D. Bryant: Liturgia e musica liturgica nella fenomenologia del mito di Venezia. In: Mitology, edited by G. Morelli, Venice 1979, pp. 205-214
  • M. Morell: New Evidence for the Biographies of A. and G. Gabrieli. In: Early Music History No. 3, 1983, pp. 101-122
  • F. Degrada (editor): Andrea Gabrieli e il suo tempo , Congress report Venice 1985, Florence 1987
  • Francesco Degrada (editor): Andrea Gabrieli e il suo tempo (= Studi di musica veneta, Vol. 11), Atti del convegno internazionale (Venezia 16 - 18 September 1985), Olschki, Firenze 1987, ISBN 88-222-3534-7
  • Giuseppe Clericetti: Le composizioni per strumenti a tastiera di Andrea Gabrieli. Catalogo, bibliografia, varianti. In: L'Organo, Volume 25/26, 1987/1988, ISSN  0474-6376 , pages 9-62
  • Giuseppe Clericetti: Martin menoit son pourceau au marché: due intavolature di Andrea Gabrieli. In: Pio Pellizzari (editor): Musicus Perfectus. Studi in onore di Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini . "Prattico e specolativo" nella ricorrenza del LXV. compleanno, Pàtron, Bologna 1995, ISBN 88-555-2325-2 , pages 147-183
  • E. Quaranta: Oltre San Marco. Organizzazione e prassi della musica nelle chiese di Venezia nel Rinascimento , Florence 1998
  • Giuseppe Clericetti: Una terra di nessuno: le tre mass per organo di Andrea Gabrieli. In: François Seydoux, Giuliano Castellani, Axel Leuthold (editor), Fiori Musicologici. Studi in onore di Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini nella ricorrenza del suo LXX. compleanno, Pàtron, Bologna 2001, ISBN 88-555-2613-8 , pages 139-170
  • Andrea Gabrieli, Cessate cantus. Lettere 1557-1585 , a cura di Giuseppe Clericetti, Zecchini, Varese 2014, ISBN 978-88-6540-100-2

Web links

Commons : Andrea Gabrieli  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Music in Past and Present (MGG), Person Part Volume 7, Bärenreiter and Metzler, Kassel and Basel 2002, ISBN 3-7618-1117-9
  2. ↑ Marc Honegger, Günther Massenkeil (ed.): The great lexicon of music. Volume 3: Elsbeth - Haitink. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau a. a. 1980, ISBN 3-451-18053-7 .
  3. ↑ Lexicon of the Organ, edited by Hermann Josef Busch and Matthias Geuting, Laaber Verlag Laaber 2008, ISBN 978-3-89007-508-2
personal data
SURNAME Gabrieli, Andrea
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian composer and organist of the Renaissance
DATE OF BIRTH 1532 or 1533
PLACE OF BIRTH Venice
DATE OF DEATH August 30, 1585
Place of death Venice