Burned smoke porling
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Burnt Smoke Porling ( Bjerkandera adusta ) |
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| Bjerkandera adusta | ||||||||||||
| ( Willd .: Fr. ) P. Karst. |
The Burnt Rauchporling or smoky gray Porling ( Bjerkandera adusta ) is a fungal art from the family of Fältlingsverwandten (Meruliaceae). The white rot pathogen is a very common fungus. His hats often grow overgrown with tiled roofs and beech stumps in large flocks. Often large areas are only covered in crust-like form. The ocher to gray-brown, often darker zoned surface of the hat is wrinkled with fine velvet. The tube layer is smoke gray. Young fruiting bodies have a whitish edge that blackens when touched. The fruit bodies then look like they are burnt. Hence the name of the mushroom.
features
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Macroscopic features
The fungus usually forms 3–7 cm wide and 2–6 mm flat fruit bodies, which protrude horizontally up to 4 cm from the wood. The fruit bodies are semicircular to rosette and are often in dense groups. They overgrow in layers of roof tiles or larger areas grow together laterally in long rows. The fruit bodies are soft to leathery when fresh, but become very hard when dry. The upper side is gray-brownish and finely felted and sometimes somewhat zoned. Old specimens are mostly bare. The whitish, outer growth edge turns black when you touch it. This makes the mushroom look like it's burnt. The edge of the fruiting body is usually more or less wavy. The tube layer on the underside of young, growing mushrooms is smoky gray, sometimes only dark brown. It, too, blotches black on pressure. The tubes are 0.5–2 mm long. The pore openings are very fine, there are 4–6 round to angular pores per mm. The meat of the hat is tough and elastic and colored whitish to cream-colored. The hat meat or trama is separated from the gray-black tubular trama by a thin, blackish line. The fruit bodies smell slightly mushroom-like or like moist wood and taste slightly sour. The spore powder is white.
Microscopic features
The spores are more or less elliptical, 4–5.5 µm long and 2–3 µm wide. They are smooth and inamyloid, which means they cannot be stained with iodine reagents. The spores are quite thin-walled and therefore appear translucent ( hyaline ) under the microscope . The hyphae system is monomitic and consists of only one thick-walled type of hyphae. However, the hyphae are of different thicknesses. Thicker hyphae are less branched than the thinner ones. There are no cystides .
Species delimitation
The Burnt Smoke Porling looks like the Butterfly Tramete from a distance ( Trametes versicolor ), but can be easily distinguished by its gray pores.
The gray-yellow Rauchporling ( Bjerkandera fumosa ) is quite similar , the paler tubes of which only tan slightly on pressure, but do not blacken. The two species can also be easily distinguished by making a longitudinal section through the fruiting body. In the gray-yellow Rauchporling, the tube layer is not darker in color than the hat meat. The blackish dividing line that separates the two layers of the burnt smoky pork is also missing.
ecology
The burnt smoked pork is found in all local forest and forest communities. It is particularly common in mesophilic beech and the corresponding hornbeam-oak forests. But it also occurs in alluvial forests and on the edges of bogs and forests. It can also be found outside of closed stands of trees, such as on clear-cuts, on trees and stumps along streets, rivers and canals, in parks and in wood storage areas. It grows on barked and debarked stumps and stumps. It is particularly common on the face, but also on lying trunks and stacked wood. However, it can also penetrate living trees at sores. For example on lightning channels and along heat cracks. Then it can partially hike up the trunk up into the branches. The fungus is a white rot fungus, which means that it can break down lignin and cellulose at the same time . When the first fruit bodies appear on the dead wood, the fungus has reached the end of the initial phase. The fungus remains on its substrate for several years.
The burnt smoked porling occurs mainly on deciduous, less often on coniferous wood. Its main substrate is red beech wood, on which it grows in 5 out of 10 cases. It occurs on spruce trees with a frequency of 1 in 10. However, the fungus has a very wide range of substrates. It can grow on maple, alder, birch, hornbeam, hazelnut, ash, poplar, cherry, oak, willow and other deciduous trees. The fruiting bodies are annual, they usually die in August. Still, fruiting bodies can be found all year round, because when the old fruiting bodies die, the new ones are formed again.
Sporulation begins at the beginning of autumn, as soon as the average daytime temperatures drop below 10 ° C. It ends at the beginning of summer next year. If the temperatures drop below 0 ° C, the sporulation is interrupted, as soon as the temperatures rise, spores are released again.
distribution
The fungus is found worldwide. It occurs on all continents and is widespread and fairly dense. It can be found in North, Central and South America, on the Caribbean islands, in Africa, in almost all of Asia and in Australia and New Zealand. It is also widespread across Europe.
| South / Southeast Europe | Western Europe | Central Europe | Eastern Europe | Northern Europe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal, Spain, Italy, Slovenia, Greece |
France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Great Britain, Ireland |
Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, |
Slovakia, Estonia, Russia |
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland |
In Germany, the fungus is widespread from the Danish border and the East and North Frisian Islands to the Alps and is common everywhere. It occurs from the lowlands to the higher mountains. It is most common in the hill and lower mountain regions. In Austria, too, the burnt smoked pork is one of the most common mushrooms.
Systematics
Subspecies and varieties
The fungus can appear in different forms. The various forms, however, probably have no taxonomic value, since it is not uncommon for all transitions to be found in the same place and substrate.
- The shape crispa describes thin-fleshed specimens with a wavy lobed and radially grooved hat. Today it is also viewed as an independent species of Postia tephroleuca .
- Purely crust-shaped fruiting bodies are referred to as the resupinata form .
meaning
The burnt smoky mushroom is a predominantly saprobionic fungus. However, it can also attack living trees as a wound and weak parasite if they have previously been damaged in the trunk and branch area by wind breaks, lightning strikes or sawing measures. Porling does not play a role as an edible mushroom.
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Bjerkandera adusta. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved November 28, 2011 .
- ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 316 .
- ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhart: Mushrooms: Röhrlinge, Porlinge, belly mushrooms, sac mushrooms and others . Spectrum of Nature BLV Intersive Guide. tape 2 . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich, Vienna, Zurich 1985, ISBN 3-405-12965-6 , pp. 118 .
- ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 244 .
- ↑ Bjerkandera adusta. In: MycoBank, the fungal website mycobank.org. Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
- ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 , p. 487.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Bjerkandera adusta. In: data.gbif.org. Retrieved November 28, 2011 .
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed December 1, 2011 .
- ↑ Bjerkandera adusta f. cinerata. In: speciesfungorum.org. 2011, accessed on December 1, 2011 : “Bjerkandera adusta f. cinerata "
- ↑ Bjerkandera adusta f. resupinata. In: indexfungorum.org. Retrieved December 1, 2011 .
- ↑ When saprophytic fungi become dangerous for living trees . In: arboristik.de . Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Web links
- M. Kuo: Bjerkandera adusta. In: MushroomExpert.Com. February 2010, accessed November 28, 2011 .
- Roger Phillips: Bjerkandera adusta. In: Rogers Mushrooms / rogersmushrooms.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011 .
- Bjerkandera adusta. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on November 28, 2011 (Italian, good photos of the burnt Rauchporling).