Antidesma
Antidesma | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antidesma platyphyllum |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Antidesma | ||||||||||||
L. |
Antidesma is a genus of about 100 species from the family Phyllanthaceae that as trees or shrubs to grow. Most species are found in tropical Asia, some also in Africa, Australia and on Pacific islands. One species, Antidesma bunius , is often used as a fruit tree , while some others are rarely used.
description
The species of the genus Antidesma grow as trees and upright shrubs. They are dioecious . The hair on all parts consists of simple hairs . The leaves are alternate and glandless. The stipules are small, the petiole usually short. The leaf blade is simple, entire and pinnate.
The inflorescences are spikes or grapes that grow in leaf axils or rarely appear to grow on the ends of the branches or directly on the stem. Male flowers have a three- to five-fold, rarely up to eight-fold, roof-tile-like lobed, cup-shaped calyx . Petals are missing. The disc is ring-shaped or pillow-shaped and encloses the base of the stamens or consists of free lobes. Three to five, rarely one or up to seven stamens are formed, which are bent in the bud and later stand straight. The stamens are longer than the calyx lobes, the anthers are two-chambered with U-shaped connectors. The counters are separated and form the widespread ends of the U. The female flowers have a similar calyx to the male, and petals are also missing. The discus is pillow-shaped and surrounds the ovary . The ovary is longer than the calyx lobes and usually unicameral. Two ovules are formed per chamber. The two to four scars are short with a forked end. The fruits are egg-shaped, elliptical or lenticular, mostly solitary drupes with persistent styluses. The seeds are short with a fleshy endosperm . The cotyledon is flattened and broad.
The basic chromosome number is x = 13.
distribution
Most of the species grow in tropical Asia, around eight species in Africa, five to eight on Pacific islands and five to seven in Australia.
Systematics and research history
Antidesma is a genus in the family Phyllanthaceae . There it is assigned to the subfamily Antidesmatoideae, Tribus Antidesmateae, Untertribus Antidesmatinae. It is often assigned to the family of the milkweed family (Euphorbiaceae), subfamily Stilaginaceae. The genus was first described by Carl von Linné in his work Species Plantarum in 1753 .
According to R. Govaerts (WCSP), the following species are recognized:
- Antidesma acidum Retz. : From the Indian subcontinent to China and Indochina, Java.
- Antidesma alexiteria L .: Southern India and Seri Lanka.
- Antidesma ambiguum Pax & K. Hoffm. : Yunnan and Vietnam.
- Antidesma annamense Gagnep. : Vietnam.
- Antidesma baccatum Airy Shaw : Moluccas and New Guinea.
- Antidesma bhargavae chakrab . & NPBalakr. : Southern Andaman Islands.
- Antidesma brachybotrys Airy Shaw : Borneo.
- Antidesma brevipes Petra Hoffm. : Northeast Sulawesi.
- Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. : Tropical and Sub-Tropical Asia.
- Antidesma catanduanense Merr. : Philippines.
- Antidesma celebicum Miq. : Sulawesi, Moluccas and Timor.
- Antidesma chalaranthum Airy Shaw : Papua New Guinea.
- Antidesma chonmon Gagnep. : Yunnan and Vietnam.
- Antidesma cochinchinense Gagnep. : Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
- Antidesma comptum Tul. : Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.
- Antidesma concinnum Airy Shaw : Southeastern New Guinea.
- Antidesma contractum J.J.Sm. : New Guinea.
- Antidesma coriaceum Tul. : Nicobar Islands to western Malesia.
- Antidesma costulatum Pax & K. Hoffm. : Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Antidesma cruciforme Gage : Malay Peninsula.
- Antidesma curranii Merr. : Philippines.
- Antidesma cuspidatum Garbage. Arg. : Western Malesia. There are two varieties.
- Antidesma dallachyanum Baill. : Queensland.
- Antidesma digitaliforme Tul. : Philippines.
- Antidesma eberhardtii Gagnep. : Laos and northern Vietnam.
- Antidesma edule Merr. : Philippines. With two varieties.
- Antidesma elassophyllum A.C.Sm. : Fiji (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu).
- Antidesma elbertii Petra Hoffm. : Central and Southern Malaysia.
- Antidesma erostre F. Muell. : Papua New Guinea to Queensland.
- Antidesma excavatum Miq. : Eastern Borneo to islands in the western Pacific. There are two varieties.
- Antidesma ferrugineum Airy Shaw : Eastern New Guinea.
- Antidesma forbesii Pax & K. Hoffm. : Thailand to Sumatra.
- Antidesma fordii Hemsl. : Southern China to Indochina.
- Antidesma fruticosum (Lour.) Garbage. Arg. : Vietnam.
- Antidesma fruticulosum in short : Myanmar.
- Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. : Tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Australia.
- Antidesma gillespieanum A.C.Sm. : Fiji.
- Antidesma hainanense Merr. (Syn .: Antidesma fleuryi Gagnep. ): Southern China to Indochina.
- Antidesma helferi Hook.f. : Southern Myanmar to Northern Sumatra.
- Antidesma heterophyllum flower : Java to Moluccas.
- Antidesma insular Gillespie : Fiji (southeastern Viti Levu).
- Antidesma japonicum Siebold & Zucc. : China to temperate East Asia and the Malay Peninsula. There are two varieties.
- Antidesma jayasuriyae chakrab . & M.Gangop. : Sri Lanka.
- Antidesma jucundum Airy Shaw : Southeast New Guinea.
- Antidesma keralense chakrab. & M.Gangop. : Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Antidesma khasianum Hook.f. : Arunachal Pradesh to Assam.
- Antidesma kunstleri Gage : Malay Peninsula.
- Antidesma laciniatum Garbage. Arg. : Western tropical Africa to Uganda.
- Antidesma laurifolium Airy Shaw : Thailand, Malaysia and Cambodia.
- Antidesma leucocladon Hook.f. : Southern Thailand to Eastern Sumatra.
- Antidesma leucopodum Miq. : Thailand to the southwestern Philippines.
- Antidesma macgregorii C.B.Rob. : Northern and Central Philippines.
- Antidesma maclurei Merr. : Hainan and Vietnam.
- Antidesma madagascariense Lam. : Islands in the western Indian Ocean. There are two varieties.
- Antidesma membranaceum Garbage. Arg. : Tropical and Southern Africa.
- Antidesma messianianum Guillaumin : Central New Caledonia.
- Antidesma microcarpum Elmer : Philippines.
- Antidesma minus flower : Southwest Sumatra to western Java.
- Antidesma montanum flower : Tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Queensland. There are four varieties.
- Antidesma montis-silam Airy Shaw : Borneo.
- Antidesma myriocarpum Airy Shaw : New Guinea.
- Antidesma neurocarpum Miq. : Southern Myanmar to western Malesia. There are three varieties.
- Antidesma nienkui Merr. & Chun : Guangdong and Hainan.
- Antidesma nigricans Tul. : Assambis Myanmar.
- Antidesma oblongum (Hutch.) Keay : Liberia and Ivory Coast.
- Antidesma orthogyne (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw : Thailand and Malaysia.
- Antidesma pachybotryum Pax & K. Hoffm . : Eastern Cameroon.
- Antidesma pachystachys Hook.f. : Malay Peninsula.
- Antidesma pacificum Garbage. Arg. : Fiji.
- Antidesma pahangense Airy Shaw : Malay Peninsula.
- Antidesma parvifolium F. Muell. : Northern Australia.
- Antidesma pendulum Hook.f. : Thailand to western Malesia.
- Antidesma petiolatum Airy Shaw : New Guinea.
- Antidesma phanrangense Gagnep. : Vietnam.
- Antidesma platyphyllum H. Mann : Hawaii.
- Antidesma pleuricum Tul. : Taiwan to the Philippines.
- Antidesma poilanei Gagnep. : Southern Vietnam.
- Antidesma polystylum Airy Shaw : Borneo.
- Antidesma pulvinatum Hillebr. : Hawaii.
- Antidesma puncticulatum Miq. : Indochina to southwestern Philippines, plus Sri Lanka.
- Antidesma pyrifolium Garbage. Arg. : Sri Lanka.
- Antidesma rhynchophyllum K.Schum. : New Guinea.
- Antidesma riparium Airy Shaw : Malesia to New Guinea. There are two subspecies.
- Antidesma roxburghii Wall. ex Tul. : Arunachal Pradesh to Myanmar.
- Antidesma rufescens Tul. : Tropical Africa to northeastern Namibia.
- Antidesma sinuatum Benth. : Queensland.
- Antidesma sootepense Craib : Southern Yunnan to Indochina.
- Antidesma spatulifolium Airy Shaw : Moluccas and southern New Guinea.
- Antidesma stipular flower : Southern Myanmar to Malesia.
- Antidesma subbicolor Gagnep. : Southern Vietnam.
- Antidesma subcordatum Merr. : Philippines and Lesser Sunda Islands.
- Antidesma tetrandrum flower : Nicobar Islands, Sumatra to Bali.
- Antidesma tomentosum flower : Thailand to western and central Malesia. There are two varieties.
- Antidesma tonkinense Gagnep. : Northern Vietnam.
- Antidesma trichophyllum A.C.Sm. : Fiji (Viti Levu).
- Antidesma vaccinioides Airy Shaw : Eastern New Guinea.
- Antidesma velutinosum flower : Indochina to western Malesia.
- Antidesma velutinum Tul. : Bangladesh to Malaysia.
- Antidesma venenosum J.J.Sm. : Borneo.
- Antidesma venosum E. Mey. ex Tul. : Tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, southern China to Indochina.
- Antidesma vogelianum Garbage. Arg . : Tropical Africa.
use
The species Antidesma bunius is a commonly used fruit tree, and other species are occasionally planted locally as fruit trees.
proof
literature
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 , pp. 209 (English).
- Bernd Nowak, Bettina Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical crops and their fruits . Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-494-01455-5 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Bingtao Li, Petra Hoffmann: Antidesma in Flora of China , Volume 11, p. 209
- ↑ Antidesma. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed April 9, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Antidesma. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ↑ Nowak, Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical useful plants and their fruits , p. 61