Archaism (psychology)

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The Swiss psychiatrist CG Jung understands archaism (Latinized from the ancient Greek ἀρ „αῖος archaĩos “old, former”) in psychology , sociology and ethnology to mean a consideration of psychological contents and functions with special appreciation of their long-term developmental character. This view pays special attention to the role of relics from earlier stages of phylogenetic or ontogenetic developmental steps .

Many psychological phenomena, which are difficult to understand at first, in no way represent a loss or failure of the function, but can be traced back to the background of the respective cultural and historical-human-historical development stages or to external peculiarities of the development of life. The parallels between the tribal history and the individual life history of a person result from the basic psychogenetic law . This prerequisite means that newer and older stages of development of psychological abilities can coexist, depending on the different sensitivities of a person. They are also known as the more mature (recent) or immature (older) stages.

Examples according to Jung

Archaic relics are seen by Jung, for example, in the primitive mentality. For this he refers to the participation mystique . It is a relationship of identity between subject and object and can be observed in a similar form as a normal human developmental stage in European civilization, cf. what Freud called primary narcissism including the primary process-based way of thinking. An archaic perspective also represents the view that large parts of the unconscious as well as different elements within the structural model are derived from parts that represent acquisitions of specific functions of different ages in terms of development. Insofar as the dream represents the “royal road to the unconscious”, manifest dream contents (referred to by Jung simply as “ dream material”) often consist of an archaic and prelogical language, which the dream interpreter has to translate into a rationally comprehensible and everyday language. a Concretism is also an archaism . This can be seen as an immature preliminary stage of the understanding of symbols only achieved in the course of development .

Based on Jacob Burckhardt , Jung spoke of primeval inner images , whose character he also described as archaic. They are, according to Jung expression of the collective psyche and in the myths and fairy tales revealed. He called them archetypes .

reception

The psychoanalysis has used the idea of archaism, such. B. in child psychology. Also has classical German psychiatry dealt with this concept, particularly with the question of similarity or identity of potential archaic states of mind with mental illness. This identity, at least, was rejected. However, Jolande Jacobi (1890–1973) considered transitions from archaic-primitive consciousness to psychosis possible, if z. For example, suitable collective projections, for example in the course of the education about the reality character of gods and demons, were omitted. b This could u. U. have favored the occurrence of the witch craze and the disastrous political upheavals of the 20th century, cf. a → Dialectic of Enlightenment .

criticism

The term “archaic” does not contain a valuation, as it describes, like the designation of the primitive mentality or culture, a historical fact and does not contain any statement about the present. Other cultures have only partially the same primal conditions. The ethno psychiatry is a special for all Showing empathy advance. In particular, the charge of Eurocentrism needs to be reconsidered. The parallels in childhood development, confirmed by developmental psychology, must also be taken into account here and, conversely, must not lead to cultural prejudices.

literature

  • Rudolf Bergius : Development as a step sequence . In: H. Thomae (Ed.): Hdb. Der Psychologie . Vol. 3rd 2nd edition, Göttingen, 1972, pp. 104-195.

Web links

Wiktionary: Archaism  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Carl Gustav Jung : Definitions . In: Collected Works. Walter-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, paperback, special edition, volume 6, psychological types , ISBN 3-530-40081-5 , (a) p. 442 f., § 684 on paragraph “Archaism” (definition); (b) p. 442 f., § 684 on tax “narcissism” (see also p. 504, § 812); (c) pp. 444 f., § 688 on the part “ The Unconscious ” (see also 1. and 2. Topics of Freud); (d) (c) p. 479 f., § 767 on paragraph “Concretism”; (e) p. 446 f., § 692 on tax “Archetype”.
  2. ↑ a b Wilhelm Karl Arnold et al. (Ed.): Lexicon of Psychology . Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-508-8 ; (a) Col. 1729 on Lex.-Lemma: "Psychogenetic Basic Law"; (b) Col. 1871 on Lex.-Lemma: "Reife".
  3. ↑ Jung, Carl Gustav: Analytical Psychology and Education . (1926/1969) and a. Essays In: Collected Works. Walter-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, paperback, special edition, volume 17, on the development of personality , ISBN 3-530-40094-7 ; Pp. 160 f., 163, 166 ff., 194 f., 219 - §§ 238, 244, 249 ff., 288, 331a on stw. "Ripe and unripe".
  4. ↑ Uwe Henrik Peters : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology . Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 3 1984; P. 478 on Wb.-Lemma: "Maturation".
  5. ↑ a b Jolande Jacobi : The psychology of CG Jung . An introduction to the complete works. With a foreword by CG Jung. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt, March 1987, ISBN 3-596-26365-4 , (a) pp. 75, 85 on stw. “Interpretation of Dreams”; (b) p. 96 on “Gods and Demons”; .
  6. ^ Peter Sloterdijk : Weltfremdheit . Suhrkamp Frankfurt am Main 1993, ISBN 3-518-11781-5 ; P. 19 ff. On tax authority “ Otto Rank ”.
  7. ↑ Sigmund Freud : Inhibition, Symptom and Anxiety . In: Collected Works, Volume XIV, “Works from the years 1925–1931”, Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt / M 1999, ISBN 3-596-50300-0 ; P. 201 on Stw. "Origin of the fear of small children".
  8. ↑ Hans Walter Gruhle : Understanding Psychology . Experiential theory. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 2 1956; P. 438 on “archaic thinking”.
  9. ↑ Karl Jaspers : General Psychopathology . 9th edition, Springer, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-540-03340-8 ; P. 180, 618 ff .; 278 ff., 280 f., 618 ff. On tax “archaic states of the soul”.
  10. ↑ Carl Gustav Jung: Depth Psychology . (Lexicon article, Bern 1951). In: Collected Works. Walter-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, paperback, special edition, volume 18/2, The symbolic life . ISBN 3-530-40095-5 ; P. 519 f. § 1161 on Stw. "Witch madness and utopias of the 20th century".
  11. ↑ Carl Gustav Jung: Psychology of the Unconscious . (1943/1966) chap. 5. Personal and super-personal unconscious. In: Collected Works. Walter-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, paperback, special edition, volume 7, two writings on analytical psychology . ISBN 3-530-40082-3 , p. 78 ff. § 110 ff. On tax “projection of magicians, images of demons and gods”.
  12. ↑ Carl Gustav Jung: Psychology of the Unconscious . (1916/1943/1966) Chap. 7. The archetypes of the collective unconscious. In: Collected Works. Walter-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, paperback, special edition, volume 7, two writings on analytical psychology . ISBN 3-530-40082-3 , p. 100 ff. § 150 ff. On tax “projection of magicians, images of demons and gods”.
  13. ^ Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno : Dialectic of Enlightenment . S. Fischer, Frankfurt 1969, reprinted as paperback 1988, ISBN 978-3-596-27404-8 . Book review .
  14. ↑ Archaic . In: MA Wirtz (ed.): Dorsch - Lexicon of Psychology . 18th edition, Hogrefe Verlag, Bern 2014, p. 191. online Version accessed on September 16, 2017, updated since the 2014 book edition.
  15. ↑ Pierre Marty , De M'Uzan: La pensée operatoire . Revue Française Psychoanalytique 27 (1963) 354-356 (Suppl.) [Dt. in Psyche 32 (1978) 947-984].
  16. ↑ Jean Piaget : The development of knowing III: The biological thinking. Psychological thinking. Sociological thinking. In: Collected Works (study edition). Volume 10. Klett-Cotta, 1975, ISBN 3-12-929200-4 , pp. 139 and 156.