Awakening (mining)

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As a departure is known in the mining a bottom created above seigeren (vertical) mining operations . A break is only created where there is no access from above. The production of blocks is a mining activity that involves great dangers. The opposite of a departure is the die .

Basics

When creating more secluded pit structures, it happens that the target point cannot be reached from above. This is the case in particular when a part of the deposit located above has to be reached from a mine located below. The miner then has no other option than to create the required pit construction by starting from the bottom up. This occurs, for example, when aligning with blind shafts when a deeper floor is already present. Breakthroughs are also created to align a superstructure building above the top floor. Another application is the expansion of manholes if they are to be sunk deeper from a lower level during ongoing operations . Here the deeper point at which the shaft above is already present is driven under by means of a route . The excavation is then created from this underpass and the shaft is expanded by a bottom. In the German coal mining industry , breaks from a height of 40 meters require special approval from the mining authorities . Only short openings, such as blind shaft heads, are still created manually today.

Creation of a departure

Before a break can be made, some preparatory work must first be carried out. The necessary machines must first be installed. Then a small swamp has to be sunk. Then the shaft chair must be set and a stone box set. Then the actual creation of the departure begins. For these activities, the miners stand on a stage (work platform) that is raised steadily as the height increases. The stage consists of sturdy planks that are placed on a frame and thereby cover the area below. Instead of simple platforms, there are also special mechanically operated break-open platforms. These platforms offer greater safety for the miners working on them. The actual demolition work begins with the construction of a relocation. For this purpose, several are the first start frame steel beam in the mountains walled. The shift must take the weight of the spiral slide to be used later . The cross-section of the departure is divided into individual dreams . The subdivision of dreams is done by setting Riche . The mountains are then conveyed away or the material conveyed via the dreams, depending on their purpose.

For promoting one will reel used previously erected near the Aufbruches side. The reel rope is steered upwards by means of a pulley. A separate run must also be available for driving the miners working on the break and ventilating the break. The ventilation of the tunnel face ensure, either a continuous ventilation be present or the weather must by Lutten be blown up to the working face. Continuous ventilation takes place through a previously created borehole with a diameter of 300 to 360 millimeters. The cross obtaining of the rock is carried out either manually or by means of drilling and shooting work . For the removal of the mountains , the Bergetrum is used as a fall roller and provided with a slide at the bottom as a discharge opening. But there is also the option of using an additional roller hole , which is used to remove the excess mountains. The actual main mountain range is only emptied after the departure has been completed. Another possibility for the removal of the resulting mountains is the use of a spiral slide. The mountains will be supported with a corresponding expansion . Parts that are particularly subject to bending stress, such as the grooves, are stiffened by spreading them. After completion, the other manhole installations , such as the manhole guide , must be installed.

Advantages and disadvantages

The particular advantage of creating a departure is first of all the simple mountain transport. The mountains do not have to be lifted up as with normal depths, but can be lifted down by gravity. Another advantage is the easy drainage . The lower construction costs of opening compared to a die are also an advantage. The disadvantage is the complex material conveyance, which becomes more and more difficult to accomplish with increasing height. In addition, work on the move is physically very strenuous and very exhausting for the miners who work there. Climbing on the move in particular is a great burden for the miners working there, and this type of driving is also very time-consuming. Another major disadvantage is the exposure to miners. The frequency of accidents due to falling stones is greater when creating break-ins than when sinking dies. There is a high risk of cracking the roof . However, the frequency of accidents due to falls is also higher when breaking open. The dangers involved in creating breakouts increase with the increasing height of breakouts.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. 5th revised and redesigned edition, Regio-Verlag, Werne 2002, ISBN 3-929158-14-0 .
  2. ^ A b Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary . 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining studies. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962, pp. 89–92.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, fifth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1923, pp. 293, 298, 303, 310, 311, 341, 342.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 , pp. 217-218.
  6. ↑ a b c d Friedrich Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Verlag von Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908, pp. 69–70.