Australian Negroes
With Australian natives were formerly in German-speaking Aborigines called, the indigenous people of Australia . This racist term comes from the racial theories in which humanity was divided into different races . These theories, especially widespread and influential in the 19th and up to the middle of the 20th century, are now considered outdated and scientifically untenable.
The term Australian Negro is almost no longer used today, and is occasionally found in national and right-wing extremist vocabulary.
Surname
For the indigenous population of Australia, the term Aborigines has now established itself in German-speaking countries . It is also used in this way in the Duden . The term Aboriginal is used in English-speaking countries .
historical development
The first use of the term Australian Negro is unknown. With the establishment of the British convict colony in Port Jackson in January 1788 , contacts between Europeans and the indigenous population of Australia developed. The consequence of this was the displacement from their traditional habitat and the resultant frequent and violent clashes with the colonial settlers. The first two Aborigines to travel to Europe in 1792 were Bennelong and Yemmerrawanne . They came to England in the company of the first British Governor Arthur Phillip of New South Wales and became King George III on May 24, 1793 . presented. In England, this increased interest in the indigenous people of Australia, which then spread across Europe. In the following years travel reports were published in England and also translated into German. In the first German translations, for example in the history of British folk planting in New Holland or New South Wales from May 13th 1788 to September 1796 , published in Halle in 1799 by David Collins , the English term Aborigines used at the time was included in the German edition Natives translated.
Use of terms
It is not exactly known when the term Australneger was first used in Germany. In the race theories of that time, the Australian Negroes were seen as uncivilized and backward as well as being on a particularly "lower level of humanity". They were pejoratively counted among the prehistoric men who lived at the stage of development of stone age men.
Distinguishing features in the racial theories were mainly external features, such as skin color , hair or skull shape . The Australian Negroes were assigned to the Negrids of Africa (see illustration).
German Empire
How the term Australian Negro got through has not been researched. Was used Australian blacks in the former literature and at that time customary usage, especially in the late 19th century. The racial theories and the division into races also served to legitimize a geographical expansion and the conquest of colonies in the German Empire. Under the chancellorship of Otto von Bismarck (1871–1890) most of the German colonies were conquered, some by force. The aim was to develop the image of a strong nation, to secure geostrategic bases and to extract raw materials that promoted economic development.
With the idea of a lower race, a “racial” image of man emerged, which differentiates between higher and lower races. The use of a "lower level" enables the conclusion that one is living on a higher level oneself. Media is needed for such images of man to spread . Völkerschauen played an important role in Germany towards the end of the 19th century ; this was developed by Carl Hagenbeck from Hamburg . Around 400 shows are said to have been held, which served widespread prejudices about other peoples, especially about the so-called savages .
When Australian negroes were shown in such a people's show in Münster in 1885 , the regional press wrote about them that they were "at the lowest level of culture", that "Bushmen and negroes" compete with one another in terms of "ugliness" and that these people would not "stimulate any desire to emigrate to the land of the colonies [...]".
The Völkerschauen aimed at moods and not at enlightenment. This was shown, for example, at the carnival in Cologne when Austral negroes appeared on a carnival float, which had previously been shown as negroes in a Cologne curiosity cabinet .
In Berlin, Australian Negroes were shown in a public square, who had to stage sensations as exhibition fights that were supposed to frighten the audience.
National Socialism
The National Socialist conception of race was based on a division of humanity into three geographical "great races " Europide , Mongolide , Negride , each of which was divided into numerous races. The National Socialists essentially adhered to the racist ideas of the anthropologist and ethnologist Egon von Eickstedt . Von Eickstedt compared the Aborigines, along with other peoples, to young gorillas .
Current use
In the 1970 / 1980s the term negro came into public discussion and the use of this term today does not correspond to political correctness . The division into three "large races" was preserved in German-language encyclopedias until the 1990s. Today the term Australian Negro is hardly used anymore. Australian Negroes are only used occasionally by right-wing extremists , for example in the recent past by Horst Mahler , formerly a member of the RAF .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ David Collins: History of the British people planting in New Holland or New South Wales from May 13th 1788 to September 1796 , Halle 1799, digitized . Retrieved October 9, 2016
- ^ An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales with Remarks on the Dispositions, Costums, Manners, etc. of the naitiv Inhabitants of that Country. To which are added, some particulars of New Zealand; complied, by permission, from the MSS. of Lieutenant-Governor King , on gutenberg.org. Retrieved October 9, 2016
- ↑ Arndt et al: Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin , pp. 19 ff. Ed. Max Neuburger, Julius Pagel. Paul Fischer Verlag. Jena 1902. Retrieved October 9, 2016
- ↑ a b c Australneger in Berlin “: An example for the invention of the wild” , on www.crieur-public.com, from May 2, 2014. Accessed on October 9, 2016
- ^ Völkerschauen in the old zoo in Münster. , on sto-ms.de. Retrieved October 9, 2016
- ↑ "Held Carneval als Colonisierungs " Cologne, Carnival and Colonies , at www.kopfwelten.org. Retrieved October 9, 2016
- ^ Egon von Eichstedt: Research on humans . P. 53 f. Volume 1. Enke Verlag. Stuttgart 1938
- ^ Patterns of argumentation for right-wing extremist anti-Semitism. Current development ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from November 1, 2005, ed. v. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution , p. 8 (accessed on October 9, 2016).
