Bamboo funnel
| Bamboo funnel | ||||||||||||
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Paralepistopsis acromelalga | ||||||||||||
| ( Ichimura ) Vizzini |
The bamboo funnel ( Paralepistopsis acromelalga , syn .: Clitocybe acromelalga ), in English "poisonous bamboo mushroom" (= poisonous bamboo mushroom ) and in Japanese "dokusasako" (= poison child of the dwarf bamboo), is a poisonous mushroom from the family of knight relatives .
features
Description according to Moreau et al .:
Macroscopic features
The fungus forms fruiting bodies with a funnel-shaped habit that grow individually or in small groups.
The hat measures (1.2) 4–7 cm in diameter, has a flat convex shape when young with a rolled up hat rim, later flat concave with a hat rim that only rolls up late, but from the beginning in the middle of the hat is abruptly deepened or bifurcated; Umbilicus 1–3 cm in diameter and 3–9 mm deep. The hat ranges from regularly shaped and circular to irregularly wavy to fluttery. The hat skin is hygrophan, smooth and shiny when moist, dry, matt and somewhat velvety. The hat is brightly yellow-orange in color, more red-orange in the middle of the hat, and especially when young it is covered with white frost, which remains on the edge of the hat for a long time so that it appears white. The hat also shows brownish water stains towards the middle of the hat. The edge of the hat is slightly ribbed.
The lamellae are pale orange in color, sloping down, very close together and rarely forked. On the Hurand you can count up to 15 slats (including slats) per cm. The lamellas are only 2-3 mm wide and cannot be detached from the meat.
The stalk measures 3–6.5 × 0.7–1.3 cm, is tapered at the base, but with solitary fruiting bodies it is also somewhat club-shaped towards the base. The stem surface is frosted like the hat at the top, and further down with longitudinally fibrous clothing. The base mycelium sticks together soil particles and litter to form a ball that would be removed with the stem base when the fruit body was picked up.
The meat is thin, up to 3 mm thick in the hat, white, creamy-yellow directly under the hat skin, and fawn ("milk coffee") directly above the lamellas. The flesh of the stem bark is firmer than the hat flesh and has a washed-out reddish color. The smell is clear, aromatic and fruity. The taste is a bit mushroom-bitter at first, but also reminiscent of the taste of Shiitake ( Lentinula edodes ), but soon fruity components of the smell mask the taste (due to the very high toxicity, taste samples for determination are strongly discouraged!).
The fresh spore powder is white and inamyloid .
Microscopic features
The spores measure 3,2 4,2 -5,1 2,6 × 3.2 -3.7 microns, m = 1.32, Vm = 45 microns 3 . They are ovate-ellipsoidal to almost spherical, smooth in the light microscope, with a truncated apiculus that is up to 0.5 µm long. The spore wall is somewhat thick-walled, optically two-layered, the inner wall layer not cyanophilic , the outer very thin, weakly cyanophilic, the spore plasma in turn weakly cyanophilic. The spores usually contain only one oil droplet and are colorless-hyaline, mostly mononuclear, more rarely also binuclear
The basidia are usually four-pore, 18–30 × 4.5–5.5 µm, cylindrical to slightly club-shaped, tapering at the base, with a basal buckle. The sterigms are 3–4 µm long.
The pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are poorly differentiated, very scattered, more likely to be described as cystidium-like cells, which differ little from young basidia, but are sometimes somewhat fusiform to multiple twisted and then more conspicuous.
Towards the tip of the stem, the stalk cladding shows cystidae-like cells protruding at right angles to the surface, somewhat irregularly twisted, and sometimes branched cells.
The subhymenium is made up of only slightly branched hyphae.
The top layer of the hat is pronounced as a thin cutis of 2–5 (–7) µm thick, straight to branched, and sometimes somewhat irregularly shaped hyphae. The end cells are apically rounded, which are also indicated club-shaped, but also sinuous and branched to almost somewhat coralloid. The top layer of the hat is also an ixotrichoderm in places, but it soon collapses into a cutis. The subcutis is very thin, poorly differentiated and only 15–30 µm thick. It consists of narrow hyphae 3.5–5 µm wide.
The Huttrama is made up of wider, 15-30 µm wide hyphae.
Pigments are present both parietally and intracellularly. The parietal pigment is yellow throughout, sometimes finely encrusted on the cell wall. The intracellular pigment is golden yellow, is located in the hyphae of the hat cover layer and the subcutis and is soluble in KOH 5%.
Buckles are regularly present in all braids.
Species delimitation
In Europe, a very similar species occurs with the perfumed funnel ( Paralepistopsis amoenolens ), which, however, should hardly be confused due to the different distribution area. The perfumed funnel differs in case of doubt by the subhymenium made up of conspicuously branched hyphae, yellow pigmented hyphae in the fruit body trama (in the case of bamboo funnel only in the top layer of the hat) and slightly larger spores.
The bamboo funnel sees representatives of the genus Paralepista , such as B. the water- spotted and the fox-like funnel-shaped ( Paralepista gilva , P. flaccida ) and was therefore earlier within the genus of the funnel-shaped , into which it was classified, in the section Clitocybe sect. Gilvaeoideae posed. It differs from representatives of the genus Paralepista by the white and never reddish fungal network in the soil and microscopically by the never warty spores .
It can also be confused with edible mushrooms from the genera Hallimasche . It differs from these by the lack of a stem cuff , the group-like (never tufted) growth and the location (never on wood ).
ecology
The bamboo funnel grows in Japan and (less often) in Korea , often under or near bamboo , less often in coniferous forests .
toxicology
| The acromelic acids |
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 Acromelic acid A. |
 Acromelic acid B |
The bamboo funnel was first described in 1918 by the Japanese doctor Tsutsumi Ichimura and recognized as poisonous . Due to the contained toxin acromelic acid , the consumption of the bamboo funnel triggers the acromelalga syndrome , a very painful and sometimes fatal mushroom poisoning . Due to the latency period of up to a week , the fungus is often not recognized or recognized too late as the cause of the symptoms.
Ichimura's findings also made it possible in 1996 to identify the perfumed funnel , which occurs in north-west Africa and south-west Europe, as the second acromelic acid-containing toadstool.
Individual evidence
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini, Enrico Ercole: Paralepistopsis gen. Nov. and Paralepista (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 120 , no. 1 , September 28, 2012, p. 253–267 , doi : 10.5248 / 120.253 ( ingenta.com [accessed April 13, 2020]).
- ↑ a b c Pierre-Arthur Moreau, Régis Courtecuisse, Daniel Guez, Robert Garcin, Pierre Neville, Philippe Saviuc, Françoise Seigle-Murandi: Analyze taxinomique d'une espèce toxique: Clitocybe amoenolens Malençon . In: Cryptogamy Mycology . tape 22 , no. 2 , 2001, p. 95–117 , doi : 10.1016 / S0181-1584 (01) 80003-8 ( elsevier.com [accessed April 19, 2020]).
- ^ Pierre-Arthur Moreau: Enquête sur un toxique mystérieux . In: Spécial Champignons magazine . tape 22 , 2000, pp. 14-16 (French, available online ).
- ^ Ralf Rebmann: New mushroom poisoning. October 29, 2007, accessed August 12, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Heinz Clémençon: Around Clitocybe acromelalga . In: Swiss journal for mushroom science . tape 3 , 2002 ( available online ).
- ↑ Tsutsumi Ichimura: A new poisonous mushroom . In: Bot. Gazette . tape 65 , no. 1 . Tokyo (JP) 1918, p. 109-111 (English).
- ↑ René Flammer: The Acromelalga Syndrome - a rare mushroom poisoning . In: Swiss journal for mushroom science . tape 2 , 2002 ( giftpilze.ch [PDF; 921 kB ]).
- ↑ Christoph Hahn: Severe pain after consuming Clitocybe amoenolens (perfumed funnel). (No longer available online.) In: Website of the German Society for Mycology. Archived from the original on September 20, 2013 ; Retrieved August 12, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
