Perfumed funnel
| Perfumed funnel | ||||||||||||
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Paralepistopsis amoenolens | ||||||||||||
| ( Malençon ) Vizzini |
The perfumed funnel ( Paralepistopsis amoenolens , syn. Clitocybe amoenolens ) is a poisonous agaric mushroom from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae).
features
Description according to Vizzini & Ercole:
Macroscopic features
The hat is (2–) 3.5–7 cm in diameter (rarely up to 8 cm). When young, it is densely frosted with whitish, which is why it initially appears white to cream-colored. The tires can later become wrinkled and finally tear open on the hat like a varnish into areoles. The tires only remain intact on the edge of the hat and are more distinctly downy there. Later, the tires in the middle of the hat can disappear, so that the hat skin appears smooth. Especially on the edge of the hat there are water stains (similar to the water stained red chalk funnel, Paralepista gilva ). The basic color of the hat skin under the whitish hoop is initially cream-beige, later pinkish beige, and finally rusty orange, especially in the middle of the hat. The hat is not hygrophane ; only if it is very wet can it simulate a hygrophanity. When young, the hat is convex to hemispherical, flattens out as it ages, and finally becomes deeply concave. A broad, flat hump can be retained as the remainder of the original shape. The brim of the hat is ribbed short and clearly curled up when young. It stays curled up for a long time, the edge of the hat only rises a little late. The surface of the hat is slightly greasy when damp.
The slats are lamella tablets filled and a total proof. In addition, bifurcations and anastomoses sometimes occur . The lamellas run down the handle at a young age and can easily be detached from the hat and stem meat as a whole. The lamellae are whitish when young, then yellowish ocher to pink-beige. The cutting edge is flat, not serrated or notched, and colored like the lamellar surfaces.
The stem is relatively short, (2.5–) 3–3.5 (–5) cm long and 0.7–1.3 cm thick, cylindrical or slightly expanded at the base of the stem, straight or curved. The fruiting body has a central to slightly eccentric stalk. The stem surface is colored like the hat or somewhat paler, frosted white at the stem tip, otherwise smooth. The stem base typically shows a clearly pronounced mycelial fluff, which grows around the base mycelium substrate such as conifer needles or pieces of wood and thus sticks to the stem base. The stem becomes hollow with age.
The flesh is elastic, 4–11 (–14) mm thick in the middle of the hat, white in the hat, cream-white in the stem bark and does not discolour when cut in contact with air.
Velum universale and Velum partiale are missing.
The smell is strong, aromatic, flower-like and is reminiscent of the smells of the green-sided crack mushroom ( Inocybe corydalina ), the false crocodile knight ( Tricholoma caligatum ), the violet red chalk knight ( Lepista irina ) or the fruit candy bell ( Entoloma ameides ).
The spore powder is whitish to pale cream, but not pure white.
Microscopic features
The spores are broadly ellipsoid, colorless- hyaline , usually contain only one central oil drop, are thin-walled, smooth, weakly cyanophilic , inamyloid and not dextrinoid and have a conspicuous, clearly truncated apiculus up to 0.7 µm in length. The spore dimensions are 4–5.5 × 3–4 µm ( also larger for collections from Turkey , 5–6.5 × 3–4 µm), on average 4.8 × 3.4 µm. The quotient of length to thickness is 1.3–1.7 µm on average 1.42 µm.
The basidia are cylindrical to slightly club-shaped, (25–) 30–37 (–38) × 5–6 (–7) μm, usually four-pore, occasionally also two-pore. The sterigms are up to 5 µm long. The Hymenophoraltrama is regular when young (consists of hyphae aligned parallel to one another, which are aligned towards the edge of the lamellae), but sub-irregular in mature fruiting bodies (hyphae still have the old preferred direction, but many hyphae also run in various directions).
Pleurocystids are absent. Cheilocystids are absent or are only scattered between the basidia on the lamellar edge. They measure, if present, 15–45 (–60) × 2.5–5 (–7) μm, are thin-walled, colorless-hyaline, cylindrical to almost fusiform or almost bottle-shaped, often curved or bent, sometimes also at the tip forked, but often indistinguishable or indistinguishable from cylindrical, young basidia.
The hat top layer is double-layered. The upper layer (suprapellis) soon disappears and is a thin, gelled cutis (ixocutis) only 10–30 µm thick, made up of very narrow, 1–3 µm thick hyphae. The lower layer (subpellis) is 150–300 µm thick and consists of tightly packed, parallel to slightly interwoven hyphae 4–6 µm thick. End cells are very scattered. They are erect and tortuous, cylindrical to fusiform to bottle-shaped, sometimes with short, lateral outgrowths.
The stem clothing is a cutis made of 3–4 µm wide hyphae. At the tip of the stem there are numerous, thin-walled, cylindrical to almost fusiform, bent caulocystid-like end cells, which are 20–35 × 3–6 μm in size.
Buckles appear on all cells throughout the fruiting body .
Species delimitation
The fungus can be confused with the edible red chalk funnel ( Paralepista flaccida ) and with white to brown funnel species. Of these, it differs by its namesake, pleasant scent after jasmine or over-ripe pears from the Rötelritterlingen further by the absence of the characteristic warty spores, and the white (not reddish) mycelium .
distribution
The presence of this mushroom is guaranteed in Morocco , Spain, France , Italy and Switzerland . For Germany , too , stocks cannot be excluded.
ecology
In Morocco, the perfumed funnel can be found at higher altitudes (1,600–1,700 m above sea level) of the Atlas Mountains under Atlas cedars ( Cedrus atlantica ). Finds from Spain and Italy were also from coniferous forests, but here with Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris), European larches ( Larix decidua ) and Norway spruces ( Picea abies ) in the needle bed, often together with the fox-like red funnel ( Paralepista flaccida ). The Perfumed Funnel seems to prefer or need limestone soils.
Systematics
The Perfumed Trichterling was a member of the genus of clitocybe ( Clitocybe described) in the year 1975th However, genetic studies have shown that it belongs together with the bamboo funnel ( Paralepistopsis acromelalga ), which occurs in East Asia, to the relationship of the root carrot ( Cathathelasma imperiale ) (to the "/ cathathelasma clade"). So they are together with genera such. B. the funnel Lingen, Rötelritterlingen ( Lepista ) and Ritter Lingen ( Tricholoma ) part of the family of Ritterlingsartige relatives (Tricholomataceae). The macroscopically very similar species of the genus of Röteltrichterlinge ( Paralepista) , however, are not closely related, but are the family of Pseudoclitocybaceae close.
toxicology
| Acromelic acids |
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 Acromelic acid A. |
 Acromelic acid B |
The perfumed funnel triggers the acromelalga syndrome . Due to the content of acromelic acid (as well as other components), consumption of the mushroom can lead to very painful, and if larger quantities are consumed, even life-threatening poisoning with characteristic severe to very severe pain (felt pain from burning and stabbing pain) and redness in the extremities . Due to the long latency period (between one day and one week), this is often no longer seen in a causal connection with the mushroom meal.
history
The first suspicions for the toxicity of the Perfumed Funnel existed in Lyon in 1979, but it was not until 1996 that it was identified as the cause after several poisonings and evidence of the acromelic acid content. In contrast, the related bamboo funnel ( Paralepistopsis acromelalga ) was known in Korea and Japan as the cause of identical poisoning patterns as early as 1918.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Alfredo Vizzini, Enrico Ercole: Paralepistopsis gen. Nov. and Paralepista (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 120 , April 2012, p. 253-267 , doi : 10.5248 / 120.253 .
- ^ Omer F. Çolak, Oğuzhan Kaygusuz, Eliseo Battistin: Paralepistopsis amoenolens: First Record of A Rare and Poisonous Taxon in Turkey . In: Turkish Journal of Life Sciences . tape 2 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 175-179 .
- ↑ Monograph , German Society for Mycology
- ↑ Photo of Clitocybe amoenolens at pilzepilze.de.
- ↑ Der Tintling - The mushroom newspaper. Issue 6/2014, p. 25.
- ^ Swiss journal for mushroom science. 3/2014, p. 30.
- ↑ Clitocybe amoenolens at gifte.de.
- ^ A b G. Malençon, R. Bertault: Flore des champignons supérieurs du Maroc, Tome 2 . In: Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. Biol. Vég. tape 33 , 1975, pp. 1-540 .
- ↑ a b J Ichimura: A new poisonous mushroom . In: The Botanical Gazette (Tokyo) . tape 65 , 1918, pp. 109-111 .
- ↑ a b N. Nakajima, M. Ueda, N. Higashi, Y. Katayama: Erythromelalgia associated with Clitocybe acromelalga intoxication . In: Clinical Toxicology . tape 51 , no. 5 , June 2013, ISSN 1556-3650 , p. 451-454 , doi : 10.3109 / 15563650.2013.792933 .
- ↑ René Flammer: The Acromelalga Syndrome - a rare mushroom poisoning . In: Swiss journal for mushroom science . 2002, p. 55–58 ( mycopedia.ch [PDF]).
- ↑ Nobuhito Nakajima, Masayuki Ueda, Naoyuki Higashi, Yasuo Katayama: Therapeutic potential of nicotinic acid in erythromelalgia associated with Clitocybe acromelalga intoxication . In: Clinical Toxicology . tape 51 , no. 8 , September 2013, ISSN 1556-3650 , p. 815-815 , doi : 10.3109 / 15563650.2013.823202 .
- ↑ The Acromelalga Syndrome ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at giftpilze.ch.
- ↑ Philippe F. Saviuc, Vincent C. Danel, Pierre-Arthur M. Moreau Daniel R.Guez, Anne M. Claustre, Patrick H. Carpentier, Michel P. Mallaret & Roland Ducluzeau: erythromelalgia and Mushroom Poisoning . In: Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology . tape 39 , no. 4 , 2001, p. 403-407 , doi : 10.1081 / CLT-100105162 .
- ↑ Mushroom time: New type of poisoning - warning of brown funnels ( memento of the original from April 22, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The pleasure of mushrooms with consequences , Part 2 , as PDF; 352 kB at Medicalforum Switzerland.
