Band city
The Bandstadt is a city system along a transport route (rail, road, waterway ) with great length but small width. The idea was developed in 1882 by the Spaniard Arturo Soria y Mata as a reaction to the serious problems caused by the rapid urban development during industrialization . His ideas are often discussed as an antithesis to the garden city , which was developed by Ebenezer Howard in Great Britain at almost the same time .
The basic principle he was concerned with was "(t) the ruralization of the city and the urbanization of the country". Housing estates , workplaces and centers of the Bandstadt should be assigned to one another in such a way that there are no long commuter routes, enough free land and recreational space are available and sufficient services are offered everywhere . This was to be achieved by arranging the individual urban areas , recreation areas and arable land in strips parallel to the traffic arteries.
His first linear city was initially intended to link the satellite cities around Madrid . Later, he imagined, all cities in the world would be connected to one another. However, only a 5.2 km long section in the east of Madrid was realized. Further implementation failed due to a lack of financial resources.
The Russian town planner Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Miljutin took up the Bandstadt idea again after the founding of the Soviet Union and implemented it e.g. B. in Volgograd and Magnitogorsk (parts of the planning go back to the Frankfurt architect Ernst May ).
As a result of the destruction of World War II , there were plans to rebuild cities as band cities in a relaxed manner. Such plans were made for Stettin under National Socialist rule (along the lower reaches of the Oder). For the destroyed Berlin , Hans Scharoun planned the reconstruction in the sense of a loosened urban landscape by demolishing the remaining remnants , which should extend as a settlement band in the valley of the Spree and thus would have assumed the shape of a band city ( collective plan ).
The basic planning concept of urban agglomerations in the USA, which is used to control the merging of several cities ( urban band ), is also referred to as the linear city or strip city .
Types and examples
Real band cities are divided into two types:
- Planned band cities, which have rarely become reality and can be motivated by local conditions. Brasília can be cited as an example of this type , but the agglomeration has deviated from the original type during development. Another example, due to its location, is the city of Shenzhen in China, which was planned as an elongated free trade zone on the northern edge of the border with Hong Kong as a ribbon-like agglomeration and functions as an ideal ribbon in a hybrid development of central planning and unregulated growth.
- Grown band cities, which are conditioned by natural orographic conditions and the qualities of band cities possibly show randomly. The valley town of Wuppertal can be named as an example of this type . It has grown together within the topographically defining valley area as a functional, historical and social unit made up of several urban units, especially Barmen and Elberfeld , and merged in 1929. This example shows the ideal typical opportunities and restrictions of the Bandstadt typology. Freital near Dresden is a smaller example.
literature
- Elke Sohn: On the concept of nature in urban concepts: based on the contributions by Hans Bernhard Reichow, Walter Schwagenscheidt and Hans Scharoun on the reconstruction after 1945 . LIT, Münster 2008.
- Gerhard Fehl, Juan Rodríguez-Lores: The city will be in the landscape and the landscape in the city. Band city and band structure as models of modern urban planning . Birkhäuser, Basel, Berlin, Boston 1997.
- Hans Bernhard Reichow: Thoughts on the urban development of the Greater Szczecin area . F. Hessenland, 1940.
- Johann Friedrich Geist, Klaus Kürvers: The Berlin tenement house: 1945 - 1989 . Prestel, 1989.