Orography
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The orography ( ancient Greek ὄρος Oros , German , mountain ' and -graphy =, drawing' or 'write') is a specialty within different Geosciences and deals with high structures on the natural surface of the earth , the course and arrangement of mountains and the flow conditions of the waters . The associated adjective orographic describes phenomena, properties and relationships that are shaped by the inclines and directions of the slopes ( exposure ) of the terrain and its flowing waters.
Orography has entered everyday language mainly through the distinction between the banks of rivers and the left and right banks . A location is orographic to the left if it is on the left in the direction of flow of the water.
Orographic topics are particularly closely related to topography , geomorphology and hydrology . In geobotany and biogeography , orographic definitions are used to denote the altitude levels of many mountains.
Technical analyzes
Orographic methods are mainly used by experts in geoscientific analyzes of river systems by tributaries as well as of mountains by dominance , notch height or orographic dominance .
In the case of relatively irregular mountain ranges or deeply cut valleys , one speaks of an orographically strongly structured area. The structure of most young fold mountains is orographically regular . The plateaus of many geologically old rump mountains are orographically uniform . A hill country, on the other hand, can be a hybrid of these typifications. As orographically compact z. B. the Jizera Mountains described.
Special cloud formations can often be observed over long mountain slopes . They are "orographically stimulated" by the solar thermal and the resulting updrafts - and used energetically in hang-gliding or gliding ( wind congestion ). Such processes can be investigated in detail using digital terrain models and radiation calculation , for example in a project in the Black Forest . On La Palma , one of the Canary Islands , this phenomenon can be observed quite often. The clouds push through the trade wind from the east over the Cumbre Nueva , the 1450 meter high ridge that separates the island into the east and west side , down the west side of the island. This is known as the Cascada de nubes , cloud waterfall.
In geology and geophysics there are clear connections between the orographic preferred directions of mountain ranges or valleys, geological faults and the orientation of the predominant rift systems in the rocks.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Franz Fiedler: Project description: Vertikator - Vertical exchange and orography. In: imk-tro.kit.edu. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, June 1, 2012, accessed on July 18, 2016 .