Bangiales

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Bangiales
Navel purple wrack (Porphyra umbilicalis), from Helgoland, Herbarbogen

Navel purple wrack ( Porphyra umbilicalis ),
from Helgoland, Herbarbogen

Systematics
without rank: Diaphoreticks
without rank: Archaeplastida
Department : Red algae (Rhodophyta)
Subdivision : Rhodophytina
Class : Bangiophyceae
Order : Bangiales
Scientific name of the  class
Bangiophyceae
Wettstein (1901)
Scientific name of the  order
Bangiales
Nägeli

The Bangiales or Bangiophyceae are an order or class of red algae . In contrast to the other red algae, they show a two-part generation change . The haploid gametophyte is a mostly flat thallus that consists of one or two layers of cells. The diploid sporophyte remains microscopic and is filamentous; it is as Conchocelis called stage created because he was long regarded as a separate genus. The Bangiales are - next to the Cyanidiales and the Porphyridiales - considered to be very original red algae. The oldest fossil record is Bangiomorpha pubescens with an age of 1.2 billion years.

Occurrence

The Bangiales are distributed worldwide on the sea coasts, from the tropics to polar regions. Most species grow in the intertidal zone, anchored on rocks, clams, or other algae. Some representatives are restricted to the deeper sublittoral . Some species are obligatory epiphytes . Only two of the more than 180 species, Bangia atropurpurea and Granufilum rivulare , live in fresh water.

Life cycle

The two-part life cycle typical of the Bangiales is described in Pyropia gardneri . The two generations differ not only morphologically , but also in the composition of the cell wall . In the diploid sporophytes of Porphyra and Bangia this contains cellulose as a structural polysaccharide (as in other red algae as well), while this is absent in the conchocelis stage (the haploid gametophyte) and is replaced by xylan . The galactans , which form the slimy basic substance of the intercellular space, are also different in the two generations.

Systematics

Bangia fuscopurpurea
from Heligoland, Herbarium Arch
Wildemania amplissima (1–3), Wildemania abyssicola (4)

The order of the Bangiales was drawn up in 1847 by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli . Filamentous representatives were traditionally assigned to the genus Bangia , most flat ones to the genus Porphyra . Phylogenetic studies from 2005 onwards, however, showed that these species-rich genera also contained some non-closely related species, which were separated into other genera by 2011. As of August 2018, the taxon includes 186 species in two families.

  • Family Bangiaceae , with the genera:
    • Aspalatia , with about three kinds
    • Bangia , with about 16 species. Gametophyte filamentous, up to 6 cm long. The type species occurs in fresh water, all other species on the coast of the sea. The marine species are believed not to be closely related and require further research.
    • Bangiomorpha , fossil taxon with the only species Bangiomorpha pubescens
    • Boreophyllum , with about three species. Gametophyte single-layered, irregularly rounded, often lobed, up to 30 cm long. The genus occurs in the intertidal zone of the cold-tempered North Pacific and North Atlantic .
    • Clymene , with the only type of Clymene coleana : gametophyte single-layered, flat, deeply lobed and with a serrated edge. The species is common on the coasts of New Zealand and Australia .
    • Dione , with the only type of Dione arcuata : Gametophyte broadly filamentous and curved, up to 1.5 cm long. Endemic to New Zealand.
    • Fuscifolium , with about two kinds. Gametophyte two-layered, leathery, rounded. The genus occurs in the intertidal zone of the cold-tempered North Pacific.
    • Lysithea , with the only species Lysithea adamsiae : Gametophyte single-layered, flat, rounded-ovoid, up to 10 cm long. Endemic to the sub-Antarctic islands south of New Zealand.
    • Minerva , with the only species Minerva aenigmata : Gametophyte filamentous, up to 3 (maximum up to 10) cm long. Endemic to New Zealand.
    • Neomiuraea , with the only species Neomiuraea migitae : Gametophyte single-layered, flat, elliptical to rounded, up to 25 cm long. Endemic to the west coast of Japan .
    • Neothemis , with about two types: Gametophyte flat. The genus was described in 2015 from the western Mediterranean .
    • Porphyra , purple tangerine, with about 65 species
    • Pseudobangia , with the only species Pseudobangia kaycoleae : Gametophyte filamentous, up to 1 cm long. Endemic to the Virgin Islands .
    • Pyropia , with about 70 species
    • Wildemania , with about 8 species: Gametophyte one or two-layered, elliptical, egg-shaped or lanceolate, 15 cm to several meters long. The genus occurs on cold-temperate to arctic / Antarctic coasts in the North Pacific, North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean .
  • Family Granufilaceae , with the only species:

use

Numerous leaf-like representatives of the Bangiales have been used as food in Japan, China, Korea and Southeast Asia for millennia . They are also harvested in Wales, Chile, on the Pacific coast of North America and New Zealand. Some economically important species of the purple orange ( porphyra ) and pyropia are cultivated for the production of nori .

literature

  • Robert Edward Lee: Phycology . 5th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2018, pp. 107–110.
  • Judith E. Sutherland et al .: A new look at an ancient order: generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta) . Journal of Phycology 47 (5), 2011, pp. 1131-1151. doi : 10.1111 / j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Robert Edward Lee: Phycology . 5th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2018, pp. 107–110.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Judith E. Sutherland et al .: A new look at an ancient order: generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta) . Journal of Phycology 47 (5), 2011, pp. 1131-1151. doi : 10.1111 / j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x
  3. ↑ a b Michael D. Guiry in Guiry, MD & Guiry, GM: rivulare Granufilum . AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  4. ^ Robert Edward Lee: Phycology . 5th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2018, p. 109.
  5. ↑ AlgaeBase Taxonomy Browser: Bangiales , accessed August 6, 2018.
  6. ↑ Noemi Sánchez et al .: Diversity of bladed Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in western Mediterranean: recognition of the genus Themis and description of T. iberica sp. nov., and Pyropia parva sp. nov. (Corrigendum). In: Journal of Phycology 51 (2): p. 401. 2015. doi: 10.1111 / jpy.12223 and doi: 10.1111 / jpy.12289
  7. ↑ Nori Cultivation at seaweed.ie, accessed on August 22, 2018

Web links

Commons : Bangiales  - collection of images, videos and audio files