Bede

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The Bede , also Beede, (mhd. And Low German bëte "Please, prayer; command, command") is in the narrower sense a requested, voluntarily paid fee to the landlord, from which a regularly levied, also sovereign tax developed. In a broader sense, Bede is also related to money for church purposes .

History and character

From the 13th century onwards, the Bede was a direct tax customary in all German territories, levied by the sovereign on peasant and bourgeois landed property. It was an ordinary tax initially requested by the prince from his estates ( clergy , knighthood , cities), but soon demanded. The knighthood and, in part, the clergy were exempt from the bede, and the cities generally paid less than the country. The imperial cities paid a bede ( precaria imperii ) to the emperor. "While in the west and south the rule remained in the hands of the sovereigns and was only abolished in the 19th century, in the east it often fell into the hands of the landlords and cities ..."

In the countryside

In the country, the Bede went along with other income- related levies and taxes. It itself was derived directly from property and measured not in kind but in money .

Examples

In 1375 in Teltower Land ( Mark Brandenburg ) z. B. raised five shillings as a charge per hoof . As a comparison, the other, additional taxes (also per hoof):

In the cities

In the cities, the responsibility was initially due to the city lord, and the direct tax debtor was initially the individual citizen. However, the cities achieved the establishment of the Bede in a lump sum and the recognition of the municipality as a debtor. The tax authority was now in the city. The Bede, initially a property and building tax, turned into a wealth tax in the cities. The citizen often had the right to self-assessment and to declare under oath. In his tax oath he undertook to report every dishonest fellow citizen known to him. The municipality also had the right to purchase property at the appraised value declared by the taxpayer. For the citizens, the concern had the character of an inner-city surcharge, while the municipality's tax liability towards the city lord was gradually lost through redemption, currency devaluation or other circumstances.

present

The concept of bede has disappeared from everyday use. With the end of feudalism the tax became superfluous or was replaced by modern forms and the linguistic term came out of use. Currently the word in the spelling Beede is still used by Evangelical Lutheran parishes in Hamburg for their finance committees.

literature

  • Karl Bosl : Protection and protection, advice and help as a prerequisite for taxes, levies and service in the Middle Ages. In: Eckart Schremmer (Ed.): Taxes, levies and services from the Middle Ages to the present (= quarterly journal for social and economic history . Supplements. No. 114). Lectures at the 15th workshop of the Society for Social and Economic History from 14. – 17. April 1993 in Bamberg. Steiner, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-515-06518-0 , pp. 43-52.
  • Adalbert Erler : Bede. In: Adalbert Erler, Ekkehard Kaufmann , Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand (eds.): Concise dictionary on German legal history . (HRG). Volume 1: Aachen - House Search. Erich Schmidt, Berlin 1971, col. 346-348.
  • Theodor Mayer : History of the financial economy from the Middle Ages to the end of the 18th century. The finance of the German Empire. In: Wilhelm Gerloff, Fritz Neumark (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Finanzwissenschaft. Volume 1: Nature and task of public finance, its position and relationships with other sciences. 2nd, completely revised edition. Mohr, Tübingen 1952, pp. 236-272.
  • Andreas Thier : Bede. In: Albrecht Cordes , Heiner Lück , Dieter Werkmüller , Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand (eds.): Concise dictionary on German legal history. (HRG). Volume 1: Aachen - Spiritual Bank. 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition. Erich Schmidt, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-503-07912-4 , Sp. 494-496.
  • Adolf Waas : Vogtei and Bede in the German Empire. Volume 2: Vogtei and Bede as foundations of the German territorial state (= work on German legal and constitutional history. 5, ZDB -ID 548914-3 ). Weidmann, Berlin 1923.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Everyone's Lexicon. In ten volumes. Volume 1: A - Bildha. Hermann Klemm A.-G. publishing house, Berlin-Grunewald 1929, p. 328.
  2. ^ German legal dictionary - DRW
  3. ↑ Eugen Haberkern, Joseph Friedrich Wallach: auxiliary dictionary for historians. Middle Ages and Modern Times. Volume 1: A - K (= Uni-Taschenbücher. 119). 7th edition. Francke, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-7720-1291-4 .
  4. ↑ History of the Berlin-Lichtenrade parish , accessed August 16, 2009, 10 a.m.
  5. ^ Website Diedersdorf ( Memento from June 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive )