Rigging
The high rigging , and the Hochrigg is a Schrat rigging , in which the main sail exclusively triangular high sails are used. If the rigging on a single mast is combined with a triangular headsail , one speaks of the Bermudarigg , which is widespread in modern sailing boats and yachts.
Historical predecessors of the high rigging are the latin sails and the gaff rigging . While the mast and the sail area were mostly divided into smaller sections for structural reasons, high rigged ships have continuous masts with towering and undivided sails. High sails are no longer carried by rods or gaffs, but are attached (attached) to the mast with their luff .
The top rigging is a high rigging in which all the sails reach to the top of the mast, while this is not the case with three-quarter rigging and seven-eighth rigging .
development
Marconi rig
In yachting, the transition from gaff rigging , especially from steep gaff rigging, to high rigging was initiated at the beginning of the 20th century. The British Charles E. Nicholson successfully tested a continuous, undivided mast construction on the yacht Istria in 1912 , to which a still existing topsail was attached directly above the gaff sail, without any further spars . His tall Marconi rig was named after the telegraph masts of the Marconi Company .
Bermuda rig
In 1919, the American yacht builder Herreshoff completely replaced the topsail with a continuous mainsail. This rigging was called Bermuda rigging or rigging after the Bermuda Islands, where it had been in use for a long time as light wind rigging on fishing and later sport boats.
Further development
The Norwegian Johan anchor eventually replaced the hitherto in regatta of 12 mR yachts usual cutter rig with divided by the Vorsegelfläche Sluptakelung with a single headsail, after this recognized as powerful. The rigging received further developmental thrusts from the experiments and research results of Manfred Curry and Uffa Fox, at the end of which the main sail, aerodynamically profiled with battens, and the genoa that overlapped the mast stood.
The triumphant advance of high rigging, which was already apparent in regatta at the beginning of the 20th century, took a few decades to reach today's dominance. After the construction of commercially operated cargo sailing ships had come to a standstill anyway, the further development of boat and sailing technology was left to yacht building. Interrupted by two world wars and global economic crises, this also stagnated for a long time and in addition to Bermuda slups, gaff-rigged and cutter-rigged leisure and regatta yachts remained successful boat types.
Last but not least, it took the development of new materials and production techniques before the concept of highly rigged slups became fully established in modern series production. "Resistant materials that can be better used in industrial processes, such as form-glued wood, GRP, new light metal alloys and steel types including the associated welding processes [...], light metal for masts and spars, stainless steel wire and even steel rails for standing goods, dacron for sails and ropes, everything Things that not only increase the resilience of the boats, but also make maintenance much easier. "
Comparison of the high rigging with the frame and gaff rigging
Compared to the frame rigging, the high rigging has the typical advantages of jib sails . They can be used to achieve a smaller angle to the apparent wind , which gives a sailing ship better cruising properties.
Even in comparison with other Schrat take payments as the gaff-rigged or Spriettakelung provides the high sail better sailing performance because it rises higher. Since air turbulence forms at the bottom and top of each sail, the middle part of a sail is particularly effective; this middle part is larger with the high sail than with a gaff sail of the same size .
The slim shape of the high sail offers the advantage that the sail can be easily aligned to the wind, because all sloping sails twist under the wind load with increasing distance from the mast and thus lose their optimal shape. In addition, the high sail extends into higher layers of air, where the wind speed is slightly higher because they are not slowed down as much by the water surface. The advantages of the high sail are partially offset when a gaff top sail is set on a gaff rigged ship . One disadvantage of the high sail is the increased material load that has to be absorbed by using expensive materials.
On the other hand, if you consider the area of the sail that can be attached to a given mast, the trapezoidal gaff sails are about twice as large as the triangular high sails. However, the gaff boom results in a considerable weight high on the mast, which shifts the center of gravity significantly upwards, which has to be compensated for by higher ballast.
A high sail is easier to set than a gaff sail because the weight of the gaff boom is eliminated. In addition, the sail can with only one case set because the train only at one point, the sail head attaches. Since the incline of the gaff boom is variable, two traps, the claw and the prick , have to be set on a gaff sail . With the additional placement of a gaff top sail, the area advantage over the high sail increases, but the amount of work also increases.
literature
- Clas Broder Hansen: Lexicon of sailing ship types. Illustrated by Peter Knuth. Urbes-Verlag, Graefelfing 1987, ISBN 3-924896-10-0 .
- Joachim Schult: Segler-Lexikon (= small yacht library. Vol. 59). 9th revised and expanded edition. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 1994, ISBN 3-87412-103-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Schult, keyword high rigging
- ↑ Friends of Classic Yachts - Yachting Archives , Note of the Yacht 1913, Issue 29, accessed on December 13, 2015
- ↑ Camper & Nicholsons - History - (PDF, English; 400 kB), accessed on November 3, 2007
- ↑ a b c Circle of Friends of Classic Yachts - The twelve in the mirror of the "Yacht" , accessed on September 3, 2015
- ↑ Joachim Schult: Segler-Lexikon. 9th revised and expanded edition. 1994, p. 50, keyword Bermuda rigging.
- ↑ Round trip: The years from 1920 in the yachting archive, accessed on December 13, 2015
- ↑ See considerations on the vortex zones in: Püschl, Wolfgang; Physics of sailing ; 1st edition 2012; Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co; ISBN 978-3-527-41106-1
