Bernardo de Sa Nogueira de Figueiredo
Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo , first baron since 1833 , first viscount since 1834 and first margrave of Sá da Bandeira (born September 26, 1795 in Santarém ; † January 6, 1876 in Lisbon ), was a Portuguese politician and statesman and a major leader of the Setembrist movement in Portugal . He was the leader of the Historical Party ; In 1867 he left the Historical Party with a number of supporters and founded the Reformist Party . Sá da Bandeira held various ministerial posts and was a total of four times (1836–1837, 1837–1839, 1865 and 1868–1869) Portuguese Prime Minister.
Life
After the Setembrists had taken power with the September Revolution in 1836, Sá da Bandeira initially joined the new Setembrist government as Minister of the Interior. Already a short time after the Setembrist takeover of power, Queen Maria II and cartist politicians allied with her attempted to oust the Setembrists from the government again (the so-called Belenzada ). When this attempt failed, the queen finally had to appoint Sá da Bandeira as head of government. Together with Manuel da Silva Passos , who was Sá da Bandeira's interior and finance minister in this first government, he set about changing the country through a series of reforms. This also includes the abolition of slavery in the colonies (in the mother country it had already been abolished). Against the Setembrist government there was some resistance on the part of the Cartists , so in 1837 to the uprising of the marshals and in 1838 to three mutinies of the arsenal in Lisbon, Sá da Bandeira played a prominent role in suppressing these revolts.
In 1842, the Setembrist exercise of power ended with the coup of Costa Cabral , which ruled the country until 1846. The rebellion of Maria da Fonte ended the rule of Costa Cabral. Queen Maria II initially appointed a moderate cartistic government under the Duke of Palmela , who also belonged to Sá da Bandeira. But when she then appointed the strictly cartistic Duke of Saldanha as head of government, a civil war broke out . In Porto , a setembristische opposition government, the Sá da Bandeira joined formed. The Civil War ended with a victory for the Queen and the Cartists in 1847, also because Spanish and British troops intervened in the conflict in their favor. From then on Portugal was ruled again by the Cartists.
This changed only in 1856, after the queen died and her son Peter V assumed rule. A stable two-party system had now developed in Portugal, with the Regeneration Party , which had developed from the Cartist movement, on the right and the Historical Party , the heiress of the Setembrists, on the left of the party spectrum. Sá da Bandeira played a prominent role within the Historical Party. It came to government for the first time in 1856; at the head of the government stood the Duke of Loulé .
An oligarchic parliamentary system developed in Portugal . The politicians of both the Regeneration and the Historical Party both came from the upper class . Since it was a small, self-contained group of people who all had the same background, a system of regular rotation was formed in the exercise of government, called rotativismo in Portuguese historiography . As soon as a party was no longer able to exercise the government, it gave its mandate back to the monarch, who then appointed a head of government from the opposition. Only then did the monarch dissolve parliament, so that it was ensured that the party that had just assumed government responsibility also got a parliamentary majority, which was ensured by manipulating the elections if necessary - which was not difficult, given that only one percent was anyway the population was entitled to vote. In this system, the two major parties took turns in government responsibility, making sure that both ruled for about the same time.
In the course of this more or less regular rotation, Sá da Bandeira was again head of government in 1865, but can only stay in power for five months. His successor as Prime Minister, Joaquim António de Aguiar , then succeeded in forging a large coalition of the Regeneration Party and the Historical Party that ruled until 1868 (so-called goberno da fusão ). Sá da Bandeira was against this grand coalition and therefore resigned from the Historical Party with a number of loyal supporters in order to found his own party, the Reformist Party . With her, Sá da Bandeira was briefly Prime Minister from 1868 to 1869.
In 1870, the now 80-year-old Duke of Saldanha came to power. Sá da Bandeira organized the resistance and after three months he was able to overthrow the Duke of Saldanha; Sá da Bandeira took over the office of head of government for the last time. He organized elections and handed over the office of head of government to the election winner, the independent candidate António José Ávila, who, however, was close to the Historical Party.
Sá da Bandeira died in 1876, ending the Reformist Party he founded, which a short time later merged with the Historical Party to form the Progressive Party .
Individual evidence
- ↑ António Henrique de Oliveira Marques : History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 385). Translated from the Portuguese by Michael von Killisch-Horn. Kröner, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-520-38501-5 .
- ↑ Walther L. Bernecker, Horst Pietschmann: History of Portugal. From the Middle Ages to the present . CH Beck, Munich, 2001
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Figueiredo, Bernardo de Sa Nogueira de |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Sá da Bandeira, Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo Marquês de |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Portuguese politician and leader of the Setembrists |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 26, 1795 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Santarém (Portugal) |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 6, 1876 |
| Place of death | Lisbon |