Movement party

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When moving party is called in political science an independent party type, as opposed to other types of parties (such as the such as catch-all party ) is defined differently. As a rule, however, the scientific definitions of the movement party have a particular focus on social movements in common.

background

According to the sociologist Dieter Rucht , all parties have their origins in social movements, insofar as movements were and are "the socially relevant carriers of [...] deviant behavior". According to Rucht, political parties are therefore fundamentally to be seen as "products of social movements". The political scientist Uwe Jun also emphasizes that "the emergence of modern mass parties can be traced back to the integration and representation ideas of social movements". In this context, both scholars point to the origins of the social democratic and socialist parties in the labor movement of the 19th century .

Developing the theory

As a defining term for a certain type of party, the term movement party in Germany goes back to the founding of the Greens in the early 1980s . The theoretical foundation of the approach is primarily based on the trend-setting and mutually independent work of Dieter Rucht and the political scientist Joachim Raschke .

Dieter Rucht initially defines the term movement party as follows:

"Insofar as a party is involved in a movement in the long term, shares basic goals of the movement or one of its campaigns and also takes part in corresponding protests, this party can be regarded as a movement party".

Based on this basic definition of terms , Rucht develops a further typology that differentiates the relationship between movements and parties on the basis of four ideal-typical models.

According to the so-called "stage model", party foundations go hand in hand with the suppression of the movements that make them up in the long term. The step model corresponds, for example, to the iron law of the oligarchy by Robert Michels . Accordingly, sooner or later parties will develop bureaucracies and subsequently power elites. According to the "Schöpfquelle model", however, "a productive interaction between movement and party" is possible at least for a limited time. The "avant-garde model", on the other hand, sees the party organization as a leader in relation to the essentially passive movement. There are points of contact with Lenin and his work What to do? which had a decisive influence on the self-image of socialist parties as the so-called avant - garde of the proletariat . In diametrical contrast to this is the "mouthpiece model". This subordinates the party to the movement insofar as the party has the complementary role of "expanding the efficiency of the movement". According to Dieter Rucht, the Greens in particular made use of the mouthpiece model in their early years.

The political scientist Joachim Raschke understands the movement party as analogous to other party types such as the class party or interest party : "Just as there are class or interest parties, the epithet 'movement' expresses one (or the) central point of reference of this party type". Against this background, he defines the movement party as follows:

"A movement party is intertwined with corresponding movements in terms of personnel, possibly also organizationally, and is particularly related to them in terms of political interests and legitimacy and in their mobilization."

Gudrun Heinrich extends the term significantly. The political scientist describes the NPD as a functional movement party that is connected to the right-wing extremist movement "through common goals and common practice".

Examples

The concept of the movement party was mainly developed in response to the Greens party in the 1980s. To date, it has also been related to a large number of other parties in Germany, for example in the more recent past the Pirate Party , the neo-Nazi small party Dierechte or the AfD . The European-wide electoral successes of parties such as Movimento 5 Stelle , Podemos or La République en Marche have once again significantly increased the scientific importance and public prominence of the approach.

criticism

Modern movement parties are often accused of a tendency towards personality cults and centralization with a simultaneous democratic deficit. For example, the German historian Karin Priester judges with reference to La République en Marche and La France insoumise : "The supposed democratic dismantling of hierarchy leads structurally to greater centralization and concentration of power in the hands of a leader or an avant-garde". Uwe Jun, who comes to the conclusion:

"With the younger movement parties, however, there is often a clear trend in favor of leaders. Contrary to the promises of downsizing and more participation, according to previous research, movement parties are more likely to be classified as those with centralized leadership".

In a speech given in the Ballhaus Watzke (Dresden) to members of the Junge Alternatives on December 17, 2017, Björn Höcke called for the AfD to "take the path of a fundamentally oppositional movement party", which met with broad public response and criticism. For example, in an analysis of the speech in question , the sociologist Andreas Kemper pointed out that Adolf Hitler had already spoken of the "party of the movement" with regard to the NSDAP .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Dieter Rucht: Right-wing populism as a movement and party . In: Research Journal Social Movements. Analysis of Democracy and Civil Society. The online supplement to the research journal . tape 30 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 1-7 , p. 2 .
  2. ↑ a b Joachim Raschke: The Greens. How they became what they are . Bund-Verlag, Cologne 1993, p. 495 .
  3. ^ Dieter Rucht: On the relationship between social movements and political parties . In: Journal for Applied Social Research . tape 27 , no. 3/4 , 1987, ISSN  0025-8822 , pp. 297-313 , p. 297 .
  4. ^ Uwe Jun: Social movements, parties and movement parties. New challengers in party competition? In: INDES. Journal for Politics and Society . No. 3 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2019, ISSN  2191-995X , p. 83-91 , p. 83 .
  5. ^ Uwe Jun: Social movements, parties and movement parties. New challengers in party competition? In: INDES. Journal for Politics and Society . No. 3 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2019, p. 83-91 , p. 84 .
  6. ^ Dieter Rucht: On the relationship between social movements and political parties . In: Journal for Applied Social Research . tape 27 , no. 3/4 . Social Science Study Society, Vienna 1987, p. 297-313 , p. 304 .
  7. ^ A b c Gudrun Heinrich: The NPD as a movement party . In: Research journal NSB . tape 21 , no. 4 , 2008, p. 29-38 , p. 30 .
  8. ↑ a b Helmut Wiesenthal: The Greens in the autumn of motion. Left-wing confessional party or competitor for the center? In: Union monthly journal . tape 39 , no. 5 , 1988, pp. 289-299 , p. 289 .
  9. ^ Dieter Rucht: Right-wing populism as a movement and party . In: Research Journal Social Movements. Analysis of Democracy and Civil Society. The online supplement to the research journal . tape 30 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 1-7 , p. 3 .
  10. ^ A b Dieter Rucht: Right-wing populism as a movement and party . In: Research Journal Social Movements. Analysis of Democracy and Civil Society. The online supplement to the research journal . tape 30 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 1-7 , p. 4 .
  11. ↑ Joachim Raschke: The Greens. How they became what they are . In: Contemporary Studies . Bund-Verlag, Cologne 1993, p. 171-184 , p. 499 .
  12. ^ Gudrun Heinrich: The NPD as a movement party . In: Research journal NSB . tape 21 , no. 4 , 2008, p. 29-38 , p. 36 .
  13. ↑ Jasmin Siri: Parties: To the sociology of a political form . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2012, p. 105 .
  14. ↑ Paul Lucardie: Typology of political parties . In: Frank Decker, Viola Neu (Ed.): Handbook of German political parties . 2nd Edition. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2013, p. 61-76 , p. 71 .
  15. ↑ Hendrik Puls: The "right" as a new movement party of neo-Nazism . In: Research Journal Social Movements . tape 28 , no. 1 , 2015, p. 160-164 , p. 163 .
  16. ↑ Alexander Häusler: The AfD: A right-wing populist party in transition. An interim report. DGB Federal Board, 2016, p. 2 , accessed on March 4, 2020 .
  17. ^ Uwe Jun: Social movements, parties and movement parties. New challengers in party competition? In: INDES. Journal for Politics and Society . No. 3 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2019, p. 83-91 , p. 83 .
  18. ↑ Karin Priester: Movement parties in search of more democracy: La France insoumise, En marche, the five-star movement . In: Research Journal Social Movements . tape 31 , no. 1-2 , 2018, pp. 60-67 , p. 67 .
  19. ^ Uwe Jun: Social movements, parties and movement parties. New challengers in party competition? In: INDES. Journal for Politics and Society . No. 3 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2019, p. 83-91 , p. 89 .
  20. ^ "State of mind of a totally defeated people". Retrieved March 3, 2020 .
  21. ^ Duisburg Institute for Linguistic and Social Research - On the Nazi rhetoric of AfD politician Björn Höcke. Retrieved on March 3, 2020 (German).