Bougainvillea spectabilis
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Bougainvillea spectabilis is a species of the genus Bougainvillea within the family of the miracle flower plants (Nyctaginaceae). It is native to Brazil , its varieties are nowcultivatedas ornamental plantsin all regions with tropical and subtropical climates worldwide.
description
Vegetative characteristics
It is a splaying, richly branched, thorny shrub that can grow to a height of 12 meters. The woody stem axis is striped, densely hairy and has numerous curved spines 0.2 to 0.8 centimeters in length. The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is varied from oval to elliptical to lanceolate, in the wild form mostly elliptical with 1 to 1.5 centimeters wide and 5 to 9.5 centimeters long, but there are, especially in cultivars, considerably larger leaves. The leaf base is blunt to wedge-shaped, the tip rounded to pointed, the leaf margin entire. They are hairy on both the top and the underside of the leaf with thicker hairs along the veins.
Generative characteristics
As is typical for the genus Bougainvillea , the flowers sit in three-part inflorescences , which consist of three flowers surrounded by three bracts , these are terminal or lateral. The very conspicuous bracts are colored either red or red-violet. The more inconspicuous, whitish-yellow, hermaphrodite flowers have an overgrown, five-lobed, narrow, cylindrical, tubular flower envelope 18 to 30 millimeters long. There are seven to eight stamens . The flowering period follows a dry season , so it rarely blooms in permanently humid regions. The anthocarp (fruit cluster) is elongated, elliptical, about 5 millimeters wide and 11 to 14 millimeters long and gray-green in color, it is also dense and long hairy. In many regions, especially with cultivars, no fruit stands are observed; the horticultural propagation is usually vegetative .
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 34 or 48.
Differences with Similar Species and Hybrids
From Bougainvillea glabra and Bougainvillea peruviana , the other two frequently cultivated species of the genus, the species can be distinguished by the much denser hairs, especially on the leaves, and from Bougainvillea peruviana by its green bark and straight, non-curved spines.
Bougainvillea spectabilis hybridizes with other Bougainvillea species; In many regions these hybrids are more common than the pure species. Widespread are Bougainvillea × spectoperuviana ( Bougainvillea spectabilis × Bougainvillea peruviana ), which is usually only very weakly haired, and Bougainvillea × spectoglabra ( Bougainvillea spectabilis × Bougainvillea glabra ) with numerous small flowers mostly with white bracts.
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distribution
The original distribution area of Bougainvillea spectabilis in Brazil extends from Mata Atlântica to Amazonia , evidence is available from almost all parts of the country. In the other tropical countries of South America, such as Bolivia, it only occurs overgrown from culture. In other tropical regions, such as East Asia, it is a neophyte . Bougainvillea spectabilis is cultivated in all countries whose climate is warm enough for this, but is generally less common as an ornamental plant than Bougainvillea glabra .
Taxonomy
Bougainvillea spectabilis was first published in 1799 by Carl Ludwig von Willdenow in Species Plantarum , 4th edition, 2, 1, p. 348. Synonyms for Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. are: Bougainvillea peruviana Nees & Mart. , Bougainvillea speciosa Schnizl. , Bougainvillea bracteata Pers. , Bougainvillea brasiliensis Wied-Neuw. It is the type species of the genus Bougainvillea Willd.
History of Exploration and Cultivation
The species is the first species of the genus to be discovered and cultivated by European explorers. The first document comes from the first French circumnavigation under the French flag under the command of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville , after whom the species was named. In 1767 the second ship of the expedition, the Fleute L'Étoile, docked in Rio de Janeiro, but had to cast off again after two days due to the unfriendly reaction of the Portuguese port authorities. During this short stop, the first herbarium specimens of the species were collected , probably all by the naturalist Philibert Commerson accompanying the expedition . The first illustration goes back to the even better known circumnavigation of James Cook , which arrived in Rio a year later, in 1768. Cook's ships were completely banned from the port authorities, but some of the fellow explorers, including the famous botanist Joseph Banks and his illustrator Sydney C. Parkinson , managed to take a short secret boat trip to the coast. Parkinson used the material collected in the process to create a watercolor , published much later, and named the plant Calyxis ternaria . A description of Commersons material now arrives to Paris was in 1789 as Bouginvillea factory "Genera Plantarum" by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu published without an epithet awarded to. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck , famous as a zoologist , then made an engraving of Bougainvillea speciosa , which he published in his Tableau encyclopédique et methodique botanique in 1793. The formal first description was then given by Carl Ludwig Willdenow (as Buginvillea spectabilis ) in the second volume of the fourth edition of Linnés Species Plantarum , which he edited , on the basis of Lamarck's engraving, without fresh or herbarium material being available to him at this time (he received such later by Aimé Bonpland , Alexander von Humboldt's travel companion ).
The first living specimens in Europe can be traced back to 1829, when the plant was cultivated both in the park of Chatsworth House in England and in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. The attractive species was soon introduced almost worldwide as an ornamental plant.
cultivation
Bougainvillea spectabilis needs full sun (light plant). It thrives best on weakly acidic (pH 5.5 to 6.0), well-drained soils, it is very resistant to salt pollution.
pharmacology
Various ingredients in the plant are tested for medicinal use. The active ingredient pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiroinositol), extracted from the plant, has an insulin-like effect, the alcoholic plant extract can be effective in the treatment of diabetes . A protein extracted from the root showed activity against plant viruses.
swell
- Anton Heimerl: Monograph of the Nyctaginaceen. I. Bougainvillea, Phaeoptilum, Colignonia. Memoranda of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, mathematical-natural Class, Volume 70. Vienna, 1901. p.108
- Maria Salete Marchioretto, Ana Paula Utzig Lippert, Vinícius Leão da Silva (2011): A Familia Nyctaginaceae Juss. no Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Pesquisas Botanica Nº 62: 129-162.
- Dequan Lu & Michael G. Gilbert: Nyctaginaceae. : Bougainvillea spectabilis , p. 432 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bougainvillea spectabilis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Kent D. Kobayashi, James McConnell & John Griffis: Bougainvillea. Ornamentals and Flowers Oct. 2007, OF-38. Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), Guam. download
- ↑ CFC Sá: Nyctaginaceae in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. accessed on June 25, 2014 online
- ↑ Bougainvillea spectabilis at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ John R. MacKinnon: Invasive Alien Species in southeast Asia. In: Asean Biodiversity , 4, 2002, pp. 9-11.
- ↑ Bougainvillea spectabilis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
- ↑ Bougainvillea spectabilis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 25, 2014.
- ↑ Parkinsons drawing at The Endeavor botanical illustrations; Natural History Museum London
- ↑ Cape after H. Walter Lack (2012): The discovery, naming and typification of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nyctaginaceae). Willdenowia 42: 117-126. doi: 10.3372 / wi.42.42114
- ^ S. Miyamoto, I. Martinez, M. Padilla, A. Portillo, D. Ornelas (2004): Landscape Plant Lists for Salt Tolerance Assessment. USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
- ↑ TK Lim: Bougainvillea spectabilis. In: Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants. Volume 8, Flowers. Springer Verlag, 2014. ISBN 978-94-017-8748-2 . pp. 489-496.
- ↑ SH Bates, RB Jones, CJ Bailey (2000): Insulin-like effect of pinitol. British Journal of Pharmacology 130 (8): 1944-1948. PMC 1572278 (free full text)
- ↑ Menakshi Bhat, Sandeepkumar K. Kothiwale, Amruta R. Tirmale, Shobha Y. Bhargava, Bimba N. Joshi: Antidiabetic Properties of Azardiracta indica and Bougainvillea spectabilis: In Vivo Studies in Murine Diabetes Model. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 561625, 9 pages doi : 10.1093 / ecam / nep033
- ↑ R. Balasaraswathi, S. Sadasivam, M. Ward, JM Walker (1998): An antiviral protein from Bougainvillea spectabilis roots; purification and characterization. Phytochemistry 47 (8): 1561-1565.
