Brown capuchin monkey
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Brown Capuchin Monkey ( Cebus olivaceus ) |
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| Cebus olivaceus | ||||||||||||
| Schomburgk , 1848 |
The brown capuchin monkey ( Cebus olivaceus , syn .: Cebus nigrivittatus ) is a primate species from the genus of the uncapped capuchin monkey ( Cebus ) that occurs in northern South America .
features
Brown capuchin monkeys reach a body length of 37 to 46 centimeters, the tail is 40 to 55 centimeters long. Males are on average 20% larger and, with a weight of 3 to 4.2 kilograms, significantly heavier than females, who reach around 2.3 to 3 kilograms. Their fur makes a coarse and shaggy impression and is predominantly brown in color, on the top of the head there is a gray-brown wreathed, black, front V-shaped cap. The hair on the sides of the body, arms and legs and the tail are aguti-colored, curled black-brown. Hands, feet and tip of the tail are dark. The facial hair is gray-brown, the hairless facial skin is rosy. The tail can be used as a grasping tail, especially when eating.
distribution and habitat
Brown capuchin monkeys are native to northeastern South America. Its distribution area is in Venezuela east of the catchment area of Lake Maracaibo , in Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana and in northeastern Brazil north of the Amazon . The species is absent directly on the Atlantic coast of the three Guayanas and on the Venezuelan Caribbean coast north of the Cordillera de la Costa . Their habitat is forests, especially evergreen primary rainforests, but also gallery forests in the Venezuelan Llanos and, more rarely, dry forest types. In the Guiana Mountains they occur up to an altitude of 2000 meters.
Way of life
Brown capuchin monkeys are diurnal tree-dwellers who especially prefer the lower and middle crown region. They live in groups of 10 to 36 animals, which are made up of several males and females as well as the young. Both sexes establish a hierarchy, the highest-ranking female dominates all group members with the exception of the leading male. The territory of a group covers 25 to 40, sometimes up to 275 hectares, the day trips are relatively long with 1 to 3.5 km.
food
Brown capuchin monkeys are omnivores and eat fruits, nuts, seeds and buds as well as insects , spiders , bird eggs and small vertebrates. At the Hato Masaguaral cattle ranch, located in the Llanos of central Venezuela, the diet of the brown capuchin monkey was studied in more detail in the late 1970s. There 55% of the ingested food consisted of different parts of the plant, 39% were small animals and 12% of the food could not be identified. Fruits made up 46% of the plant food consumed. Most were tall, meaty, and ripe. In total, fruits from more than 50 plant species from 30 families (mainly mulberry and redwood ) were eaten. An important staple food are the various figs, especially Ficus pertusa and F. trigonata , which ripen asynchronously at different months. Large seeds are spurned, while small ones, including grass seeds, are eaten whole. Sea grape and zanthoxylum seeds are cracked and chewed. In the dry season from March to April, immature, still soft seeds of the palm genus Copernicia are eaten. Hard fruits like those of Hymenaea courbaril or Sterculia apetala are hit against a hard object to open them. Flowers are seldom eaten, especially those of the cactus genus Hylocereus . Large males also dig up roots of the buttercup tree to eat. To their animal food include apple snails ( Pomacea ), ants (especially nodes ants ), praying mantis , beetle larvae , grasshoppers , cockroaches , scale insects , stick insects , termites , crickets , spiders , centipedes , frogs , frog eggs, small iguanas , birds, bird eggs, nestlings and Small mammals, including the red-tailed squirrel ( Sciurus granatensis ). In the rainy season, fruits are mainly eaten, in the dry season animal food becomes more important. At the beginning of the rainy season, when the trees are sprouting and fresh leaves are available, many caterpillars are eaten.
Reproduction
Brown capuchin monkeys have a polygamous social structure, the leading male of the group sires most of the young. After a gestation period of around 149 to 158 days, the females usually give birth to a single young. Most births take place at the end of the dry season and in the beginning rainy season from May to June. The newborn weighs around 200 to 500 grams at birth and immediately clings to the mother's stomach. The young are weaned after around two to four months. Females become sexually mature at 4 to 7 years of age and males at 6 to 8 years of age. However, they do not reach the size of adults until they are around 15 years old.
Systematics
Brown capuchin monkeys are placed within the capuchin monkey genus of the uncapped capuchin ( Cebus ). Depending on the source, two to four subspecies are distinguished. However, Cebus olivaceus apiculatus and C. o. Nigrivittatus are genetically identical to the nominate form and there is no reason for these forms to retain their subspecies status. The standard work Handbook of the Mammals of the World recognizes two subspecies, the nominate form , Cebus o. Olivaceus from the western part of the distribution area and Cebus o. Castaneus , the eastern form, which has only a narrow, triangular head cap and as an adult animal Has chestnut fur. The boundary between the occurrence of the two subspecies is not known for sure. Perhaps it is made by the Essequibo . Cebus o. Castaneus was separated from the nominate form about 700,000 years ago and may have to be viewed as a separate species. However, this knowledge is based only on the genetic examination of a single specimen of Cebus o. Castaneus . Both subspecies differ in their demands on the environment. While the nominate form is more of an ecological generalist, Cebus o. Castaneus , like the Bartsakis ( Chiropotes ) and the spider monkeys ( Ateles ), occurs mainly in the interior of high terra Firma forests (rainforests that are not periodically flooded) and is found in thickets of lianas, dense Euterpe populations, savannah and mountain forests are rare or have never been seen there. Two other former subspecies, the Kaapori capuchin ( Cebus kaapori ) from northeastern Brazil and the Venezuelan capuchin monkey ( Cebus brunneus ) found in the coastal region of Venezuela , are now considered to be separate species.
Danger
Brown capuchin monkeys are widespread and no major threats are known. They are found in several large protected areas. The IUCN lists them as “not at risk” ( least concern ). However, they are less common than the sympatric occurring Haubenkapuzineraffe ( Sapajus apella ).
literature
- Thomas Geissmann : Comparative Primatology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin a. a. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6 .
- Don E. Wilson , DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
- Anthony B. Rylands, Russell A. Mittermeier, Bruna M. Bezerra, Fernanda P. Paim & Helder L. Queiroz: Family Cebidae (Squirrel Monkeys and Capuchins). Pages 409-410 in Russell A. Mittermeier , Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson : Handbook of the Mammals of the World: - Volume 3. Primates. Lynx Editions, 2013 ISBN 978-8496553897
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Rylands, Mittermeier, Bezerra, Paim & Queiroz (2013), page 409.
- ↑ a b Rylands, Mittermeier, Bezerra, Paim & Queiroz (2013), page 410.
- ↑ Rylands, Mittermeier, Bezerra, Paim & Queiroz (2013), pages 409-410.
- ↑ a b Jean P. Boubli, Anthony B. Rylands, Izeni P. Farias, Michael E. Alfaro, Jessica Lynch Alfaro:Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys American Journal of Primatology 00: 1–13 (2012) DOI: 10.1002 / ajp.21998
- ↑ Cebus olivaceus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009. Posted by: A. B. Rylands, J.-P. Boubli, R. A. Mittermeier, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Web links
- Information at Animal Diversity Web (English)