Colorful juice ball
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Colorful juice ball ( Glomeris klugii ) |
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| Glomeris klugii | ||||||||||||
| Brandt , 1833 |
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The Colorful glomerida ( Glomeris klugii , Syn. : Glomeris undulata and Glomeris conspersa ), also Speckled glomerida called, is a type of the millipedes belonging glomerida home and in Central and Southern Europe.
features
The body length is 6–22 mm, but mostly remains between 8 and 17 mm. The body consists of 12 body rings. The fine speckles on the back shields and the breast shield with a broad, light edge at the front are characteristic of the species. However, the species is very variable in its appearance, there are different color forms. Often there is a light brown speckle on a dark brown or black background, the animals often appear orange or yellowish in color. Similarly, albinos , Rufino (reddish copies) or melanistic occur (dark colored) animals. Lighter specimens usually show a center line composed of spots. The young animals can look different than the adults , which can make a determination even more difficult.
In contrast to Glomeris marginata, almost completely dark specimens always lack the white edges of the back plate. The typical broad, light-edged breastplate is also mostly present in these dark specimens. G. klugii differs from the rest of the native species of the genus in the lack of rows of pits (instead of sharply defined rows of spots, there is fine speckling on the back shields). The spots of Glomeris hexasticha can be very blurred, but they are always in clear rows one behind the other, which is a difference to G. klugii .
According to an identification key by René Hoess, the typically colored animals can only be found from southwest Germany via the central Alps to northern Italy, in the rest of the area the color variant "conspersa" can be found. The typical animals on the preanal tergit have a mushroom-shaped dark spot and the conspersa variant a triangular dark spot. In other literature there is often neither a geographical separation nor a description of the two variants.
distribution
Glomeris klugii lives in Central to Southern Europe. The distribution area extends from eastern France through Switzerland , northern and central Italy , Germany and Austria to Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro . There are also uncertain reports of finds from Algeria and Greece . The northern boundary of the species is in Germany, where it occurs only in a few places north of the low mountain range.
In Germany, the species lives widespread in Baden-Württemberg and Thuringia . It also occurs in northern to central Bavaria , in some places in Hesse , in a few places in Rhineland-Palatinate , in southern Saxony and Lower Saxony , in the southwest of Saxony-Anhalt with a few sites in the northern part of the state and at a few sites in southwest Brandenburg .
habitat
Glomeris klugii is a typical type of low mountain range and a type of forest that occurs only rarely in open areas. The species prefers natural habitats and does not show a high degree of synanthropy . In their choice of habitat it resembles the related species Glomeris marginata and Glomeris hexasticha . Moist biotopes are preferred, but the species has also been found in drier habitats. The eurytopic forest species can be found in a variety of different habitats and, unlike Glomeris tetrasticha, also lives far away from the preferred biotopes. Examples of habitats in which the species was found are deciduous and mixed forests on shell limestone and basalt (while forests on red sandstone are more likely to be avoided), cool, moist block heaps or mesobromion (calcareous semi- arid grasslands ), in which the species is much smaller Abundance occurs as in forests. Although the species is considered to be warmth-loving in Germany, rather cool and humid locations have been described for Rhineland-Palatinate or Saxony. In their habitats, the species can often be found under dead wood or stones.
Danger
In Germany, the species is moderately common and, together with Glomeris hexasticha, after Glomeris marginata, it is the second most common species of juice ball . It is considered safe.
Way of life
The 40–50 eggs are laid in May or June. The species shows a remarkable behavior that is typical of Saftkugler: the females use their legs to model small earth capsules, which consist of feces and a sticky secretion to stabilize the capsule wall. Such egg capsules differ from manure crumbs in their size and the nature of the surface. They have a diameter of 2.5–3 mm and are therefore 2–3 times larger than the crumbs of excrement. In addition, the egg capsule has a smooth, obviously modeled surface, while the fecal ball appears rough and brittle. The risk of the eggs being destroyed by an unfavorable climate or predators is reduced by packing each egg individually (rarely in pairs) in an earth capsule and then distributing these capsules. This effort means that fewer eggs can be laid. However, G. klugii lays more eggs than, for example, G. marginata or G. hexasticha .
Glomeris klugii is a perennial spring-autumn species with a maximum activity in spring, more precisely in May. The young also hatch in spring. In January and February the animals hibernate in deeper soil layers.
Taxonomy
The species is often described under its very common synonyms Glomeris conspersa C.L. Koch , 1847 and Glomeris undulata C.L. Koch , 1844. The high number of different color morphs has led to the historical description of numerous variations and subspecies. Other synonyms are:
- Glomeris bitaeniata Brölemann , 1894
- Glomeris crassitarsis Verhoeff , 1911
- Glomeris fuscomarmorata Lucas , 1846
- Glomeris irrorata C.L. Koch , 1847
- Glomeris larii Verhoeff , 1921
- Glomeris maculosa Verhoeff , 1921
- Glomeris marmorata Brandt , 1833
- Glomeris nobilis C.L. Koch , 1836
- Glomeris porphyrea C.L. Koch , 1847
- Glomeris pustulata var. Marmorata Brandt , 1833
- Glomeris quadrifasciata C.L. Koch , 1847
- Glomris tridentina Latzel , 1884
Within the family Glomeridae, Glomeris klugii belongs to the subfamily Glomerinae and in the tribe Glomerini.
literature
- Harald Hauser & Karin Voigtländer: Doppelfüßer (Diplopoda) of Germany . DJN - German Youth Association for Nature Observation, 1st edition, Göttingen 2019, ISBN 978–3–923376–26 – X.
Web links
- Glomeris klugii . In:Bodentier⁴ - Senckenberg, World of Biodiversity. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b René Hoess (2000) Identification key for the Glomeris species of Central Europe and neighboring areas (Diplopoda: Glomeridae) Jahrb. Naturhist. Mus. Bern 13: 3–20.
- ^ Glomeris klugii Brandt , 1833 in GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF backbone taxonomy. Checklist dataset doi : 10.15468 / 39omei , accessed via GBIF.org on June 20, 2021.
- ↑ Reip, HS, Spelda, J., Voigtländer, K., Decker, P. & N. Lindner (2016): Red list and list of total species of double-pods (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) of Germany. - In: BfN (ed): Red List of Endangered Animals, Plants and Fungi in Germany. Volume 4: Invertebrates (Part 2). - Conservation and biodiversity 70 (4): 301–324.
- ↑ Glomeris klugii on millibase.org - A global species catalog of the myriapod class Diplopoda, accessed June 20, 2021.