Butyrophenones
As butyrophenones a group of is chemical compounds referred to, which extends from the butyrophenone derive (1-phenyl-butan-1-one). Because of their antipsychotic ( neuroleptic ) effect, some butyrophenones are used therapeutically in psychiatry , for example to treat schizophrenia . The simplest representative of the butyrophenones is the butyrophenone.
Examples
Important representatives of the psychoactive butyrophenones are, for example:
effect
Belonging to the group of butyrophenones alone says nothing about the neuroleptic potency of a substance. However, the strongest (most potent) of all known neuroleptics belong to the butyrophenones: benperidol , trifluperidol and haloperidol .
The highly potent butyrophenones have a strong affinity for the dopamine receptors in certain areas of the central nervous system in common, especially for the D 2 receptor . The blockade of dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia causes the typical side effects (extrapyramidal motor disorders, EPMS, see below). In addition, butyrophenones block the signal transduction of serotonin and norepinephrine .
In addition to the antipsychotic effect , the butyrophenones also have an antiemetic effect .
unwanted effects
Compared to other neuroleptics, butyrophenones tend to have milder side effects , including less anticholinergic and sedating side effects compared to the low-potency phenothiazines . The damaging effects of the highly potent representatives can in principle also occur in the weaker ones, but as a rule less pronounced. The low-potency butyrophenone melperone causes a slight increase in extrapyramidal motor disorders, no increase in the prolactin concentration, low levels of sedation and a decrease in blood pressure , but no anticholinergic effects. The highly potent butyrophenone haloperidol produces greatly increased extrapyramidal motor disorders, a moderate increase in the prolactin concentration, a slight decrease in blood pressure, but no sedation and no anticholinergic effects.
history
The first butyrophenones were synthesized at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1958 , when pharmacologists and chemists were looking for antipsychotically active substances based on pethidine . Since the mid-1960s, haloperidol and other butyrophenones have found widespread use in psychiatric clinics.
Dosage forms and special features
Because of the relative unpopularity of the highly potent butyrophenones in particular and the lack of compliance of many patients, depot preparations were developed early on that release the active ingredient slowly and continuously after injection . The most common drug of this type is haloperidol (HALDOL) decanoate .
Related substances
The diphenylbutylpiperidines can be understood as a subgroup or special forms of the butyrophenones. They are also used as neuroleptics.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wolf Erhardt: Anesthesia and analgesia for small and domestic animals. Schattauer Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-794-52781-6 , p. 23.
- ↑ G. Hendren, A. Aponte-Feliciano, A. Kovac: Safety and efficacy of commonly used antiemetics. In: Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology. Volume 11, number 11, 2015, pp. 1753–1767, doi : 10.1517 / 17425255.2015.1080688 , PMID 26293198 .
- ↑ a b c Wolfgang P. Kaschka: Psychopharmaka compact. Schattauer Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-794-52591-1 , p. 34.
- ↑ Auterhoff-Knabe-Höltje, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 1999 ISBN 3-8047-1645-8
- ↑ Walter Schunack: Medicines. Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-322-83553-6 , p. 143.
