Candida krusei

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Candida krusei
Systematics
Subdivision : Saccharomycotina
Class : Saccharomycetes
Order : Real yeast (Saccharomycetales)
incertae sedis
Genre : Candida
Type : Candida krusei
Scientific name
Candida krusei
( Castell. ) Berkhout

Candida krusei , an anamorphic form of Issatchenkia orientalis , is a diploid yeast that is ubiquitous and was found in wine, beer, jam, meat, yoghurt, fruit juices and sugar, but also in the soil and sewage (Do Carmo-Sousa, 1969). It is known as the causative agent of candidiasis and candidemia ( systemic infestation of internal organs via the bloodstream) and is also occasionally used industrially. Candidaemias, endophthalmitis (McQuillen, 1992), endocarditis (Rubinstein, 1975) and arthritis (Ngyuen and Penn, 1987)causedby C. krusei occur mainly in immunocompromised patients such as cancer and AIDS patients, transplant recipients and diabetics, drug addicts and patients with haematological malignancies . C. krusei. can cause diaper rash, skin and nail mycoses , vaginal thrush (Singh et al., 2002) and infections of the oral cavity in people with teeth (Holmstrup, 1999)in immunocompetent persons. In 2018, the industrially used species Pichia kudriavzevii was found to be identical to Candida krusei (syn. C. glycerinogenes and Issatchenkia orientalis ).

features

The yeast cells are ellipsoidal to cylindrical and 4–5 × 2–5 µm in size. On agar Sabouraud is cream-colored, rough colonies formed at 37 ° C with a pseudomycelium .

Industrial application

During chocolate production , cocoa beans have to be fermented to remove the bitter taste and to break down certain ingredients . This takes place with two mushrooms, C. krusei and Geotrichum candidum , which are mostly already present on the seeds. The yeast cells produce enzymes that break down the pulp of the cocoa pod. In this case, acetic acid is formed, with a chocolate flavor developing and bitterness is eliminated in the beans.

C. krusei is also suitable for improving the ripening of Harz cheese, for deacidifying sour milk cheese and for supporting the production of baker's yeast. C. krusei produces ethanol without producing succinic acid, an advantage in producing ethanol. Its thermal tolerance indicates further usability in industrial applications.

diagnosis

There are several methods that can be used to detect C. krusei :

Genetic engineering

The typical fungal enolase gene coding sequence is 1,300 bp long and codes for a 440 amino acid polypeptide. Excluding the primer sequences, the amplified PCR product contained 1264 bp of the C. krusei enolase gene sequence, from which a 353 amino acid sequence was derived. This corresponds to 92% of the entire C. krusei gene sequence. The C. krusei enolase gene is interrupted by introns. Such an interruption of the enolase gene by an intron was first mentioned in Neocallimastix frontalis .

treatment

C. krusei is more resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole than other Candida species. It is very often found in patients who have already been treated with fluconazole, which sparked the discussion of the prophylactic use of fluconazole.

However, C. krusei is sensitive to voriconazole , amphotericin B , miconazole and antifungal agents such as the echinocandins micafungin , caspofungin and anidulafungin
as well as the polyene nystatin . According to the latest research, chitosan is effective in dentistry .

The death rate for C. krusei is much higher than for Candida albicans . Other Candida species in this category are: Candida parapsilosis , Candida glabrata , Candida tropicalis , Candida guillermondii and Candida rugosa .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ GD Casey, AD Dobson: Molecular detection of Candida krusei contamination in fruit juice using the citrate synthase gene cs1 and a potential role for this gene in the adaptive response to acetic acid. In: J Appl Microbiol. 95 (1), 2003, pp. 13-22. PMID 12807449
  2. ↑ L. Do Carmo-Sousa: Distribution of yeasts in nature. In: AH Rose, JS Harrison (Eds.): The yeasts. vol 1, London, Academic Press, 1969, pp. 79-105.
  3. ↑ DP McQuillen, BS Zingman, F. Meunier, SM Levitz: Invasive infections due to Candida krusei: report of ten cases of fungemia that include three cases of endophthalmitis. In: Clin Infect Dis . 14 (2), 1992, pp. 472-478.
  4. ^ E. Rubinstein, ER Noriega, MS Simberkoff, R. Holzman, JJ Rahal: Fungal endocarditis: analysis of 24 cases and review of the literature. In: Medicine. 54, 1975, pp. 331-334.
  5. ^ VQ Nguyen, RL Penn: Candida krusei infectious arthritis. A rare complication of neutropenia. In: Am J Med. 83 (5), 1987, pp. 963-965.
  6. ↑ T. Hautala: A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological unit. In: BMC Infectious Diseases. 7, 2007, p. 97.
  7. ↑ Evans, 1999; Rao et al., 2004.
  8. ↑ S. Singh, JD Sobel, P. Bhargava, D. Boikov, JA Vazquez: Vaginitis due to Candida krusei: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy. In: Clin Infect Dis. 35 (9), 2002, pp. 1066-1070.
  9. ↑ P. Holmstrup: Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions. In: Ann Periodontol. 4 (1), 1999, pp. 20-31.
  10. ↑ Labor Lexicon: Candida species (except C. albicans)
  11. ↑ Alexander P. Douglass, Benjamin Offei, Stephanie Braun-Galleani, Aisling Y. Coughlan, Alexandre AR Martos, Raúl A. Ortiz-Merino, Kevin P. Byrne, Kenneth H. Wolfe: Population genomics shows no distinction between pathogenic Candida krusei and environmental Pichia kudriavzevii : One species, four names , in: PLOS Pathogenes from July 19, 2018, doi: 10.1371 / journal.ppat.1007138
  12. ↑ Yeast with a dangerous double life , on: Scinexx of July 23, 2018
  13. ↑ G. Darai, M. Handermann, H.-G. Sonntag, L. Zöller (Hrsg.): Lexicon of infectious diseases in humans - pathogens, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis. 4th edition. 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-17157-4 , p. 77.
  14. ^ The Chocolate Tree: The Secret Ingredient
  15. ↑ Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for February 2006: Candida krusei, Geotrichum, and Acaulospora scrobiculata, a trio of fungi needed for making chocolate for Valentine's day
  16. ↑ Research group of the food industry: Optimization of ripening for the production of sour milk cheese
  17. ↑ ML Suihko, V. Mäkinen: Candida krusei in the production of baker's yeast. 1981.
  18. ↑ S. Nakayama: Candida krusei produces ethanol without production of succinic acid; a potential advantage for ethanol recovery by pervaporation membrane separation. In: FEMS Yeast Res. 8, 2008, p. 706. doi: 10.1111 / j.1567-1364.2008.00384.x
  19. ↑ Rita Kar, L. Viswanathan: Characteristics of a thermotolerant strain of Candida krusei. In: Journal of Basic Microbiology. Volume 27, Issue 2, 1987, pp. 91-97. doi: 10.1002 / jobm.3620270208 .
  20. ↑ Labor Lexicon: Candida detection
  21. ↑ bactfish.com: Picture Gallery: Candida ( Memento of the original from December 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bactfish.com
  22. ↑ List of Services, Candida ( Memento from January 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ↑ Manuel Vieira Dias Pinto de Andrade: Identification of Candida species and strains by the detection of polymorphic DNA regions in the PCR. (PDF; 2.2 MB), dissertation University of Berlin 1999.
  24. ^ R. Durand, M. Fischer, C. Rascle, M. Fèvre: Neocallimastix frontalis enolase gene, enol: first report of an intron in an anaerobic fungus. In: Microbiology. 141, 1995, pp. 1301-1308.
  25. ^ M. Tavakoli, F. Zaini, M. Kordbacheh, M. Safara, R. Raoofian, M. Heidari: Upregulation of the ERG11 gene in Candida krusei by azoles. In: Daru: journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Volume 18, Number 4, 2010, pp. 276-280, PMID 22615628 , PMC 3304355 (free full text).
  26. ^ Neha S. Gandhi, Kathy Young, John R. Warmington and Ricardo L. Mancera: Characterization of sequence and structural features of the Candida krusei enolase. In: In Silico Biology. 8, 0034 (2008).
  27. ↑ Alison S. Orozco, Lindsey M. Higginbotham, Christopher A. Hitchcock, Tanya Parkinson, Derek Falconer, Ashraf S. Ibrahim, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Scott G. Filler: Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida krusei. In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42 (10), October 1998, pp. 2645-2649. PMC 105912 (free full text)
  28. ↑ laboratory lexicon: antibiogram-yeast
  29. ↑ Roder et al., 1991, Marco et al., 1998.
  30. ↑ BL Roder, C. Sonnenschein, SH Hartzen: Failure of fluconazole therapy in Candida krusei fungemia. In: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 10 (3), 1991, p. 173.
  31. ↑ F. Marco, MA Pfaller, S. Messer, RN Jones: In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK-109,496) and four other antifungal agents against 394 clinical isolates of Candida spp. In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 42 (1), 1998, pp. 161-163.
  32. ↑ zct-berlin.de: Micafungin ZCT .
  33. ↑ infekt.ch: Anidulafungin - new echinocandin for invasive candidiasis, is fluconazole out?
  34. ↑ pharmazie.com : Mycostatin paste
  35. ↑ Mechelle E. Elosiebo: Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Against Candida krusei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects, 2004.

literature

  • MA Pfaller: Candida krusei. a multidrug-resistant opportunistic fungal pathogen: geographic and temporal trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program, 2001 to 2005. In: J Clin Microbiol. 46 (2), Feb 2008, pp. 515-521.
  • SD Rao, S. Wavare, S. Patil: Onycholysis caused by Candida krusei. In: Indian J. Med Microbiol. 22 (4), 2004, pp. 258-259.
  • EG Evans: Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents used in the treatment of onychomycosis: a review of current problems. In: Br J. Dermatol. 141 Suppl 56, 1999, pp. 33-35.
  • E. Rubinstein, ER Noriega, MS Simberkoff, R. Holzman, JJ Rahal: Fungal endocarditis: analysis of 24 cases and review of the literature. In: Medicine. 54, 1975, pp. 331-334.
  • Werner Mendling: vaginosis, vaginitis, cervicitis and salpingitis. Springer, Berlin 10/2006, p. 77: Candida krusei is the non-sexual, anamorphic form of Issatchenkia orientalis .
  • WG Merz et al: Increased incidence of fungemia caused by Candida crusei. In: J Clin Micro. 24, 1986, p. 581.

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