Candida glabrata

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Candida glabrata
Glabrata.jpg

Candida glabrata

Systematics
Subdivision : Saccharomycotina
Class : Saccharomycetes
Order : Real yeast (Saccharomycetales)
incertae sedis
Genre : Candida
Type : Candida glabrata
Scientific name
Candida glabrata
( HWAnderson ) SAMey. & Yarrow

Candida glabrata is a haploid yeast of the genus Candida , formerly known as Torulopsis glabrata .

features

On glucose - peptone - agar they form cream-colored, smooth, dull colonies that are curved and longer yeast-like cells form a Pseudomycelium. The cells are egg-shaped, grow individually or in buds and are 2 to 4 µm × 3 to 5.5 µm in size. No pseudomycelium is formed on cornmeal agar. The germ line test is negative. Urea cannot be broken down. The GC content is 39.6 to 40.2 mol%.

Pathogenicity

Until recently, C. glabrata was considered a primarily non-pathogenic organism. With the steadily growing number of immunosuppressed people, it became clear that C. glabrata is a highly opportunistic pathogen of the urogenital tract and the bloodstream ( fungemia ). It occurs ubiquitously and is a contamination germ in fruit juices. It can cause mastitis in cows . C. glabrata is a common cause of thrush in AIDS and cancer patients receiving radiation therapy and / or polychemotherapy. This can also lead to invasive candidiasis and sepsis .

A much-cited potential virulence factor for the pathogenicity of C. glabrata is a series of adhesins encoded by the EPA genes (epithelial cell adhesin). These genes are located in the subtelomeric region and can respond to signals from the environment that allow them to be expressed in large quantities so that the organism can adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces in microbial mats.

This is also the presumed mechanism by which C. glabrata forms microbial “ biofilms ” on urinary catheters . It also causes problems with dental equipment such as: B. Prostheses . Tortulosis or Candida glabrata can be found in the "Rare Diseases" database on the NIH website and also on the CDC website.

diagnosis

There are several methods to clear up the infection:

  • Cultures from smears or stool: Growing a culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar offers the possibility of rapid identification (color: cream-colored, soft and shiny colonies), possibly supplemented by a fungal antibiogram .
  • An IgA can provide evidence of an acute infection.
  • Urine controls, however, are less accurate
  • PCR

A microscopic skin diagnosis from cultures of swabs and biopsies can quickly lead to incorrect results and requires special evaluation.

treatment

A common phenotype and possible virulence factor of C. glabrata is intrinsic resistance to azoles ; H. the most widely prescribed antifungal drugs. These substances, including fluconazole and ketoconazole , are not effective against C. glabrata in 15–20% of cases . These problems do not currently occur with miconazole . While it was previously believed that this organism had an “innate” immunity to the drugs, it is more correct that it has an advanced resistance to the drugs. C. glabrata is sensitive to polyene drugs such as amphotericin B and nystatin , along with variable sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine and caspofungin . Systemic administration of amphotericin B is a last resort because of the considerable spectrum of side effects, as it can often kill the weakened patient.

Blood infections are best judged by symptoms when other areas of the body are involved.

An experimental but effective second-line treatment for chronic infections is the use of boric acid - vaginal suppositories . Vitamin E oil can be used in conjunction to combat irritation. Amphotericin-B vaginal suppositories have been used in case studies to treat chronic infections. Borax and boric acid can be used for persistent scalp and skin infections.

A vaccination that takes the fungal toxins into account, as is the case with tetanus bacteria, does not yet exist.

Karyotype and genome

The genetic information of C. glabrata is in the cell nucleus in 13 chromosomes and in the nucleus of the mitochondria . The genome of the strain CBS138 was first fully analyzed in 2004. It consists of 12.3 million base pairs and an estimated 5,200-5,300 genes . In 2009 the genome of C. parapsilosis was illustrated in 'Nature 459'.

The C. glabrata KEX2 gene is required for cell surface integrity. The disease relevance of parts of the mitochondrial DNA (COB) was researched.

literature

  • Sobel et al .: Candida glabrata: Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Disease with Comparison to C. albicans. [1]
  • Onkopedia: Invasive Fungal Infection Therapy
  • Derma-Net-Online.de (Section 2.3.2)
  • Heinrich Krause and Horst Ulbricht: Batrafen The great book of fungal infections, Schlütersche Verlag, January 1, 2000, ISBN 3-87706-583-X
  • Clinic guidelines for intensive care medicine, Jörg Braun and Roland Preuss, Urban & Fischer Verlag / Elsevier GmbH, TB, January 2009, ISBN 978-3-437-23761-4 (p. 612)
  • Cornelia Lass-Flörl: Fungal Diseases : Diagnosis. ÖÄZ, 6/25, March 2014, pp. 22–31, www.aerztezeitung.at, accessed February 6, 2018 [2]

Web links

Commons : Candida glabrata  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

credentials

  1. ^ Mycobank , accessed February 24, 2012.
  2. ↑ Yeasts / Blastomycetes ( Memento from September 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ http://www.laborlexikon.de/Lexikon/Infoframe/c/Candida-Arten.htm Candida symptoms
  4. ↑ http://www.hki-jena.de/index.php/bf3b12455a19667eff180d161c4df607/1/522 Infection models for Candida
  5. ↑ PL Fidel, JA Vazquez, JD Sobel: Candida glabrata: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans. In: Clinical microbiology reviews. Volume 12, Number 1, January 1999, pp. 80-96, PMID 9880475 , PMC 88907 (free full text) (review).
  6. ↑ Diseases Characterized by Vaginal Discharge ( Memento of the original from May 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cdc.gov
  7. ↑ http://www.laborlexikon.de/Lexikon/Infoframe/c/Candida-Nachweis.htm
  8. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / timm.main.teikyo-u.ac.jp
  9. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Search term: Candida  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.futurebiolab.de
  10. ↑ http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/medizin/andrade-manuel/PDF/Andrade.pdf
  11. ↑ http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/218/problematik_der_entwicklung_von_resistenzen_humaner_mykosen_gegenueber_azol_antimykotika.pdf Resistance of human mycoses
  12. ↑ S1 guideline 082-005: Diagnosis and therapy of Candida infections, current status: June 2016, www.awmf.org Archived copy ( memento of the original from February 19, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and still Not checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.awmf.org
  13. ^ NCBI entry Genome Project
  14. ↑ Dujon B, Sherman D, Fischer G, et al. : Genome evolution in yeasts . In: Nature . 430, No. 6995, July 2004, pp. 35-44. doi : 10.1038 / nature02579 . PMID 15229592 .
  15. ↑ UniProt entry
  16. ↑ G. Butler, et al .: Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes. In: Nature . Volume 459, number 7247, June 2009, pp. 657-662, doi : 10.1038 / nature08064 , PMID 19465905 , PMC 2834264 (free full text).
  17. ^ O. Bader, M. Schaller, S. Klein, J. Kukula, K. Haack, F. Mühlschlegel, HC Korting, W. Schäfer, B. Hube: The KEX2 gene of Candida glabrata is required for cell surface integrity. In: Molecular microbiology. Volume 41, Number 6, September 2001, pp. 1431-1444, PMID 11580846 .