Capsicum carassense
| Capsicum carassense | ||||||||||||
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Capsicum carassense |
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| Capsicum carassense | ||||||||||||
| Barboza & Bianch. |
Capsicum carassense is a species from the genus Paprika ( Capsicum ) inthe nightshade family (Solanaceae) that was first described in 2020.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Capsicum carassense is a usually 1 to 2 meter (rarely 0.8 to 3 meter) high shrub whose main shoot is somewhat thickened and whose sparse side branches grow dichotomously and protrude horizontally. The rungs are hollow and ribbed. Young shoots are green, streaky, and moderately to dense with simple, hook-shaped, single-row, adjoining, non-glandular, 0.2 to 0.7 millimeter long, drying to a yellow-brown color trichomes made up of three to five (rarely six) cells occupied. The nodes are colored green or purple. On older sprouts, the bark turns brown and there are no cork cells. The sympodial units are two-leaved, the leaves are in pairs or individually in the branches of the shoots. If they are in pairs, the two leaves are of different sizes.
The leaves are simple and slightly leathery. The upper side is dark green in color and, especially on the leaf veins, moderately covered with simple trichomes, which are similar to those on the sprouts. The underside is paler, the hairs are similar to the top, but there are also some glandular trichomes with a single-row stalk and a multicellular head. The leaf blades of the larger leaves are 6 to 16 inches long and 0.9 to 2.5 inches wide. They are narrow-elliptical or eilanzettlich and have four to six pairs of lateral leaf veins. The leaf axis is clearly visible, while the side veins are rather indistinct. The base is pointed, the leaf margin is entire and moderately hairy, the tip is usually pointed. The short petioles are 0.2 to 0.6 inches long. The smaller leaves are only 2.9 to 3.9 inches long, 0.5 to 0.8 inches wide, are narrow-elliptical and have only two or three (rarely four) pairs of lateral leaf veins. Their short petioles are only 0.2 to 0.4 inches long. The base of the smaller leaves is pointed, the edge of the leaf is entire and moderately hairy, the tip is blunt.
Inflorescences and flowers
The species blooms between October and January, but blooming individuals have also been observed in May. The inflorescences are clusters of two to four five-fold and hermaphrodite flowers with a double flower envelope . The flower stalks are 1.5 to 2 centimeters (rarely 1.2 to 2.2 centimeters) long, slightly angled and upright or oblique. They are green and angled at flowering time. Your hair is moderate. The small cup is 1.2 to 1.6 millimeters long and 2.5 to 3 millimeters in diameter. It is cup-shaped, thin-walled and light green to cream-colored, the calyx rim is flattened. The thick hair consists of close-fitting, curved, three- to five-cell, non-glandular and sparse, short and glandular trichomes with a dark, elongated, multicellular head and a short, single-celled stem. On the calyx there are five narrow, awl-like lobes with a length of 3 to 4 (rarely 2.5 to 5) millimeters. These are green, plump and stand upright relatively close to the calyx rim. Their hairiness is comparable to that of the calyx tube.
The star-shaped, outwardly greenish-white, interior dark purple-white crown is long 10 to 12 millimeters (rarely 8 millimeters) and measures 13 to 20 millimeters in diameter. It is thick and the corolla lobes, which are overgrown at the base, have a white border. The corolla tube has a greenish center. The crown is half or less lobed, the corolla tube is 4.5 to 5 millimeters long. The corolla lobes are 4.5 to 6.5 millimeters long, 5 to 8 millimeters wide, they are broadly triangular to triangular in shape, the tips are slightly curved like a hood. Hairiness can be found in the crown throat and at the base of the corolla lobes, it consists of long, glandular trichomes with a multicellular, spherical head and a two- or three-celled stem. The edges of the corolla lobes are also densely hairy.
The five short stamens are almost identical. The stamens are 2.7 to 3.1 (rarely up to 4.1) millimeters long, white and hairless. They stand about one millimeter above the base in the corolla tube and are minimally eyed. The anthers are 1.5 to 1.9 millimeters long and elliptical in shape. The counters are colored blue, the pollen is whitish-cream-colored.
The upper ovary is 1.3 to 1.5 millimeters long and about 1.2 millimeters in diameter, it is light green in color, glabrous and almost spherical to ovoid. The conspicuous nectaries are about 0.3 millimeters in size. The short stylus is to 5 millimeters (rarely to 7 mm), dyed 4,3 long white, club-shaped and bald. The scar is about 0.2 millimeters wide and 0.7 millimeters long, cream-colored and disc-shaped.
Fruits and seeds
Fruiting individuals were observed in December, February and April. The fruit is a spherical, indented berry with a diameter of 6 to 7 millimeters. It is initially green, changes color to yellowish-green when ripe, is bald with a sharp taste. The pericarp is translucent and has very long "giant cells". The endocarp is honeycombed, stone cells are absent. The stems have lengthened to 1.8 to 2.5 centimeters at maturity, are drooping and slightly curved. They are slightly angled and widened at the top. The fruit calyx has a diameter of about 4 millimeters, it is stable, does not grow any further, it is disc-shaped and yellowish-green in color. The narrow calyx tips are protruding from the fruit, green and fleshy. 7 to 13 seeds are formed per fruit . These are 3.5 to 4 millimeters long and 2.5 to 3 millimeters wide, elliptical to kidney-shaped and brownish-black to black in color. The surface is very honeycombed with small spiky outgrowths.
Distribution and locations
Capsicum carassense is endemic to the southeast of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and grows there in the Serra do Caraça and other nearby mountain ranges such as Serra do Gandarela , Serra Geral , Serra do Capanema and Serra São Geraldo at altitudes of 1000 to 1390 meters.
The population that was examined for the first description in the Serra do Caraça grows in the undergrowth of the partly deciduous, montane Atlantic forest in shady and moist surroundings.
Botanical history
For the processing of the genus Capsicum for the "Flora-do-Brasil" project, individuals from various Brazilian herbaria and from current collections were initially assigned to the species Capsicum mirabile . However , a phylogenetic investigation comprising the entire genus Capsicum showed that this group of individuals forms a separate clade within the genus that is not a sister clade to Capsicum mirabile . Based on this, detailed morphological studies were able to identify the populations of the Serra do Caraça and the surrounding area as an independent species. The epithet carassense refers to the very limited habitat of the species.
Systematics
Within the genus Capsicum , Capsicum carassense is classified in an "Atlantic Forest" class, the species of which have in common, among other things, the yellowish-green fruits with black-brown seeds. The species forms the sister clade to a clade, which consists of the species Capsicum cornutum and Capsicum campylopodium . The morphologically most similar species Capsicum mirabile can also be found in the "Atlantic Forest" clade. Capsicum carassense can be distinguished from Capsicum mirabile by the different hairs, the shape of the leaves, longer calyx tips and larger flowers .
proof
- Gloria E. Barboza, Luciano de Bem Bianchetti, João Renato Stehmann: Capsicum carassense (Solanaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In: PhytoKeys . Volume 140, 2020, pp. 125-138, doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.140.47071 .
- Carolina Carrizo García et al .: Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). In: Annals of Botany. Volume 118, 2016, pp. 35–51, doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcw079 .
