Carl Bruehl
Carl Brühl (Carl-Bernhard Brühl) (born May 5, 1820 in Prague , † August 14, 1899 in Graz ) was an Austrian physician and zoologist (anatomist; university professor), popular educator and women's rights activist.
Life
Carl (lexically also Karl) Bernhard Brühl is largely forgotten today - although he combined some notable “out of date” strivings.
Brühl graduated from high school in Prague and then went to Vienna to study medicine (1841–47). In March 1848 he raised his voice in favor of the people and demanded freedom of teaching and learning at the university. He then worked as a doctor for a few years, but as a precaution went abroad to study (Italy and France), while the liberal Undersecretary of State Ernst von Feuchtersleben , who promoted him, came to terms with the "Regme" again. In 1855 he returned to Vienna, was appointed by Leo Count Thun , Minister of Cultus and Education since 1849 and ultramontaneously , as professor of zootomy and comparative anatomy in Cracow in 1857 , in Pest in 1859 , but soon afterwards ultimately at the University of Vienna, where he got his own zootomic (today: zoological) institute in 1863, as already planned by Freund Feuchtersleben († 1855). - In Vienna he repeatedly gave popular scientific lectures ("Sunday lectures" in the "Thiergarten" in the Prater) - in one (1874), about Goethe's essay " Nature ", the young Sigmund Freud was present, who was thereby designated as a doctor. In this way, Brühl wanted, as he also puts it in relevant publications "for self-study of younger friends of comparative anatomy", to impart natural science to talented people of all levels and to win them over if necessary.
He therefore gave lectures that were free of charge and - at the time almost unheard of and often offensive - were also open to female listeners. In it he refuted the widespread opinion (especially propagated by Prof. Theodor von Bischoff , Munich, in the book "The Study and Practice of Medicine by Women", 1872) that the female brain is structurally (too small!) For study ( especially medicine!) incapable (or at least clumsy) - even the most experienced anatomists could not distinguish a female from a male brain. This of course caused “bad blood” for traditionalists, but also ensured him the lasting affection of all women's rights activists. On the occasion of his retirement (1890) he demanded the establishment of an “anatomical-zoological folk museum” in order to make such things generally understandable as his skeleton demonstrations at the Vienna World Exhibition in 1873 had already met with great interest. Brühl spent his old age in Graz.
His view of the relationship between man and woman is most clearly expressed in Brühl's lecture from 1893 (linked below, p. 33–68, with portrait p. 17) on the gifts of women: In the beginning there were centuries or centuries in nature For thousands of years only the female principle (“womanhood” - he was neither a follower of Darwin nor a pious church, rather a declared Deist ). Gradually a higher principle developed from this, the masculine principle ("mannthum") - but only so that it would raise the feminine to the same level! The woman as a dull housemaid cannot be the goal.
research
From his research area, comparative osteology (bone or skeletal theory), he published a number of detailed studies and also textbooks that are still usable today if you only replace the outdated terms with the now valid ones, e.g. B. over the largely cartilaginous salmon skull. But he did not only deal with vertebrates - an (external) skeleton also has z. B. the insects - he describes with enthusiasm the finer, thoroughly functional structure of the lice (1871).
List of publications
in the catalog of the Vienna University Library. # Additions. Unless otherwise stated, the place of publication is Vienna.
- (1845) On the knowledge of the vertebrate skeleton (etc.) for the comparative anatomy of the bones: The method of osteological detail shown on the carp skeleton etc.
- (1847) # About officinelle monocotyledons.
- (1847–) Foundations of the comparative anatomy of all animal classes. doi: 10.5962 / bhl.title.5784 online
- (1850) Small contributions to the anatomy of domestic mammals.
- (1853) # Treatise sent in. Evidence against Hyrtl and Stannius. online (PDF; 527 kB)
- (1856) Osteology from the Paris plant garden.
- (1856) To the knowledge of the orang head and the orange garden.
- (1856) # About the meaning and purpose of meetings of naturalists in our day and especially in our German fatherland; an occasional word for the opening of the 32nd natural scientist meeting in Vienna in 1856.
- (1858) A few words about the scientific position of zoology in the cycle of the medical sciences. (Pest)
- (1860) # Phoca Holitschensis, the fossil phoca foot of the Pest University Museum, a unicum. Communications from the kk zoological institute of the University of Pest. online (PDF; 2.3 MB)
- (1860) About the occurrence of Esteria and Branchypus around Pest. online (PDF; 626 kB)
- (1860) Communications from the kk zoological institute of the University of Pest.
- (1862) # The skeletons of the crocodiles depicted in twenty panels. doi: 10.5962 / bhl.title.60109 online ( Memento from October 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 22.9 MB)
- (1862) Icones ad zootomiam illustrandam : The skeletons of the crocodiles depicted in 20 panels. http://www.google.at/books?id=vOgXAAAAYAAJ
- (1865) Laqueus Owenii and laqueus tympanicus petrosi [addition to the above].
- (1868) University and popular education, priesthood and science. (2nd edition: 1888)
- (1871) # About lice parasitic on humans.
- (1871) # On the finer anatomy of the parasitic lice in humans. Preliminary communication.
- (1874–88) Zootomy of all animal classes for learners. (4 vols.)
- (1878) Something about the vertebrate brain, with particular reference to that of the woman, etc.
- (1879) # Something about the vertebrate brain with special reference to that of the woman. online (PDF; 9.1 MB)
- (1882) Flea skeleton.
- (1882) Cancer Skeleton.
- (1883) # Woman's brain, woman's soul, women's rights. (Leipzig)
- (1886) Hatteria head.
- (1886) reptile head.
- (1888) Snail anatomy for students.
- (1893) Something about the gifts of nature to women (etc.). http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1328&page=1&viewmode=fullscreen
- (1897) Provisional on the occasion of July 20, 1847 (etc.) for my former audience. (Graz)
literature
- Constantin von Wurzbach : Brühl, Bernhard Karl . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 2nd part. Publishing house of the typographic-literary-artistic establishment (L. C. Zamarski, C. Dittmarsch & Comp.), Vienna 1857, p. 170 ( digitized version ).
- Brühl Karl Bernhard. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 1, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1957, p. 120.
Web links
- Karl Bernhard Brühl in the database Women in Motion 1848–1938 of the Austrian National Library
Individual evidence
- ↑ The two had planned the creation of girls' (real) grammar schools as early as 1848.
- ↑ Apparently, ironically, Bischoff himself had a brain of below average weight.
- ↑ cf. for example archive link ( memento of the original from December 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , with picture.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Brühl, Carl |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Austrian physician and zoologist (anatomist; university professor), popular educator and women's rights activist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | May 5, 1820 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Prague |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 14, 1899 |
| Place of death | Graz |