Dornfinger (genus)

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Thorn finger
Nurse's thornfinger (Cheiracanthium punctorium), female

Nurse's thornfinger ( Cheiracanthium punctorium ), female

Systematics
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Real spiders (Araneomorphae)
Partial order : Entelegynae
Family : Thorn Finger Spiders (Cheiracanthiidae)
Genre : Thorn finger
Scientific name
Cheiracanthium
CL Koch , 1839

The thorn fingers ( Cheiracanthium ) are a genus from the family of the thorn finger spiders (Cheiracanthiidae). With currently 195 species described , the genus is the largest of the family. It is spread all over the world. So far, 25 species have been described for Europe. The type of the genus and at the same time a species known for its poisonous effects on humans is the wet nurse's thorn finger ( Cheiracanthium punctorium ). Some species native to North America are collectively referred to there as yellow sac spiders.

description

The species of the genus Cheiracanthium are medium-sized to large spiders by Central European standards, the largest European species is the wet nurse's thorn finger with a body length of up to 15 mm. The body is strong, the front body ( prosoma ) is elongated oval and mostly monochrome beige-brownish. The rear body ( opisthosoma ) is also elongated oval. In many species it is almost monochrome greenish or brownish, in a number of species it shows a broad central band. The chelicerae (jaw claws) are strikingly strong and, in the males, are also very elongated.

The relatively small eyes are arranged in two double rows close together. In contrast to the similar genus Clubiona , the rear row of eyes is not significantly wider than the front. The legs are quite long, the first pair of legs is significantly longer than the second pair of legs, with Clubiona it is the other way around. In addition, in contrast to Clubiona, there is no clear foveal sales mark on the prosoma.

Way of life

The species of the genus do not build fishing nets, they are nocturnal hunters. The day is spent in quiet webs that are exposed differently depending on the species, mostly in herbaceous vegetation or hidden under stones and undergrowth. For reproduction, the females create brood webs . The egg cocoon is attached to the inside of the brood web and, like the young spiders, is guarded by the female.

Meaning of the name

The type species Cheiracanthium punctorium , male (above), female (below) and eye position in the work Die Arachniden by CL Koch (1839), the first person to describe the genus Cheiracanthium . The genus-typical spur on the ♂ pedipal pentarsus is recognizable.

The German name "Dornfinger" is a literal translation of the generic name Cheiracanthium given by CL Koch in 1839 (Greek: ἡ χείρ hē cheir = "the hand, the fist, the arm"; ἡ ἄκανθα hē akantha = "the thorn"). The frequently used spelling Chiracanthium is a correction of the description that is neither linguistically nor according to the international rules of zoological nomenclature . The name refers to a thorn-like appendage of the genus on the cymbium called the reshaped tarsus of the male pedipalps , which was used by CL Koch when establishing the genus as a distinguishing feature from the genus Clubiona . Thus the name comes from the genital - morphology of the species and has no connection with the danger of bites or poison effect of individual species for the people, as one might believe you. Even if the species Cheiracanthium punctorium is often understood by "thorn finger" , the name in the original and proper sense applies to all species of the genus Cheiracanthium . When using the German name “Dornfinger”, confusion and confusion are easily possible. Although not Cheiracanthium , but Miturga is scientifically eponymous for the Miturgidae family, the German name “Dornfingerspinnen” was also used for the family itself and for various genera of the family. Since the genus Cheiracanthium was hived off , the Miturgidae are increasingly referred to as "wandering spiders", among other things because the Zoridae have been synonymous with them. The Dornfinger “hysteria” in Austria in 2006 could have been caused by a southern European species that was introduced to North America and has recently been found in Austria again since 1993 - Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch , 1864 - which may have been introduced there or immigrated there.

Systematics

The genus Cheiracanthium was - for reasons of practicability and despite clear concerns about a family affiliation - until a short time ago placed in the family Clubionidae (sack spiders). In 1997 it was discovered by Ramírez et al. transferred to the subfamily Eutichurinae of the Miturgidae family (hence earlier thorn finger spiders; today: wandering spiders). Deeleman-Reinhold revised this transfer in 2001, but this reassignment to the Clubionidae was not included in the World Spider Catalog and was therefore largely unaccepted in specialist circles. In 2014 Ramírez raised the subfamily Eutichurinae to family status through a revision of the real spiders. Eutichuridae is now regarded as a synonym for the Cheiracanthiidae family.

List of all Cheiracanthium species

The World Spider Catalog currently lists 209 species for the genus Dornfinger. (Status: February 2016)

Toxic effect on humans

A number of the larger species in the genus can cause relevant poisoning to humans. These include in Europe the Cheiracanthium punctorium and the species Cheiracanthium mildei, which is widespread in southern Europe . The bite itself and the subsequent clinical symptoms - sometimes in Anglophone space as Chiracanthism or Cheiracanthism out - are described widely in the literature, since apparently often poisoning without sufficient security species of the genus Cheiracanthium were attributed. Occasionally, the bites are barely noticeable, but mostly felt as painful as a wasp or bee sting . A burning pain almost always occurs at the bite site after a few minutes. This pain then spreads to the entire bitten limb within minutes or a few hours. When biting the fingers, there is almost always pain and tenderness in the lymph nodes of the armpits. More severe courses with chills, dizziness, vomiting, mild fever or circulatory failure are rare . After 24–30 hours, the symptoms usually have completely subsided. There have been no reports of permanent damage or even death. Bites in children and more sensitive adults should be monitored by a doctor, but only treated symptomatically. For this purpose, analgesic steroid ointments, ASA or a relaxant (relaxant) can be used.

The statement that is often found in the literature that bites from species of the genus Cheiracanthium also cause small-area necrosis is apparently incorrect across the board. A critical review of all published poisonings by Cheiracanthium species revealed bean-sized necrosis at the bite site (caused by Cheiracanthium punctorium ) in only one case . Neither in Europe nor in America and Australia could further necrosis from bites of species of the genus Cheiracanthium be detected.

In South Africa , specialist publications and field guides warn against the bites of various Cheiracanthium species, of which Cheiracanthium lawrencei Roewer , 1951 , is said to have a significant toxic effect on humans. According to MR Filmer, Cheiracanthium specimens are often found in the houses with their woven sacks, run over people who are sleeping at night and bite aggressively in response to slight provocations. However, the cause of the bites in the cases in question was apparently not or not properly determined. The symptoms described (relative painlessness, relatively large distance between the bite marks due to the chelicerae) also raise contradictions which suggest a review.

There is no reliable information on the frequency of bites. Even with numerous published reports on poisoning, it is often unclear whether the patients were actually bitten by a species of the genus Cheiracanthium , since the spider was mostly not available for identification or was sometimes not seen at all.

Spider infestation on Mazda automobiles

Loves Mazda 6: Cheiracanthium inclusum

In March 2011, the automobile manufacturer Mazda had to recall 65,000 model series 6 vehicles to the workshops because cobwebs had been found in the ventilation line of the tank system of some vehicles. Animals of the species Cheiracanthium inclusum were found to be the originator . Despite the installation of a spring to prevent spiders from settling in the tank system, a number of other incidents of the same nature occurred, and Mazda had to retrieve another 42,000 vehicles of the same model in April 2014. What the infected vehicles had in common was that they all came from the Flat Rock Auto Plant in Michigan. The cause of the behavior of the animals, in particular why only vehicles from this one model series were affected, has not yet been clarified.

Web links

Commons : Dornfinger ( Cheiracanthium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Cheiracanthium in the World Spider Catalog

literature

  • Heiko Bellmann: Cosmos Atlas Arachnids of Europe . 3rd edition, 2006. Kosmos, Stuttgart, ISBN 978-3-440-10746-1 .
  • Andreas Wolf: Cheiracanthium punctorium - portrait of a notorious spider. Nature and Museum 118; 1988: pp. 310-317.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.5 - Cheiracanthium . Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b Nentwig W , Blick T, Gloor D, Hänggi A, Kropf C: Spinnen Europa. www.araneae.unibe.ch . Version 10.2016, URL here http://www.araneae.unibe.ch/genkey/14/Clubionidae
  3. ↑ a b c Michael J. Roberts (trans. & Edit. Aart P. Noordam): Spinnengids , Tirion, Baarn 1998/1999, pp. 1–397, ISBN 90-5210-268-6 , here p. 141
  4. ↑ a b c Michael J. Roberts: The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland 3: Atypidae to Linyphiidae (color plates) - with comments on the Central European fauna by Jörg Wunderlich (Original: The Spiders of Greatbritain and Ireland ), Vol. 3; Harley Books, 1985, Erich Bauer, Keltern 1985, pp. 1–256, ISBN 3-88988-007-X . ISBN 0-946589-07-0 , here Plate 28-30 ( Clubiona ) opposite Plate 31 ( Cheiracanthium )
  5. ↑ Carl Ludwig Koch (founder: Carl Wilhelm Hahn): "The Arachnids - True to nature depicted and described", CH Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nuremberg, sixth volume, 1839, pp. 1–156, here pp. 9–11 , Tab. CLXXXII, Fig. 434–435 [Original copy from Oxford University, digitized on May 10, 2006 (Google), URL: http://books.google.de/books?id=sxEAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT7&output=html or http: //books.google.de/books?pg=PT7&id=sxEAAAAAQAAJ , accessed on 16.I.2008 via "Google Book Search"]
  6. ↑ a b c d Niederösterreichisches Landesmuseum: Dornfinger - a spider becomes a media star , brochure, 2007, full text as pdf
  7. ^ Fritz Clemens Werner: Word elements of Latin-Greek technical terms in the biological sciences , Suhrkamp, ​​1st edition 1972, ISBN 3-518-36564-9 , here pp. 82, 157f
  8. ↑ Jerzy Prószyński & Wojciech Staręga: Pająki - Aranei , catalog fauny Polski, 37, 1995, pp. 1-275 [at the same time: catalogs of Upper Austria. Landesmuseums NF, 84, 1995, 55-76], ISBN 3-900746-78-8 , here p. 57f
  9. ↑ Carl Ludwig Koch (founder: Carl Wilhelm Hahn): The arachnids - true to nature, depicted and described. CH Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nuremberg, sixth volume, 1839, p. 1–156, here p. 9–11 under " Cheiracanthium Nutrix " original copy from Oxford University, URL: [1] or [2]
  10. ↑ Manfred Moritz: CLASS Arachnida Arachnids In: Dietrich Kühlmann, Rudolf Kilias, Manfred Moritz & Martin Rauschert: Invertebrates in Europe - apart from insects , Neumann, Radebeul 1993, pp. 228–305, here p. 278
  11. ↑ a b Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.5 - Miturgidae . Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  12. ↑ Peter Jäger: Spider collections from Eastern Austria with four initial records for Austria , Arachnologische Mitteilungen
  13. ↑ Konrad Thaler & Barbara Knoflach: Adventive arachnids in Austria - with views of the neighboring countries (Arachnida without Acari). In: Stapfia. Volume 37 ( Immigrants - New Animal Species Conquer Austria. ) Linz 1995, pp. 55–76, PDF on ZOBODAT
  14. ↑ Ute Grimm: The Clubionidae Central Europe: Corinninae and Liocraninae (Arachnida, Araneae). In: Treatises of the Natural Science Association in Hamburg, NF
  15. ↑ Martin J. Ramírez, Alexandre B. Bonaldo & Antonio D. Brescovit: Revisión del género Macerio y comentarios sobre la ubicación de Cheiracanthium, Tecution y Helebiona (Araneae, Miturgidae, Eutichurinae) [Revision of the genus Macerio and comments on the placement of Cheiracanthium, Tecution y [and] Helebiona (Araneae, Miturgidae, Eutichurinae)]. In: Iheringia Serie Zoologica. 82, 1997, pp. 43-66, here p. 45.
  16. ↑ Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold: Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae, and Trochanterriidae), Brill, Leiden et al. 2001, pp. 1–591, ISBN 90-04-11959-0 , here p. 571
  17. ↑ Ramírez, MJ (2014). The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1-374.
  18. ↑ a b Zvonimir Maretić: Spider Venoms and Their Effect In: Wolfgang Nentwig 1987 (Ed.): Ecophysiology Of Spiders , Springer, Berlin et al. 1987, pp. 142-159, ISBN 3-540-17034-0 , here pp. 156f
  19. ↑ Abdullah Bayram, Nazife Yiğit, Tarık Danışman, İlkay Çorak, Zafer Sancak & Derya Ulaşoğlu: Venomous Spiders of Turkey (Araneae) In: Journal of Applied Biological Sciences Volume 1, Number 3, 2007, pp. 33-36, here p. 34
  20. ↑ a b c RS Vetter, GK Isbister u. a .: Verified bites by yellow sac spiders (genus Cheiracanthium) in the United States and Australia: where is the necrosis? In: The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. Volume 74, Number 6, June 2006, pp. 1043-1048, ISSN  0002-9637 . PMID 16760517 . (Review).
  21. ↑ P. Sacher: New evidence of the thorn finger spider Cheiracanthium punctorium (Arachnida: Clubionidae). Hercynia NF 27; 1990: pp. 326-334
  22. Jump up ↑ Richard S. Vetter, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Sean P. Bush & Lisa J. Boutin, Verified Bites by Yellow Sac Spiders (Genus Cheiracanthium) in the United States and Australia: Where is the Necrosis? , American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 2006, pp. 1043-1048, here p. 1046, with reference to various publications by Gerry Newlands et al.
  23. ↑ a b z. B. Martin R. Filmer, Southern African Spiders - An Identification Guide , Struik Publishers, Cape Town 1995 (first edition 1991), pp. 1–128, ISBN 1-86825-188-8 , here p. 78
  24. ↑ a b Richard S. Vetter, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Sean P. Bush & Lisa J. Boutin: Verified Bites by Yellow Sac Spiders (Genus Cheiracanthium) in the United States and Australia: Where is the Necrosis? , American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 2006, pp. 1043-1048
  25. ↑ Curious problem: Mazda recalls 65,000 cars because of spiders. In: Spiegel Online . March 4, 2011, accessed December 29, 2014 .
  26. ↑ Mazda recalls 65,000 cars for spider problem. In: latimes.com. March 3, 2011, accessed December 29, 2014 .
  27. ↑ Curious recall from Mazda: Get the spider out of the tank. In: Spiegel Online . April 7, 2014, accessed December 29, 2014 .