Chthoniidae

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Chthoniidae
Ayyalonia dimentmani, photographed at the site in the Ajalon cave

Ayyalonia dimentmani , photographed at the site in the Ajalon cave

Systematics
Sub-stem : Jawbearers (Chelicerata)
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones)
Subordination : Epiocheirata
Superfamily : Chthonioidea
Family : Chthoniidae
Scientific name
Chthoniidae
Daday , 1907

The Chthoniidae are a family of the pseudoscorpions .

features

The species of the family Chthoniidae have up to four eyes located laterally in the anterior part of the cephalothorax . However, one pair of eyes is usually reduced or not developed. Cave-dwelling species are mostly blind and their eyes are regressed. These pseudoscorpions of the family Chthoniidae are very small and reach a total length of a few millimeters. Like the real scorpions, they carry imposing paired pedipalps that each end in large scissors. The pedipalps reach almost the same length as the rest of the body. In the Chthoniidae, the palm of the hand carries two sensory hairs ( trichobothria ).

The cephalothorax tapers backwards. This is followed by the opisthosoma .

Occurrence

The species of the Chthoniidae are distributed worldwide. They live in leaf litter and in the ground as well as under rocks, stones or in caves. Many species are troglobionts and occur in cave systems around the globe.

Taxonomy and systematics

Eugen von Daday described the Chthoniinae as a separate subfamily of the pseudoscorpions in 1888, and in 1894 Hansen raised them to a family. At that time this family still contained the subfamily Dithinae, which today forms its own family under the name Tridenchthoniidae . In his presentation of the pseudoscorpions for the collection Das Tierreich 1932, Max Beier also added the tribe Pseudotyrannochthoniini to the family Chthoniidae, which was spun off as a separate family Pseudotyrannochthoniidae in 1993 . In 1992 the genus Lechytia was classified in the family Lechytiidae , since then there have been no major changes in the systematics of the family Chthoniidae, with the exception of the first description of a new tribe after the discovery of the species Ayyalonia dimentmani in the Israeli Ajalon cave .

The separated three families Tridenchthoniidae, Lechytiidae and Pseudotyrannochthoniidae together with the Chthoniidae and the Dracochelidae known from fossil amber form the superfamily Chthonioidea .

Genera

The family Chthoniidae comprises 28 genera in the currently only subfamily Chthoniinae, which is divided into three tribes. The largest genus is Chthonius with around 230 species in several sub-genera.

Tribe Ayyaloniini with the only species
Tribe Chthoniini
Tribe Tyrannochthoniini

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Max Beier et al. (Ed.): Pseudoscorpionidea I: Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. In: Max Beier, Richard Hesse, Robert Mertens, Franz Eilhard Schulze, Heinz Wermuth (Hrsg.): Das Tierreich. Delivery 57, De Gruyter, 1932 (reprint 2011), p. 35
  2. ↑ JC Chamberlin: New and little-known false scorpions, principally from caves, belonging to the families Chthoniidae and Neobisiidae (Arachnida, Chelonethida). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 123, pp. 303-352, 1962
  3. ↑ MS Harvey: Chthoniidae , Pseudoscorpions of the World, Version 2.0, Western Australian Museum, Perth 2011-2014, accessed on March 10, 2014
  4. ↑ Božidar PM Ćurčić: Ayyalonia dimentmani ng, n. Sp. (Ayyaloniini n. Trib., Chthoniidae, Pseudoscorpiones) from a cave in Israel. Archives of Biological Sciences, 60, 3, pp. 331-339, 2008 doi : 10.2298 / ABS0803331C
  5. ^ W. Schawaller: Fossil Chthoniidae in Dominican amber, with phylogenetic notes (Stuttgart amber collection: Arachnida, Pseudoscorpionidea). Stuttgart contributions to natural history (B), 63, pp. 1-19, 1980
  6. ↑ Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Chthoniidae ( Memento of the original from February 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed on March 10, 2014 (the five genera of the Pseudotyrannochthoniidae are still included here) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / insects.tamu.edu

literature

  • Max Beier et al. (Ed.): Pseudoscorpionidea I: Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. In: Max Beier, Richard Hesse , Robert Mertens , Franz Eilhard Schulze , Heinz Wermuth (Hrsg.): Das Tierreich. Delivery 57, De Gruyter, 1932 (reprint 2011)
  • WB Muchmore: Pseudoscorpions from Florida and the Caribbean area. 13. New species of Tyrannochthonius and Paraliochthonius from the Bahamas, with discussion of the genera (Chthoniidae). Florida Entomologist, 67, pp. 119-126, 1984

Web links

Commons : Chthoniidae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Chthoniidae at Fauna Europaea
  • MS Harvey: Chthoniidae , Pseudoscorpions of the World, Version 2.0, Western Australian Museum, Perth 2011-2014, accessed March 10, 2014