Collegium medico-chirurgicum

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The Collegium medicum and from 1724 the Collegium medico-chirurgicum were institutions for the control of the theoretical and practical instruction of doctors and surgeons as well as municipal supervisory authorities (today health authorities ) for medical and pharmaceutical professions. The Collegium Medicum was founded in many places in the Holy Roman Empire to further develop internal medicine and to improve and standardize the surgical training that has been practiced by the skilled bathers , barbers , field scissors and surgeons since the Council of Tours in the 12th century .

Brandenburg-Prussia

In the 17th and 18th centuries, highly respected personalities taught at the Collegia medico-chirurgica in Kurbrandenburg who had made their surgical careers through non-academic training. Together with their academically trained specialist colleagues, they and other colleagues in Germany formed the initiators of an increasingly scientifically oriented surgery . The surgeons were subject to dual supervision by the state, namely the medical authorities and the guild regulations , which date back to the Middle Ages . The “Collegium medicum” was created in Berlin in 1685 as the highest health authority . With the " Societät der Wissenschaften " founded in 1700 , Prussia received a Theatrum anatomicum in the capital in 1713 . In 1723/24, under the President of the Academy Jacob Paul von Gundling , the Collegium medico-chirurgicum , founded by Friedrich Wilhelm I, emerged from the Collegium medicum , which was connected as a teaching institute with the Theatrum anatomicum .

An anatomy professor was appointed in 1723 for the surgical training of all medical professions. In Prussia, in addition to the academically trained doctors and pharmacists, the bathers and barbers organized in guilds , as well as the entire medical staff, were under the supervision of the Collegium medicum , which was transformed into the "Ober-Collegium medicum" at the Charité in 1725 . In addition, from 1724 "Provincial Colleges" were established. The upper college consisted of a minister of state as chairman, the personal and court physicians, the physician, the oldest practitioners in Berlin, the body and general surgeon, court pharmacist and three surgeons with two pharmacists as assessors. The medical edict of September 27, 1725 in Prussia ordered that the barbers and bathers should diligently practice a “God-pleasing, sober and indented, moderate life, so that they can be able to deal with their art and science at all times in the case of a dispute Serve well and with understanding, be it day or night (...) even in times of plague and times of death, since God is before when they are ordered to go to the hospitals. "

The Prussian Army had bathers and surgeons who had completed apprenticeships as field scissors. Presumably, however, not all field scissors met these minimum requirements. The equipment of the field scissors was also considered completely inadequate. At the beginning of the 18th century, Prussia appointed a general surgeon to whom all field scissors were subordinate, which improved many things; above all, they were now trained uniformly. The first general surgeon was Ernst Konrad Holtzendorff (1688–1751). Through him the care of the wounded was decisively improved. Holtzendorff co-founded the surgical training at the “Collegium medico-chirurgicum” for the training and further education of army field scissors and converted a pesthospice into an army hospital under the name “Charité” in Berlin, which was later opened to all citizens.

In 1724, Professor Georg Ernst Stahl , the personal physician of King Friedrich Wilhelm I , became president of the “Ober-Collegium Medicum”. From then on, a surgeon could only be approved in Prussia if he presented a training certificate and worked with a master for at least seven years, including as a field clerk with the troops, had served and had been examined after an operation course by the "Ober-Collegium Medicum". On December 13, 1809, the Collegium medico-chirurgicum was dissolved and the library was taken over by the Pépinière , even if a few lectures were still held in 1810 until the start of teaching at the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität .

Nuremberg

The official establishment of the "Collegium medicum" in Nuremberg took place on May 27, 1592 by Joachim Camerarius the Younger . The Nuremberg city doctors Melchior Ayrer and Volcher Coiter were also involved in the planning and founding that began in October 1573 . Ayrer and Heinrich Wolf (f), who worked as a city doctor from 1550 to 1581, had proposed it to the council.

Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg

Founding of the “Collegium medicum” in Hamburg in 1644 , an association of Hamburg doctors.

bibliography

  • Alexander von Lyncker, The register of the Prussian Collegium medico-chirurgicum in Berlin 1730 to 1768 , in: Archive for Family Research and All Related Areas , Volume 11, 1933, pp. 129 ff.
  • Alexander von Lyncker, The register of the Prussian Collegium medico-chirurgicum in Berlin 1769 to 1797 , in: Archive for Family Research and All Related Areas , Volume 12, 1935, pp. 97 ff.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfram Kaiser, Werner Piechocki : On the history of the Halle bath and surgeon trade. In: Medical monthly. Vol. 22, No. 9, 1968, ISSN  0025-8474 , pp. 399-406.
  2. ↑ Ferdinand Sauerbruch : Lecture ("Description of the history of surgery, its position in the present and the importance of this branch of medicine"), given in the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In: Hans Rudolf Berndorff : A life for surgery. Obituary for Ferdinand Sauerbruch. In: Ferdinand Sauerbruch: That was my life. Kindler & Schiermeyer, Bad Wörishofen 1951 (with an appendix by Hans Rudolf Berndorff); several new editions, for example licensed edition for Bertelsmann Lesering, Gütersloh 1956, pp. 456–478, here: pp. 460–478, p. 466 f.
  3. ^ Georg Fischer: Surgery 100 years ago. Historical study. Vogel, Leipzig 1876 (reprinted as: Surgery 100 years ago. Historical study of the 18th century from 1876. Springer, Berlin et al. 1978, ISBN 3-540-08751-6 ).
  4. ↑ Annette Drees, Horst Haferkamp, Axel Hinrich Murken : Bloody craft - clinical surgery. On the development of surgery 1750–1920. Published on behalf of the Regional Association of Westphalia-Lippe. Westfälisches Museumsamt, Münster 1989, ISBN 3-927204-00-6 .
  5. ↑ Oliver Bergmeier: The so-called "lower surgery" with special consideration of the city of Halle an der Saale in the first half of the 19th century. Halle 2002 (Halle, university, dissertation, 2002).
  6. ↑ Hanspeter Marti, Karin Marti-Weissenbach (ed.): Nuremberg University in Altdorf. Böhlau, Köln / Weimar 2014, ISBN 978-3-412-22337-3 , p. 21 ( Google books ).
  7. ↑ Doris Wolfangel: Dr. Melchior Ayrer (1520-1579). Medical dissertation Würzburg 1957, pp. 24 and 52.