Cynanchum

Cynanchum
	Cynanchum acutum
Systematics
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Silk plants (Asclepiadoideae)
Tribe :	Asclepiadeae
Sub tribus :	Cynanchinae
Genre :	Cynanchum
Scientific name
	Cynanchum
	L.

Cynanchum is a genus of plants in the subfamily silk plant family (Asclepiadoideae) within the dog venom family(Apocynaceae).

description

Habitus of Cynanchum aphyllum , as the botanical name suggests: without leaves

Flowers of Cynanchum floribundum

Vegetative characteristics

Cynanchum species are subshrubs or perennial herbaceous plants that grow independently upright or are climbing plants. Many species form rhizomes as persistence organs. Around 60 species are root or stem succulent plants. The plants contain a milky sap that can be white or, more rarely, clear. The green stems are around 1.5 to 15 millimeters in diameter and can be smooth, ribbed, waxed, glabrous, hairy or warty.

The often stalked leaves are usually opposite, rarely lively. The leaf blades have different shapes: from linear to heart-shaped. They can also be reduced to dandruff.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences are structured very differently and include a few to many flowers.

The mostly small, radial symmetry , hermaphrodite, five-fold flowers often smell and contain nectar . There are five upright sepals . The five white to brown petals are star-shaped to tubular, rarely also bell-shaped. The diameter of the corolla is 3 to 20 millimeters. The secondary crown is lower or higher than the "gynostegium", which can be pedicled or seated.

Usually there is only one follicle per flower.

Occurrence

The genus Cynanchum is distributed worldwide in the tropics and subtropics. A few species also penetrate the temperate latitudes from the Ukraine to the temperate zones of Asia.

Systematics and botanical history

Cynanchum daltonii

Inflorescence of Cynanchum marnierianum

Cynanchum maximowiczii

Cynanchum phillipsonianum

Cynanchum viminale

The genus Cynanchum was established by Carl von Linné .

The scope of the genus Cynanchum is controversial. The genus Cynanchum is defined quite broadly by Liede in Albers & Meve 2002. The swallowwort ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ) used to be known as Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. counted to this genus. As part of a revision (Liede 1996) of the African taxa and other authors, many species from the genus Cynanchum were transferred to other genera.

There are many synonyms for Cynanchum L .: Adelostemma Hook. f. , Aphanostelma Schltr. , Bunburia Harv. , Cynoctonum E. Mey . nom. illeg., Decanemopsis Costantin & Gallaud , Dicarpophora Speg. , Drepanostemma Jum. & H.Perrier , Exostegia Bojer ex Decne. , Flanagania Schltr. , Folotsia Costantin & Bois , Gilgia Pax , Glossonema Decne. , Graphistemma (Chapm. Ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth. , Holostemma R.Br. , Karimbolea Desc. , Mahafalia Jum. & H.Perrier , Metaplexis R.Br. , Mastostigma Stocks , Metalepis Griseb. , Monostemma Turcz. , Nematostemma Choux , Petalostemma R.Br. nom. nud., Pentarrhinum E. Mey . , Perianthostelma Baill. , Platykeleba N.E.Br. , Prosopostelma Baill. , Psanchum Neck. , Pycnoneurum Decne. , Raphistemma Wall. , Roulinia Decne. , Sarcocyphula Harv. , Sarcostemma R.Br. , Sarmasikia Bubani , Schizocorona F. Muell. , Seshagiria Ansari & Hemadri , Sichuania M.G.Gilbert & PTLi , Symphyoglossum Turcz. , Telminostelma E. Fourn . , Voharanga Costantin & Bois , Vohemaria Buchenau , Urostelma Bunge , Ziervoglia Neck. Some authors divide the genre into several sub-genres.

The genus Cynanchum still contains about 255 species (selection):

Cynanchum acutum L .: It occurs in two subspecies in the Canary Islands and from the Mediterranean to Siberia and northern China.
Cynanchum africanum (L.) Hoffmanns. : It occurs in the Capensis .
Cynanchum arabicum (Bruyns & PIForst.) Meve & Liede (Syn .: Sarcostemma arabicum Bruyns & PIForst. ): It occurs on the southwestern Arabian Peninsula.
Cynanchum boudieri H.Lév. & Vaniot : It occurs in China, Taiwan and the Nansei Islands .
Cynanchum bungei Decne. : It occurs from China to Korea and Mongolia .
Cynanchum chinense R.Br. : It occurs from China to Korea and Mongolia.
Cynanchum corymbosum Wight : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to southern China and the Malay Peninsula.
Cynanchum daltonii (Decne.) Liede & Meve : It only occurs in Cape Verde .
Cynanchum ellipticum (Harv.) RADyer : It occurs from Mozambique to southern Africa.
Cynanchum ethiopicum Liede & Khanum : It occurs in two subspecies from Cameroon to Eritrea and southern Africa.
Cynanchum floribundum R.Br. : It occurs in Australia .
Cynanchum gerrardii (Harv.) Liede : It occurs in four subspecies from northeastern tropical Africa to southern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, on the Comoros and on Madagascar.
Cynanchum marnierianum Rauh : It occurs in Madagascar .
Cynanchum maximowiczii Pobed. : It occurs from southern Sakhalin to Japan .
Cynanchum obtusifolium L. f. : It occurs from Mozambique to southern Africa.
Cynanchum officinale (Hemsl.) Tsiang & HDZhang : It occurs in central and southern China.
Cynanchum otophyllum C.K. Schneid. : It occurs from Tibet to southern China.
Cynanchum perrieri Choux : It occurs in Madagascar.
Cynanchum phillipsonianum Liede & Meve : It occurs in Madagascar.
Cynanchum racemosum Jacq. : It occurs in three varieties from Texas to Mexico , on Cuba and from Colombia to Venezuela .
Cynanchum viminale (L.) Bassi : It occurs in 12 subspecies from tropical Asia to Australia, in tropical and southern Africa and on the islands in the western Indian Ocean.
Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hook. f. : It occurs in China, Japan and Russia's Far East.

literature

Focke Albers, Ulli Meve (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon Volume 3 Asclepiadaceae (silk plants). 322 pp., Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 978-3-8001-3982-8 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert, W. Douglas Stevens: Cynanchum , p. 205 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cynanchum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed January 2, 2020.
^ S. Liede: A revision of Cynanchum (Asclepiadaceae) in Africa. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 83, 1996, pp. 283-345.
^ Cynanchum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 28, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Cynanchum - collection of images, videos and audio files

[FoC-1] Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert, W. Douglas Stevens: Cynanchum , p. 205 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cynanchum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed January 2, 2020.

[3] S. Liede: A revision of Cynanchum (Asclepiadaceae) in Africa. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 83, 1996, pp. 283-345.

[GRIN-4] Cynanchum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 28, 2013.